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Clinton Presidential Library
1200 President Clinton Avenue
Little Rock, AR 72201
Inventory for FOIA Request 2008-0995-F
Records on the War Powers Resolution
Extent
205 folders, approximately 9,457 pages
Access
Collection is open to all researchers. Access to Clinton Presidential Records is governed by the
Presidential Records Act (PRA) (44 U.S.C. Chapter 22, as amended) and the Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA) (5 U.S.C. 552, as amended) and therefore records may be restricted in whole or in part in
accordance with legal exemptions.
Copyright
Documents in this collection that were prepared by officials of the United States government as part of
their official duties are in the public domain. Researchers are advised to consult the copyright law of the
United States (17 U.S.C. Chapter 1) which governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of
copyrighted material.
Provenance
Official records of William Jefferson Clinton’s presidency are housed at the Clinton Presidential Library
and administered by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) under the provisions of
the Presidential Records Act (PRA).
Processed by
Staff Archivist, 2015. Previously restricted materials are added as they are released.
Scope and Content
The materials in FOIA 2008-0995-F are a selective body of documents responsive to the topic of the
FOIA. Researchers should consult the archivist about related material.
FOIA 2008-0995-F consists of records concerning the Clinton Administration’s interaction with Public
Law 93-148, known as the “War Powers Resolution.” After the long undeclared wars of Korea and
Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (WPR) over President Nixon’s veto on
November 7, 1973. The resolution required the President to inform Congress within 48 hours of troop
deployment and that the action be terminated within 60 days, absent a Congressional authorization of the
use of force. Though its stated purpose was “to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Consitution of the
United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply
to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent
involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such
forces in hositilities or in such situations,” every President since its passage has held it as an
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�unconsitutional infrigement on his Constitutional authority as Commander in Chief of the Armed
Forces.1
The Clinton Administration sent many reports to Congress regarding involvement of American forces in
numerous peacekeeping and security operations including Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq,
Kosovo, and the response to the U.S.S. Cole bombing. However, the letters sent to Congressional
leadership within 48 hours of force movement were carefully stated as “consistent with” the WPR rather
than “in compliance to.” The legal struggle over the WPR between the Administration and Congress
reached its peak during the conflict in Kosovo in 1999. President Clinton notified Congress on March
26, 1999 that U.S. and NATO forces had begun airstrikes in response to the violence against the ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo. In response, a group of Congressmen led by Representative Tom Campbell filed a
lawsuit against the President in the District of Colombia, alleging that he had violated the War Powers
Resolution. The District Court found that the plaintiffs’ suit lacked standing on June 9. In February
2000, the appeals court upheld the decision. In October of that year, the United States Supreme Court
declined to hear the case, effectively ending the lawsuit.
During the Clinton Administration, there were efforts to amend the War Powers Resolution. On May 3,
1994, in Presidential Decision Directive 25, President Clinton communicated his support for a 1989
proposal to create a consultative mechanism and eliminate the 60-day clock in the WPR. Some
members in the 104th, 105th, and 106th Congresses attempted legislation to either amend or replace the
law. However, all of these efforts were unsuccessful. The WPR continues to be a source of
disagreement between the Executive and Legislative branches of the United States government.
In the Defense Policy and Arms Control directorate of the National Security Council (NSC), Donald
Gross’s files contain a memo regarding a potential Congressional authorization of activities in Somalia
under the War Powers Resolution.
The Automated Records Management System (ARMS) (WHO) contain many emails concerning the
Administration’s Position on the War Powers Resolution, “APNSA Berger’s Address top Mayor’s
Summit on Africa,” “The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations,”
and “The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Managing Complex Contingency Operations.” However,
WHO emails also contain many samples of the letters from the President to Congress “consistent” with
the WPR. The Automated Records Management System (ARMS) and Tape Restoration Project (TRP)
NSC emails, dating from January 1997 through August 2000, contain legislative updates, interview
transcripts, and articles that discuss the WPR. Relevant press guidance is located both within these
emails, as well as in the NSC Cables. The NSC Cables date from June 1993 through May 2000.
The NSC Emails, which date from June 1993 through January 2001, include draft correspondence and
discussions regarding Congressional proposals to amend the WPR, as well as its overall
constitutionality. Draft reports to Congress “consistent with” the WPR and related press guidance may
also be found in the emails. Official drafts of these reports to Congress are located within the NSC
Records Management numbered documents.
