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Little Rock C.H.S. [Central High School] [4]
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�PRESERVATION
53"
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Return to Central Hieh. Wednesday. September 4. 1957
Here's What Eisenhower Said
About Little Rock
GAZETTE WASHINGTON BUREAU, 1202 NATIONAL PRESS BUILDING
Washington. Sept. 3. — The official transcript of President
Eisenhower's press conference this morning shows the following
questions and answers on the Little Rock school situation.
Question: "Mr. President, over quite a section of the South today
and this week, children are going back to school under difficult
circumstances in places where integration is being attempted for the
first time. We have a case in Arkansas this morning where the governor
has ordered state troops around the school that a Federal Court had
ordered integrated. I just wonder what you think of this situation?"
Eisenhower: "Well, first, to say what you think about it is
very-sort of a broad subject that you are giving me. Actually, this
particular incident came to my attention the first thing this morning. I
have been in contact with the attorney general's office. They are taking
a look at it. They are going to find out exactly what has happened and
discuss it with the federal judge. As of this moment. I cannot say
anything about the particular point because that is all I know about it.
"Now. time and again, a number of people--! among them-have
argued that you cannot change people's hearts merely by laws. Laws
are presumably-press the conscious of the nation and its determination
to do something. But the laws here are to be executed generally
according to the dictum of the Supreme Court, and ! understand that the
plan worked out by the School Board of Little Rock was approved by
the district judge. I believe it is a 10-year plan. Now there seems to
have been a roadblock thrown in the way of that-plan, and the next
decision will have to be by the lawyers and jurists."
Question: "As to school integration, Mr. President, do you have
any intention to take a personal part in the problem this fall—for
example, by speaking on it or getting in touch with Governor Faubus?"
Answer: "My speaking will always be on this subject, as I have
always done, urging Americans to recognize what America is. the
concepts on which it is based and to do their part so far as they possibly
can to bring about the kind of America that was visualized by our
forebears.
"Now it is for this reason because I know this is a slow process the
Supreme Court in its decision of'54 pointed out the emotional
difficulties that would be encountered by a Negro even if given-or byNegroes if given-equal but separate schools. And I think their
reasoning was correct; at least, I have no quarrel with it.
"But there are very strong emotions on the other side. People that
see a picture of mongrelization of the race, they call it. There are very
strong emotions, and we are going to whip this thing in the long run by
Americans being true to themselves and not merely by law."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 4, 1957
c
Return to Central High. Wednesday, September 4. l )57
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Return to Central High. Wednesday, September 4. 1957
North Little Rock Board Votes to
Delay Integration, To Await
Clarification by Courts
ROY REED
OF THE GAZETTE STAFF
The North Little Rock School Board voted unanimously in a specially
called meeting last night to postpone "indefinitely" the racial
integration scheduled to start today in the twelfth grade of the city's
public schools.
A prepared statement by the Board said the decision had been
prompted largely by Governor Faubus' action Monday in calling out
the Arkansas National Guard and the State Police to prevent integration
at Little Rock Central High School. The governor had indicated the
militia would act to preserve segregation at all schools in Pulaski
County.
"We don't want the National Guard camped on our doorstep." one
Board member commented wryly.
Seven Negro seniors had registered to attend the previously allwhite North Little Rock High School. The fall semester will start
Monday. School Superintendent F. B. Wright said the Negroes would
be notified of the Board action.
Asked what the North Little Rock Board would do if Little Rock
went ahead and integrated this semester. Board President Byron R.
Bogard said it was "very doubtful" that North Little Rock schools
would have any desegregation during the 1^57-58 school year. The
other members concurred but cautioned that that-was not a "definitive"
statement.
The prepared statement said that integration would be held up "until
the status of the problem of integration has been fullv cleared bv the
Courts."
The members and the Board's attorney, Municipal Court Judge
Milton McLees, said this referred to litigation to test the validity of the
1957 state laws and not to any federal court action affecting the Little
Rock School District.
The North Little Rock situation differs from Little Rock's. The
North Side Board has not been taken to court over segregation. The
Little Rock Board is under a Federal Court order to begin integration as
a result of a suit brought by the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People.
The Board's written statement:
"The immediate developments dealing with the problem of
integration, particularly the action taken by governor Orval Faubus
treating Pulaski County as a unit makes it imperative that the Board of
Education of the North Little Rock Special School District reconsider
its announced plan for integration at North Little Rock Senior High
School on September 9, 1957.
"The uncertainty and confusion which now surrounds any plan
which the Board may attempt to implement at this time is so great that
the board deems it necessary to forego indefinitely its present plan for
integration.
"The Board has made every effort to keep good faith in its
09/04/97 18:41:23
�announced intentions and feels that this move is not a breech of faith
but rather a recognition of the reality of present conditions in the face
of which it would not be wise to persist. Furthermore, the Board is
unwilling to accept the full responsibility for what might happen until it
has complete assurance that compliance with the Supreme Court
decision of May 17. 1954, may be done orderly and peaceably . The
Board is, further, unwilling to risk the disturbance to the schools as
now seems evident.
"Therefore, in special session, September 3. 1957. at 7 p.m. at the
School Board office, Twenty-eight and Poplar Streets. North Little
Rock, it is the action of the Board to postpone its plan of integration
indefinitely and that no further move be made in this direction until the
status of the problem of integration has been fully cleared by the
Courts."
Board Questioned
Newsmen questioned Board members after the statement was
handed out.
Bogard said he believed from personal observation that the "rank
and file" of North Little Rock were "overwhelmingly opposed to
integration" at this time.
Bogard said he was skeptical of the effect of the state segregation
laws. But neither he nor any other Board member would predict the
outcome of the litigation over these laws and whether North Little
Rock eventually would have integration.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 4, 1957
Return to Central High, Wednesday, September 4. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. AU rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the exptess yvritten permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High. Wednesday. September 4. 1957
Guardsmen Won't Get Federal
Pay
Washington. Sept. 3 (AP) - The National Guardsmen who are
stationed at Central High School at Little Rock are acting on behalf of
the state and cannot be paid by the federal government for such duty.
The federal government exercises general superv ision over the
Guard units across the nation, numbering some 400,000 men. But
control of the units rests with the states except when they are called
into federal service.
Each state's National Guard is the state militia with the governor
acting as commander-in-chief. The uniformed commander in each state
is the adjutant general.
At Little Rock, the state troops are acting on orders from Governor
Orval E. Faubus. He stationed them around Central High School under
his powers to maintain order in the state.
The federal government provides most of the money used to
support the Guard but pays individual Guardsmen only for specified
drill periods and active duty training.
Most of the Guard's equipment is supplied by the Defense
Department.
The state troops can be called into federal service in the event of an
emergency declared by Congress, or through a procedure in which the
governors call them for federal duty.
In the Arkansas case, there appears to be little if anything the
Pentagon could do now to direct the activities of the Guard units
involved.
All inquiries on this point were met witih a statement that the Justice
Department was studying the entire situation. ' Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 4, 1957
Return to Central High, Wednesday. September 4. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High. Thursday, September 5. 1957
'What They're Saying About
Little Rock'
Press and Individuals React With Brickbats
and Bouquets
GAZETTE WASHINGTON BUREAU, 1202 NATIONAL PRESS BUILDING
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Washington. Sept. 4 -- Senator Richard L. Neuberger ( Dem. Ore.)
telegraphed today to both Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson and
Neil McElroy. who soon will succeed Wilson, calling for a revieLW
immediately of federal contributions to the Arkansas National Guard.
In a message. Neuberger asked "Is it either advisable from the
standpoint of public policy or within the law for such contributions to
continue if the Arkansas National Guard is to be an instrument used for
avoidance of complying with an order of the federal District Court?
This situation calls for a review at the highest level of the Defense
Department. Trust you will undertake such action."
Defense Department records show that in the fiscal year which
closed June 30. Uncle Sam contributed $3,320,700 in the Armv Guard
in Arkansas $2,288,220 to the Air Guard.
The acting chief of the National Guard Bureau of the Defense
Department, Maj. Gen. Winston B. Wilson, had no comment oon the
use of National Guard by Governor Faubus.
The president of the Nationa^Guard Assocation of the United
States, Maj. Gen. Ellard N. Walsh, retired, also said "no comment."
Newspapers Comment
^. ' Eastern newspapers are playing Little Rock as the top news event of
the day.
The New York Times, in a personality sketch of Governor Faubus in
its "Man in the News" column, said he "has always exhibited an almost
painful desire for 'legitimacy,' that is, acceptance by the conservative
element that opposed him almost to the man in his first campaign."
The Washington Post and Times Herald said editorially: "It would
be tragic indeed if Governor Faubus had responded to a manufactured
scare, to a threat of violence fabricated by lawless elements in no sense
representative of the community. One wonders whether the governor
did all he could do to promote and encourage observance of the law,
whether, in this situation, order might not have been coupled with law
for the maintenance of both."
The Washington Evening Star said in an editorial, "The reasonable
infemece [from events in Arkansas] is that the governor, desite his
earlier disclaimer, intends to bring about a court test of his power to resist the court order. If so, he has embarked on a lost cause. For while
the governor has a duty to use the Guard to maintain order, he has no
duty to prevent Little Rock's school Board from carrying out its own
plan of integration."
Griffin Applauds
From the Associated Press
Georgia's Governor Marvin Griffin commended use of troops to
prevent integration of Little Rock's Central High School and said he
of 3
09/05/97 08:58:27
�would have done likewise.
"I would like to extend my encouragement and appreciation to the
governor of the great state of Arkansas." Griffin said yesterday at his
news conference.
In his formal comment on the Arkansas situation. Griffin added that
"one of the guarantees of the Constitution of the United States is the
right of the people to bear arms, and it has not been changed."
"The governor of Arkansas is the commander-in-chief of the
military forces and preservator of the peace..." he said.
"Thus it becomes a matter of whose judgment will prevail—the
governor of the state or one of many federal judges, particularly one
sent to Arkansas from North Dakota."
"Governor Faubus is within his rights. I remember sitting at the
Williamsburg (Virginia, governors') conference and hearing the
president call on the governors for restoration of states' rights. This
would be a good place for Mr. Eisenhower to make a beginning."
Griffin was then asked "Would you have taken the same action
Governor Faubus did?"
"Yes sir." the Georgia governor snapped briskly.
Hailed by Citizens Council
The New Orleans Citizens Council sent Governor Faubus a
telegram supporting his stand in the dispute.
The telegram said, in part:
"Should all chief executives in the Southern states take y our
courageous stand, there would never be any racial strife in the South.