The White House Office of Records Management (WHORM) Subject Files and files from the Clerk’s
Office include memoranda from the National Security Council informing the President of reporting
“requirements” of the War Powers Resolution and draft language of letters to the Speaker of the House
and President Pro Tempore of the Senate, for each instance where the armed forces of the United States
1 War Powers Resolution, Pub. L. No. 93-148, 87 Stat. 555 (1973); Richard F. Grimmett, War Powers Resolution:
Presidential Compliance (CRS Report No. RL33532) (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012), 2.
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�were “introduced into the territory, airspace, or waters of a foreign nation, while equipped for combat”.
There are also memoranda and draft language for semiannual reports to Congress for situations, such as
in Bosnia, where the armed forces of the United States remained “engaged in such hostilities or
situations”. While the Clinton administration has consistently maintained that the War Powers
Resolution is unconstitutional, there was considerable effort made to meet the deadlines imposed by the
WPR .
System of Arrangement
Records that are responsive to this FOIA request were found in these collection areas—
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Office of Records Management (WHORM), Clinton
Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files, Clinton Presidential Records: ARMS Emails,
Clinton Presidential Records: TRP Emails, and Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and
Records Management Systems.
The White House Office of Records Management (WHORM) contains a variety of series created to
organize and track documents and correspondence. The WHORM Subject file was compiled by the
White House Office of Records Management and is a series of categories designated by a letter/number
combination.
Staff and Office files were maintained at the folder level by staff members within their individual offices
and document all levels of administration activity.
WHORM files are processed at the document level; whereas, Staff and Office files are processed at the
folder level, that is, individual documents are not selected and removed from a folder for processing.
While this method maintains folder integrity, it frequently results in the incidental processing of
documents that are not wholly responsive to the subject area.
The Automated Records Management System (ARMS) is a database that contains email records of the
Executive Office of the President. This system maintained unclassified Presidential email. The
ARMS database is comprised of six sub-series of email records called "buckets." The
buckets generally represent a specific White House office. The buckets are titled: NPR for National
Performance Review, OPD for Office of Policy Development, POTUS for President of the United
States, WHO for White House Office, CEA for Council of Economic Advisers, and Default for
emails not associated with an office. WHO bucket contains email created or received by individual with
an Executive Office of the President White House user account not identified as CEA, NPR, or OPD.
ARMS email are arranged by topic, there-under by bucket, and there-under chronologically by creation
date.
The Tape Restoration Project (TRP) is a database consisting of restored emails from the Automated
Records Management System (ARMS) from July 1994 through June of 2000. The TRP is a database
that contains email records of the Executive Office of the President. This system maintained unclassified
Presidential record email. The TRP database is comprised of the same six sub-series of email as in
ARMS. TRP email are arranged by topic, there-under by bucket, and there-under chronologically by
creation date.
FOIA 2008-0995-F includes WHORM records from these subject codes:
FE002-01
Federal Government, Presidential Powers
FG006-04
Federal Government Offices, Counsel to the President
ND016
National Security, Wars – Conflicts
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�The following is a list of documents and folders processed in response to FOIA 2008-0995-F:
Box 1
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Subject File
Category
Case Number
FE002-01
012320SS
FE002-01
022413SS
FE002-01
025466SS
FE002-01
025821SS
FE002-01
039492SS
FE002-01
041016SS
FE002-01
049701SS
FE002-01
051468SS
FE002-01
053313SS
FE002-01
053816SS
FE002-01
054784SS
FE002-01