"We urge you to stand firm and keep faith so that you may serve as
an example for others to do likewise."
Segregationist Pleased
Circuit Judge Tom Brady, Mississippi segregationist, said at
Brookhaven, Miss., Little Rock dispute mi^ht determine whether the
states become "satellites of an all-powerful federal judiciary.'
In a statement praising Governor Faubus for "acting courageously,"
the author of the pamphlet "Black Monday" said Mr. Faubus exercised
"the police powers...granted to each state of the Union by the federal
Constitution.
"It is not believed that even the present United States Supreme
Court will presume to proclaim that its decrees supercede the sacred
police powers vested in the state under our Constitution.
"If it does, however, then the fact is that the states as such have
been destroyed and are now satellites of an all-powerful federal
judiciary and the people of the South are its vassals."
Ike Urged to Intercede
At Washington, the political organization Americans for
Democratic Action called on President Eisenhower to intercede with
the governor, "and persuade him to desist from his course of forcing
segregation at the point of rifles and carbines."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 5, 1957
Return to Central High, Thursday. September 5. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 f3
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Return to Central High. Saturday. September 7. 1957
Integration Dispute Draws Mixed
Editorial Comment
Governor Faubus' action in calling out the National Guard to prevent
racial integration at Little Rock Central High School has brought mixed
editorial reactions from Arkansas newspapers. Many of the editorials
are appearing on front pages.
Here are excerpts from some of them:
Boone County Headlight:
In ordering National Guardsmen to preserve "peace and order" in
the integration row * * * Governor Faubus is apparently seeking to
resolve a question as yet untested in court since the Civil War * * * "Is
a sitting governor, as the sovereign head of his state, beyond the reach
of the federal courts?" The question may soon be resolved. * * * It will
be interesting to see the outcome.
During the row. the Arkansas Gazette, openly editorializing in its
news columns for integration, called Governor Faubus' course "extreme
action." On the other hand, the governor's office reported receiving
more than 500 telegrams—98 per cent in favor of his action. The
Gazette also sought to classify Arkansas as being in the "Upper South"
as opposed to the "Deep South." Along the Mason-Dixon line here in
North Arkansas I guess we're "Southern Northerners."
The governor's action before violence occurred is to be
commended.
Van Buren Press-Argus
We are sure that the 24 colored youngsters * * * realized Tuesday
that they are component parts of history—the first Negroes ever to
enroll in a white school in Van Buren. * * * Everything was OK due to
parents and others keeping their common sense and keeping it quietly .
Everett Kelley [superintendent of Van Buren Public Schools] permitted
us to quote him only on one item: "This has been the best opening day
at High School since I have been here." It was the only opening day
that no teacher had to send a child to the principal for infraction of the
rules. * * *
The truth is: People in Van Buren look on the segregation issue
quite a lot different than do the people of Little Rock, because the
situation is different-and being different makes a different attitude. But
who is so wise as to deny that, should war break out at Little Rock, it
also would break out in Van Buren. * * *
You never please everybody: but we might say that, right now. we
are on Governor Faubus's side in this dispute, and we beg leave to
challenge our esteemed contemporary, the Arkansas Gazette, and its
editor, who lambasted the governor for what it termed "The Crisis Mr.
Faubus Made." The Gazette seems to infer that Mr. Faubus either
cooked up a rebellion or used one as an argument to defy the federal
court ruling for integration. As the battle progresses over which side
shall prevail, may we recall that it was the self-same Gazette that
reported on a citizens meeting in which a man asked if every man didn't
have a shotgun to stop integration and also that a preacher at Benton
had organized a cavalcade to go to the relief of Little Rock. Are those
two items indicative of the need for preventive military intervention?
Berryville Star-Progress:
In defiance of the national government, the governor stood ready to
make another Clinton, Tenn., out of the Arkansas capital in a move
09/17/97 10:04:14
�resisting the admittance of Americans to the schools of their home land
and failing to give citizens their rights for which America so basically
stands. The feeling of the South are strong on this issue, but they
should not be so strong, and the bitterness of the past so secretly
nurtured as to deny citizens the rights of freedom as we know it today,
won by the principles which developed a great nation from the sparks
of freedom set by our ancestors.
Arkansas's governor used poor judgment when he moved in his
troops in what he said via television, radio and the press [was] to put
down disorder. No violence had occurred, but the presence of force byarms in itself promotes and encourages violence. * * *
Human emotions are hard to control by law. But little good can
come using armed guards to force people from trying to accept what is
offered them by their own government. Our section has no colored
population, but if it had. we. as law abiding citizens and descendants of
a religious people, would fail miserably as such if we tried to prevent
young people from attending our educational institutions because of the
color of their skin. * * * Their forefathers didn't ask to come here as our
slaves. * * * They vote for our politicians and they are members ol'our
Army and Navy and fight for our freedoms, then, even though Southern
ideals wince at the thought of having them attending our schools, we
shouldn't deny them the same education opportunities offered to our
own white students.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 7, 1957
Return to Central High. Saturday, September 7. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission ot" Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High. Sunday, September 8. 1957
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Faubus Keeping Promise On Issue of
Integration
GEORGE DOUTHIT.
(DEMOCRAT STAFF WRITER.)
This Little Rock Central High School integration situation came to a
climax last week, but it really had its inception in last summer's
primary elections when Governor Faubus said:
"No school district will be forced to integrate against its will as
long as I am governor."
Now, when a politician makes a flat promise like that, he had better
do everything he can to keep it -- unless he is planning retirement. And
no one has seen any evidence that Mr. Faubus plans to retire from
politics.
Also, no one expected that the governor, in trying to keep that
promise, would go as far as he went last week in calling out the
Arkansas National Guard, forcibly stopping integration in face of the
federal court and causing President Eisenhower to be late to a game of
golf.
But let's go back to the governor and his race for a second term. He
had expressed the hope that segregation in Arkansas would not become
an issue in the elections because it was a South-wide problem and not
just an issue in this state.
Then along came former state Sen. Jim Johnson. Crossett. running
for governor on a segregationist platform. Mr. Faubus sized up the
situation, saw the following Mr. Johnson was getting and learned he
had to make a statement on segregation.
The governor did not want to come out all the way and say he
would block integration in Arkansas because this state already was
being integrated and Negroes already were in a number of schools,
including the University of Arkansas.
Not Against Will.
So, he made the promise: No integrating against your will. This
satisfied eastern Arkansas segregationists, of whom there are
thousands, and they gave the governor voting support. Consequently,
he won over Mr. Johnson by a big majority.
Eastern Arkansas segregationists didn't let it go at that. They
evolved a set of constitutional amendments, including interposition,
and put them on the November general election ballot.
The people, given their first chance to express themselves on the
integration issue, voted for every one of them, including one placed on
the ballot by Mr. Johnson.
Governor Faubus thought that was enough, but he was wrong.
When the legislature convened, along came the eastern Arkansas group
again, this time with four segregation laws aimed at maintaining
separate schools for Negroes and whites in Arkansas.
There was quite a battle in the legislature and a stormy hearing one
night in the House chamber in which ministers of all denominations,
taking the side of integration, were heckled unmercifully. But the laws
went through with the governor's backing.
Long Wait.
09/17/07 10:02:51
�The most powerful of the four pieces of legislation was that
creating the Sovereignty Commission. The legislature ended March 14.
Yet the governor completed naming the commission only three weeks
ago, and the commission held its first meeting only Friday. August 30.
That shows how anxious the governor was to get into using this
sovereignty stick.
Now let's connect the governor with the Little Rock situation. Supt.
Virgil Blossom presented a "slow segregation" problem that was
approved by the federal courts. However, no matter how "slow" the
program, sooner or later the day must be faced when Negro children
walked into Central High School.
That day was to have been the opening of school last week. All
during the "delay" period. Mr. Blossom received lots of applause for
his program, simply because he had managed a year's delay . Therefore,
we thought the people of Little Rock were ready to "accept the
inevitable."
Why Fight?
Ev en before the summer we got a hint that some of the people were
not so acceptable. A friend asked us what we thought of Central High
integrating this fall. We gave the usual "inevitable so why fight it?"
reply.
this friend told us there was trouble brewing, but that was all he
would say. This was before school was out last May. Parents already
were discussing what the situation would be this fall.
We didn't know that. In fact we were surprised when the school
mothers held their big meeting in such strength just a week before the
opening of school last week. That meeting rev ealed what the friend had
been talking about. The mothers definitely had not "accepted the
inevitable."
A delegation reminded the governor of his promise: No school
district will be forced to integrate against its will as long as he was
governor.
Move needed.
Mr. Faubus felt he had to make a move. We don't know how much
ev idence, if any. he had that there would be violence. But we do know
that a crowd was going to gather at the high school. W'e also know how
quickly a heckling mob can become a violent mob. when one member
makes one wrong move.
We talked by phone to Mr. Faubus on Saturday morning before
school opened. He asked: "What would you do?" We advised the
presence of state troopers to prevent any v iolence, assuming, of course,
that the federal court order of integration was going to be carried out.
It never entered our mind that the governor would go so far as to
block integration. It was our idea to take every precaution against
somebody getting hurt when the integration took place.
Then we learned a new angle to the situation. The governor had
asked the U.S. Justice Department in Washington to send an agent to
explain what could be expected in the way of enforcement assistance
from the federal government.
Mr. Faubus said they told him they couldn't put any agents here to
prev ent violence, but would handle it when and if it happened. It is our
opinion that it was at that moment that Arkansas' gov ernor got really
teed off.
He told us: "They're going to cram it down our throats and make us
enforce their own laws." He was speaking of federal authorities. It was
possibly during the next few hours that he made the big decision to stop
integration by force. He gave us no hint of his plans.
Now, Mr. Faubus did not tell us this, but we have an idea this
2 of 3
09/17/07 10:02:55
�question entered his mind: If the federal government has to depend on
me to enforce integration, what can they do to me if I enforce
segregation instead?
In any case, he called out his National Guard and the state troopers
and using threatened violence as a reason, or an excuse, lie stopped
nine Negroes from entering Central High School.
To say he caused consternation among federal officials is putting it
mildly. His action reverberated through the nation and in countries of
the world. He also revealed that the federal officials had not actually
prepared themselves to enforce the integration orders. They were
depending on the Southern governors to see that this was done. Most of
them have done this.
Last Tuesday, after a rather large press conference was ended, we
went back to ask the governor a question we had overlooked. He had
not yet blocked the Negroes by force. That was to come on Wednesday.