059753SS
FE002-01
059755SS
FE002-01
060876SS
FE002-01
072607SS
FE002-01
079237SS
Box 2
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
087654SS
099410SS
102669SS
128963SS
131171SS
157387SS
161124SS
167264SS
168098SS
172938SS
195902SS
198500SS
209960SS
211634SS
220594SS
Box 3
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
223764SS
226202SS
246613SS
267346SS
268185SS
273989SS
274761SS
275641SS
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�Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Subject File (continued)
Category
Case Number
FE002-01
279457SS
FE002-01
290027SS
FE002-01
294915SS
FE002-01
298355SS
FE002-01
299865SS
FE002-01
307602SS
Box 4
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FE002-01
FG006-04
ND016
ND016
ND016
400175
405616
406059
406424
417632
420858
099641CU [War Powers Resolution]
007313
106617
311085SS
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Clerk’s Office
General Files
[Memoranda for the President – Congressional Medal of Honor and U.S. Forces in
Bosnia]: [War Powers Resolution] [OA/ID 20885]
[Memoranda for the President – Cyprus, Madrid Agreement, North Korean Agreement,
U.S. Forces in Yemen, 2000 Combined Federal Campaign Chair, and Taliban
Sanctions [2]: [War Powers Resolution] [OA/ID 20370]
[Memorandum for the President, July – October 2000] [1]: [War Powers Resolution]
[OA/ID 20371]
[Memoranda November and December 2000] [4] [OA/ID 20375]
National Security Council
Defense Policy and Arms Control
Bell, Robert
War Powers Resolution, February 1993 [OA/ID 742]
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management System [Email]
WHO [OA/ID 500000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[04/14/1993 – 07/14/1997]
[04/01/1998]
Box 5
[04/07/1998 – 08/28/2000]
[08/24/2000 – 12/18/2000]
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�Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management System [Email] (continued)
NSC [OA/ID 1200000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[01/21/1997 – 03/19/1998]
[03/05/1999 – 08/30/2000]
Clinton Presidential Records: Tape Restoration Project (TRP) [Email]
NSC [OA/ID 1200000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[03/02/1999]
Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System
NSC Cables
Jan 1993-Dec 1994 [OA/ID 505000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[06/29/1993 – 09/12/1994]
Jan 1995-Dec 1996 [OA/ID 510000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[10/20/1995 – 12/04/1996]
Jan 1997-Dec 1998 [OA/ID 520000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[08/21/1998 – 12/18/1998]
Jan 1999-Dec 2000 [OA/ID 530000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[02/12/1999 – 05/20/2000]
NSC Email
A1-Record (Jan 93-Sept 94) [OA/ID 570000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[06/07/1993 – 12/21/1993]
[01/21/1994 – 09/22/1994]
A1-Non-Record (Apr 94-Sept 94) [OA/ID 580000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[04/21/1994 – 09/22/1994]
Box 6
MSMail-Record (Sept 94-Sept 97) [OA/ID 590000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[10/04/1994 – 12/29/1994]
[01/04/1995 – 01/06/1995]
[01/07/1995 – 01/21/1995]
[02/16/1995 – 12/12/1995]
[04/12/1996 – 03/27/1997]
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�Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System (continued)
MSMail-Non-Record (Sept 94-Sept 97) [OA/ID 605000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[01/04/1995 – 03/26/1997]
Exchange-Record (Sept 97-Jan 01) [OA/ID 620000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[10/09/1997 – 01/31/1998]
[02/02/1998 – 02/20/1998]
[02/21/1998 – 02/28/1998]
Box 7
[03/03/1998 – 03/18/1998]
[05/08/1998 – 07/06/1998]
[08/11/1998 – 08/21/1998]
[08/22/1998 – 08/28/1998]
[09/02/1998 – 09/30/1998]
[10/01/1998 – 10/30/1998]
[11/05/1998 – 11/09/1998]
[11/12/1998 – 11/13/1998]
[11/13/1998]
[11/13/1998 – 11/15/1998]
[12/01/1998 – 12/12/1998]
Box 8
[12/14/1998]
[12/15/1998 – 12/16/1998]
[12/17/1998 – 12/19/1998]
[01/11/1999 – 01/26/1999]
[02/01/1999 – 02/09/1999]
[02/10/1999 – 02/15/1999]
[02/17/1999 – 02/19/1999]
[02/23/1999 – 02/26/1999]
[03/01/1999 – 03/20/1999]
[03/22/1999 – 03/23/1999]
[03/24/1999] [1]
Box 9
[03/24/1999] [2]
[03/24/1999 – 03/29/1999]
[04/06/1999 – 04/10/1999]
[04/12/1999] [1]
[04/12/1999] [2]
[04/12/1999] [3]
[04/12/1999 – 04/15/1999]
[04/16/1999 – 04/19/1999]
[04/20/1999 – 04/26/1999]
[04/27/1999]