But his Guardsmen were around the school.
We found the governor with his feet on his desk gazing at the
ceiling. He asked: "What do you think of it now?"
We told him we thought he was biting off a pretty big chunk
because in our minds integration was handed to us by the Supreme
Court which certainly had no intentions of backing down.
Mr. Faubus said: " I am not so sure of that." Then he added: "This
whole thing is a political maneuver by the Republicans in the first
place."
Then he fumed: "And they are not even prepared to enforce their
own orders. Look at Hoxie (Hoxie. Ark., where v iolence accompanied
integration). Did they do anything to help up there ? No. People up there
who had been friends for years became enemies over this thing. And
what did the federal government do about it? Nothing."
The next day the federal officials put it up to the gov ernor. The
Negro students tried to enter Central High School. The governor's
troops turned them back, and Mr. Faubus said it was done on his
orders.
Federal officials went into conference.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 8, 1957
c
Return to Central High. Sunday. September 8. l )57
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
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Need Seen For Extra Police Duty
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Council Moves To Cut City Staff If Funds
Are Exhausted
The Little Rock City Council today upheld Mayor Mann's contention
that a need exists for extra police duty and they moved to cut citypersonnel if necessary to pay the costs.
At the same time they directed the city clerk to wire President
Eisenhower and Governor Faubus that they request the National Guard
and State Police be on duty "indefinitely to protect the life and property
of the citizens of the city."
The major problem facing the city administration is that the cost of
the suspension of holidays and days off for police, amounts to between
$3,500 and $4,00 a week. Previously the council put the city on an
emergency financial basis because it only had $2,000 a month in its
budget after payment of fixed expenses.
Yesterday the finance committee received a letter from Police Chief
Marvin Potts in which he noted that because the mayor had called for
extra police duty last week the cost would be in excess of $2,500. Chief
Potts said last week was a "short week" and that the regular extra cost
will run about $4,000 a week for police overtime.
The council noted that it has a pared down budget of $29,000 a
month including $27,000 fixed expenses and onlv a possible income of
$27,000.
Alderman Franklin E. Loy told Mann that an additional $4,000 a
week could bankrupt the city and result in jailing of the city council
and the mayor.
The council session was unusual today in that it met last night and
arrived at an impasse because of the absence of the mayor. The council
recessed until today.
Received Report.
At the session last night was learned for the first time that previous
to the opening of Central High School. Attorney Amis Guthridge and
Rev. Wesley Pruden called on Assistant Police Chief Gene Smith and
told him that 300 white mothers would be at the school when it opened
Tuesday.
Chief Smith and Potts said that it was as a result of his information
that the mayor was contacted Sunday and asked if extra precautions
should be taken for the first day of school.
Monday night Gov. Faubus posted the National Guard at the school
and the mayor met with the Police Chief Tuesday and decided after an
hour and a half conference to keep the police at full strength.
Last week Mann strongly criticized Governor Faubus for taking the
National Guard action he did without consulting or being requested to
do so by city officials. Mann repeated the comment today but the
council took the action in the wire which they directed be sent to the
president and governor.
Text of the wire:
"The Little Rock City Council meeting in emergency session this
day. unanimously requests that the National Guard and the Arkansas
State Police remain on duty at Little Rock Central High School
of 2
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indefmitely to protect the life and property of the citizens of the city.
"The City Council unanimously adopted a motion commending
Governor Orval E. Faubus for his prompt action in taking preventative
measures to preserve and maintain the public peace and safety to the
citizens of our community."
The council vote was 8-0. Aldermen E. B. Miller and Arthur M.
Corley were absent. Mann took the vote of the council without
comment.
The council directed that copies of the wire be sent to Attorney
General Herbert Brownell and Federal Judne Ronald Davies.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 10, 1957
Return to Central High. Tuesday. September 10. 1957
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Return to Central High. Tuesday, September 10. 1957
Church Women Call Mass
Prayer in Crisis
A group of church women expressing "shock and dismay" at Governor
Faubus' use of troops to block school integration here has urged
Arkansas citizens to join prayer to express confidence in Little Rock
school authorities.
The council of church women of Little Rock and North Little Rock
meeting in special session yesterday, scheduled the time for the mass
prayer for Thursday at noon.
"We must say... that it is our Christian conviction that enforced
segregation on any group of persons because of race, creed or color is a
violation of Christian principles." the group said.
The women said "we believe in the right of dissent and the right of
those persons who disagree to follow the due process of law in efforts
to change laws which they disagree."
However, the council added "we believe it is the obligation of every
citizen to uphold what is the law of the land... we are shocked and
dismayed that the governor of our state has placed military troops
within our community, to defy the order of the federal court we deplore
the unchristian acts of some of our citizens expressing hatred of
others..."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 10, 1957
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Return to Central High, Tuesday. September 10. 1957
Central High Crowd in
Discussion Groups
LARRY WILLIAMS
(DEMOCRAT STAFF WRITER)
An aura of almost disinterested observation hangs around the Central
High School now, one week after school started its fall term.
There are distinct cliques and factions in the crowd, there being
"regulars." the curious, and some who merely w alk a block out of their
way to see if anything new has happened.
National Guardsmen pay little attention to the now small
gatherings, and they in turn, pay about the same amount of attention to
the guardsmen.
It's a strange metamorphosis that the crowd has undergone. The
first few days there was nervous tension, and rumors and reports ran
through the crowd like electricity.
Factions Formed.
Now the crowd has split up into factions, each faction seeming to
have a discussion leader.
"We can't let this thing go any further." one man told his group. He
spoke with an Eastern accent. "We must show the people how we feel."
"The next thing you know they will be coming into our churches,
and our hotels and our eating places." a middle-aged woman said.
"Frankly, that wouldn't bother me." the Easterner said. "But the
problem is this: the Negro's cultural and spiritual aims are not as high
as white people's. Their only aim is the immediate end."
One small group was different.
"We're just curious," a man in this group said. "I guess we want to
see what will happen next."
But another man spoke up:
"We're more than curious, we're serious. Those FBI men might try
to escort some Negroes in. We want to be here when they do."
Outside of general curiosity, another thing that seems most
responsible for keeping the crowd on the spot is the desire to get the
news first.
Get News.
"We get all the federal news out here." one man said. "I guess we
get it quicker than the radio does."
A late arrival, a woman in her 40s. was obviously displeased with
the small gathering today. "Well, at least there are a few people with
good sense left," she said as she appraised the crowd.
Meanwhile, a spokesman for the National Guard said that as far as
he knew, none of the residents across the street from the school had
complained about people milling on the lawns.
"We heard or read that there was one complaint, but the only thing
we've known first hand is that most of the people said the crowd could
use their yard as long as they wanted to."
And on the inside of the school it was another attempt to keep
things on an even keel.
Signs of "Beat CBC" (Christian Brothers College of Memphis) the
of 2
09/17/97 09:52:30
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school's first football foe. and other posters urging support of the team
hung on the walls. There were some yells, and the students, on the
surface at least, seemed to be much more concerned with keeping a
victory string alive than worrying about segregation or integration.
Need Spirit.
Principal Jess W. Matthews expressed as much, saying: "We hope
to generate enough spirit to keep our winning streak going." The
football team has a winning streak of 21 straight games.
Matthews said that he "had heard that some students had notes from
parents requesting that they leave school in the case of v iolence, but I
haven't had an official report on it."
In the daily bulletin read to the home rooms. Matthews urged the
students to co-operate with the National Guard. The bulletin read:
"Students are urged to show only respect and compliance with the
requests of the National Guard. These men are here to do a job
assigned, and you and I must co-operate willingly. Only a few isolated
instances of such disregard have been reported but we do expect 100
per cent co-operation."
Matthews said that about 125 students who registered last year had
not shown up for classes, but he said that was normal procedure. "It
happens every year." he said, "they might move away or something.
We have at least that many more new students enrolled." He said the
enrollment was 1.999, about the number he anticipated before school
started.
Somewhat detached from the issue at hand, but very much a
by-product of it is a filling station at the comer of 14th and Park, and a
drug store at the other end of the block at 15th and Park.
Both have reported that concession sales hav e tripled since the
crowds started congregating, but the service station manager said his
service jobs had almost stopped, and the drug store reported that its
book supply business, always good at this time of the year, was
practically nil. and cosmetics, and other sales have almost stopped, too.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 10, 1957
Return to Central High. Tuesday, September 10. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Rock Newspapers. Inc.
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Return to Central High. Tuesday. September 10. 1957
Davies Sets Hearing in Fight on 4
Segregation Laws
Federal Judge Ronald N. Davies ordered yesterday that a hearing be
held September 19 at Little Rock on a motion to stay litigation in a
federal District Court suit asking that four Arkansas segregation laws
be declared unconstitutional.
Judge Davies' order said that "in the event such motion to stay is
denied, the case shall immediately proceed to trial on the merits."
The stay motion was filed last month by Attorney General Bruce
Bennett, an ex-officio member of the state Sovereignty Commission
and one of the defendants in the suit. One of the laws challenged in the
suit established the Sovereignty Commission.
The suit, filed by 10 Negro ministers, also challenges the validity of
laws which provided that parents do not have to send their children to
integrated schools, required certain organizations such as the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People to report to the
Commission and allow school districts to employ attorneys to help
them in integration suits.
Bennett asked that any federal action be postponed until a similar
suit, filed in Pulaski Chancery Court, had reached the state Supreme
Court for a ruling. The Chancery Court suit had asked for a declaratory
judgment on the validity and effect of the four laws.
But Pulaski Chancellor Murray O. Reed ruled at a hearing on the
suit that integration at Little Rock should not proceed. He based his
ruling on testimony by Governor Faubus who said that there would be
violence if Little Rock schools were integrated.
Attorney J. R. Booker of Little Rock, representing the plaintiffs in
the federal court suit, said he and other attorneys for the ministers
would oppose the stay motion.
The hearing on the motion, set for 10 a.m. September 19 in Judge
Harry J. Lemley's courtroom at the Federal Building, presumably will
be held by the three-judge court named to hear the case. The court will
be comprised of Judge Davies, Judge Martin D. Van Oosterhout of
Sioux City, la., and Judge John E, Miller of Fort Smith.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 10, 1957
Return to Central High, Tuesday, September 10. 1957
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Return to Central High. Wednesday. September 11. 1957
Calm, Confident, Talked-out
Crowd at Central High Is Passive As Guard
'Escorts' Negro Newsman
JERRY DHONAU
OF THE GAZETTE STAFF
A calm, confident and talked-out crowd of only 200 took the attitude of
watchful waiting on Park Avenue in front of Little Rock Central High
School yesterday and was hardly roused when a Negro newsman
entered the scene and was asked to leave by the Arkansas National
Guard.