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�Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System (continued)
Exchange-Record (Sept 97-Jan 01) [OA/ID 620000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[04/28/1999 – 04/30/1999]
Box 10
[05/02/1999 – 05/10/1999]
[05/11/1999 – 05/27/1999]
[06/10/1999 – 06/11/1999]
[06/11/1999 – 06/23/1999]
[07/14/1999 – 09/29/1999]
[10/01/1999 – 10/28/1999]
[11/01/1999 – 12/15/1999]
[01/14/2000 – 04/13/2000]
[05/05/2000 – 07/26/2000]
[08/04/2000 – 08/31/2000]
Box 11
[09/14/2000 – 09/22/2000]
[10/13/2000 – 01/15/2001]
Exchange-Non-Record (Mar 97-Jan 01) [OA/ID 630000]
[War Powers Resolution]
[02/04/1998 – 08/21/1998]
[10/10/1998 – 11/14/1998]
[12/02/1998 – 12/14/1998]
[12/14/1998 – 12/18/1998]
[01/25/1999 – 03/22/1999]
[03/23/1999 – 03/26/1999]
[04/10/1999 – 04/19/1999]
[04/20/1999 – 04/28/1999]
[05/24/1999 – 10/13/1999]
Box 12
[10/14/1999 – 12/09/1999]
[02/18/2000 – 07/26/2000]
[08/03/2000 – 10/13/2000]
Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System
NSC Records Management System
[War Powers Resolution]
9300305 [OA/ID 139]
9301497 [OA/ID 143]
9302288 [OA/ID 146]
9302824 [OA/ID 147]
9302908 [OA/ID 148]
9304210 [OA/ID 2270]
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�Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System (continued)
NSC Records Management System
[War Powers Resolution]
9304212 [OA/ID 151]
9304368 [OA/ID 151]
9304676 [OA/ID 2271]
9305008 [OA/ID 153]
9307745 [OA/ID 166]
9308155 [OA/ID 168]
9400116 [OA/ID 181]
9400187 [OA/ID 181]
9401152 [OA/ID 185]
9401523 [OA/ID 186]
9402767 [OA/ID 192]
9402768 [OA/ID 192]
9402840 [OA/ID 192]
9402986 [OA/ID 193]
9407522 [OA/ID 214]
9409310 [OA/ID 223]
9409334 [OA/ID 223]
9500039 [OA/ID 558]
Box 13
9501595 [OA/ID 568]
9502144 [OA/ID 571]
9502781 [OA/ID 576]
9503634 [OA/ID 581]
9505375 [OA/ID 594]
9601826 [OA/ID 1091]
9602404 [OA/ID 1096]
9602417 [OA/ID 1096]
9603277 [OA/ID 1101]
9603352 [OA/ID 1102]
9604259 [OA/ID 1108]
9608176 [OA/ID 1134]
9608214 [OA/ID 1134]
9701734 [OA/ID 1607]
9701782 [OA/ID 1607]
9702094 [OA/ID 1610]
9704188 [OA/ID 1626]
9704221 [OA/ID 1626]
9704724 [OA/ID 1630]
9708463 [OA/ID 1659]
9804304 [OA/ID 2043]
9804395 [OA/ID 2044]
9805800 [OA/ID 2055]
9805874 [OA/ID 2055]
9806615 [OA/ID 2060]
9900151 [OA/ID 2705]
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�Box 14
Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email, and Records Management System (continued)
NSC Records Management System
[War Powers Resolution]
9902489 [OA/ID 2721]
9904469 [OA/ID 2734]
9905330 [OA/ID 2740]
9907439 [OA/ID 2754]
9907503 [OA/ID 2754]
9908944 [OA/ID 2764]
0000319 [OA/ID 4073]
0001300 [OA/ID 4079]
0003247 [OA/ID 4090]
0003929 [OA/ID 4094]
0004728 [OA/ID 4100]
0004746 [OA/ID 4100]
0005376 [OA/ID 4103]
0006443 [OA/ID 4109]
0006474 [OA/ID 4109]
Last modified: 12/31/2015
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�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Finding Aids - Collection Descriptions & Inventories
Description
An account of the resource
Finding aids at the Clinton Presidential Library contain a detailed description of the collection including the total number of pages or photos and length of video and audio recordings. Finding aids also include background information of the collection’s topic and details on the record type (ex: email, memorandum, briefing book, Betacam video, audio cassette etc). <br /><br />Finding aids describe collections at the box and folder level, and include a folder title list and information about the arrangement of the collection. <br /><br /><strong>Please note the majority of collections have not yet been scanned nor made available online.</strong>
Publisher
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
War Powers Resolution - Collection Finding Aid
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2008-0995-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records related to the War Powers Resolution. It contains policy papers, memoranda, and multiple reports and updates routed from the Clinton Administration to both houses of Congress. The collection also includes numerous cables, emails and administrative papers related to the reporting requirements of the Resolution.
<a href="https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/collections/show/170"><b>View all digitized documents in this collection</b></a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Subject
The topic of the resource
War Powers Resolution (United States)
Finding Aid