Newsmen heard only bits of the heckling which had characterized
the crowds in the moming hours of five other days of classes at the
strife-torn school.
The crowd of segregationists and curiosity seekers had dwindled to
about 50 when two deputy marshals passed the Guard line at
Fourteenth Street and Park Avenue at 12:01 p.m. to serve a summons
on Lt. Col. Marion E. Johnson, the troop commander.
Only a dozen of the hard-core spectators stood in front of the line of
200 guardsmen when the pall of fog began lifting at 7:30 a.m. A few
others were added to the crowd when a Negro woman walked north on
Park Avenue, unnoticed by many. She was not heckled and the largest
gathering of segregationists apparently didn't even see her.
Negro Reporter Arrives
The orderly crowd had grown to about 100 when the Negro
reporter, Moses J. Newsom, 30, of Memphis entered the scene. He
walked on the east sidewalk of Park Avenue after entering the area
from Fourteenth Street. Two white men followed him up the walk. A
few steps later Colonel Johnson stopped him and several Guardsmen
ringed their interview.
Newsom, who was carrying a camera strapped around his neck,
showed the colonel a press card indicating he was a reporter for the
Tri-State Defender of Memphis. The colonel stepped back and other
newsmen were told by Newsom that he had "just started" to work for
the Afro-American at Baltimore but lived at Memphis. Colonel
Johnson called Newsom to the side and they walked with other
Guardsmen back toward Fourteenth Street where they stopped.
There Colonel Johnson told Newsom that he was not allowing any
Negroes on the scene for their own protection and asked the reporter
the location of his car. Then he called three additional Guardsmen.
Eight of the militiamen escorted Newsom down the east sidewalk
of Park for 1 1/2 blocks. They walked silently and the handful of the
crowd which followed didn't utter a loud word. The crowd had done no
heckling when Newsom was stopped earlier. When the armed party and
Newsom reached the car which bore Tennessee license plates, the
newsman got in and drove off at the direction of State Troopers.
The crowd, mainly other newsmen, peacefully walked back to the
school grounds.
One segregationist, who has been seen at the school each of the six
days, commented "I knew that Nashville bunch would come through"
when he noted the Gazette's report of the bombing at the Tennessee city
of 3
09/17/97 09:48:49
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earlier in the moming.
At 8:10 a man who said he was Bill Johnson of Little Rock showed
a Governor Faubus campaign tie which he said was borrowed from a
friend. The black writing on the pink cravat said "Forward with
Faubus."
By 8:45 the calm crowd had reached its peak of 200 and. as they
had done five other days, a good many of the members applauded w hen
the American flag was raised on the school lawn to start the school day.
Fewer than 25 persons remained on the street when word reached
the grounds that Colonel Johnson would be served with a summons.
Maj. Gen. Sherman T. dinger, the state adjutant general, had not been
seen on the grounds for two days.
Summons Served
At 11:55 about half the Guard left for lunch at Adams Field.
Several minutes later the deputy marshals. Bob Powell and Ira
Satterfield. walked up to the Guardsmen on the comer of Fourteenth
and Park. They identified themselves and a major walked with them to
Colonel Johnson.
Powell said formally: "Lieutenant Colonel Johnson"
Johnson replied. "Hi. Bob."
While newsmen and other Guard officers surrounded the deputies
and the colonel, Powell read part of the summons. Then Johnson and
Powell, obviously friends in civilian life, talked of more personal
matters and the two deputies left.
The colonel stuffed the papers in his back pants pocket and went on
about his business.
A Guardsman remarked soon after: "Well, now the pressure's off."
Newsom was the second Negro newsman in two days to get an
escort away from the scene. Alvin Nail of the Amsterdam News, a
Negro weekly newspaper published at New York city, was ejected
Monday.
Yesterday. James L. Hicks, managing editor of the Amsterdam
News, sent duplicate telegrams to Mayor Mann and Governor Faubus.
"Al Nail, a reporter for this paper was prevented from performing
his duties by a mob at the Central High School of Little Rock and was
escorted from the scene by military authorities." the telegrams said. " I
have instructed him to go back to the school and again try to report the
Little Rock story for our readers.
"In the interests of a free press in a democratic society. I urge you
to give him the protection he is entitled to as an American and to permit
him the freedom of movement which he should have as a
newspaperman."
Nail did not show up at the school yesterday despite his
instructions. Later, at his hotel he said he had phoned the mayor and the
National Guard to ask them if he would be permitted to do so. He said
he asked both offices to call him back with their answers by they didn't.
Nail said he would leave Little Rock last night for Nashville where
he hopes to report on that city's integration crisis.
Only half the Guardsmen remained on the scene during the
afternoon and like other days lounged on the lawn, play ed cards, read
newspapers and posed for sketches by art students.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 11, 1957
2 of 3
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Police Collect 30 Weapons
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A State Police officer said yesterday that "about 30 weapons" had been
confiscated in the vicinity of Little Rock Central High School since the
integration dispute began early last week.
Lt. Paul R. McDonald said the weapons included a bullwhip. BB
pistol, high-powered rifle, brass knuckles, a billy club and daggers.
He said no arrests had been made although most of the weapons
were taken from individuals, "both white and Negro." Other weapons
were found in vehicles and in high weeds, he said.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 11, 1957
Return to Central High, Wednesday. September 11. 1957
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;
Backstage at the Capitol
'Violence' in Little Rock Occurred on
Typewriters
GEORGE DOUTHIT.
(DEMOCRAT STAFF WRITER.)
Editorial writers and magazine editors over the nation really have had a
party the last two weeks at the expense of Arkansas' Gov ernor Faubus.
They gave the words of condemnation and ridicule a heavy workout.
there was a reason for it other than the fact that they disagreed with
Mr. Faubus' action in calling out the National Guard in the Central
High School case. The editors got some good one-sided stories from
their reporters who came rushing to the scene looking for v iolence and
riots.
Probably the biggest jolt the reporters receiv ed was when they came
into Little Rock and discovered a quiet Southern city going about its
business instead of police riding through the city brandishing riot guns.
Instead of the reporters finding white and Negro people pushing
each other off the sidewalk, they saw them just as they always had
lived for a hundred years-getting along together peacefully.
The reporters who had just hit Little Rock weren't getting much of a
riot story to send back to their editors. So they went out to the high
school where the guard was on duty.
We will admit that one lone Negro girl walked the entire block in
front of the school after she had been told by the guard that the school
was closed to her. We will admit that people followed her and called
out things they should not have said.
But here is the pay-off. We have read descriptions of the v arious
reporters who saw the incident. They varied from "walking with the
dignity of a lady" to "she was hysterical and wept."
They had to write about her because most of them missed a few
minutes later the main group of seven Negro students trying to enter the
school.
There was not one word called out from the crowd, not one obscene
statement made to this group. They were turned away and went quickly
back from where they had come. But you should read the accounts by
the foreign reporters.
Distorted Reports
They pictured these horrified Negro children being shunted away
by hundreds of National Guardsmen brandishing armed carbines and
rifles.
What we're trying to say is that what Little Rock lacked in "blood
and thunder" the visiting press provided for the rest of the nation. They
were so busy trying to be sensational about this situation here that we
haven't found a single account that tried to present the situation that
faces Little Rock and Arkansas.
By the end of the week before last the reporters on the "battle front"
had run out of material. Then Mayor Woodrow Mann took the
limelight and held a few press conferences.
So, for the next few days the Little Rock story was kept alive on the
front pages of the nation as the city's mayor became a hero in the face
1 of 3
09/17/97 09:49:44
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ot'this "dastardly" thing that the governor had pulled.
Editorials, Too.
The reporters quoted and the editors editorialized that Little Rock's
mayor could have handled the whole thing if the governor had stayed
out of it.
In the meantime, the North Little Rock school board had decided
that in view of the situation the North Side should hold up its
integration plans.
But a group of six Negroes decided to push ahead anyway, although
the school board had ordered them not to try it. North Little Rock
students took things in their own hands and pushed them back. No one
was hurt but what a great story the foreign press had. And what
pictures.
Governor Faubus was blamed for the North Little Rock action,
although he had made no plans to interfere with integration in North
Little Rock. It sounded better blaming it on him. So that punch was
directed at him. too.
No sooner had the North Little Rock incident cooled off than over
in Nashville. Tenn., citizens there resisted integration. John Kasper. the
Northern troublemaker, had been walking free around Nashville for
several weeks trying to stir up some action.
Faubus Blamed.
One night a school was dynamited. The Nashv ille school
superintendent called it the "backwash" of Governor Faubus' action in
Little Rock. In other words, whatever happened anywhere, it was
blamed on Faubus. Yes, the nation's editors certainly hav e had a field
day at his expense.
There was one incident in the South that wasn't blamed on the
Arkansas governor. A Negro was emasculated by some white men. and
an investigation developed that this horrid incident was an initiation
test for a Ku Klux Klan member.
Now, after two weeks, what have we got? No one has tried to
understand the problem facing the South. It has millions of law abiding
people who will accept integration because the U.S. Supreme Court
says we must.
Our people were given only two choices by the courts: integration
without violence or integration with violence. The majority of the
people, against integration, prefer no violence.
So. now the big question for the South: Will you accept integration
without violence? We know most of the people will. But there is still a
small minority of persons who. law abiding in everything else, cannot
bring themselves to the point of ending the century-old tradition of
segregation.
Until these few people are willing to accept this new thing quietly
and peacefully, we have a problem.
And we need not expect the editors of the nation to understand.
Anyway, many reporters didn't come here to seek out the real story;
thev came here for a sensation-riots, violence, guns, uniforms.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 11, 1957
Return to Central High, Wednesday. September 11. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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UA Expects 7 Negroes To Enroll
Fayetteville (AP) -- Seven Negroes were expected to register at the
University of Arkansas today and school officials expected no trouble.
This is the 9th straight year that the university has been open to
Negroes.
Storm Whaley, public relations director, said "the peaceful entry of
seven and maybe more Negroes is expected."
He said not more than 10 Negroes have ever been enrolled during a
regular term but between 200 and 250 studied at the university during
the past summer session. Most of these were Negro school teachers
completing degree work or pursuing advanced studies.
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Return to Central High. Wednesday. September 1 1. 1957
Aldermen Request That Guard,
Police Be Retained at CHS
Eight Little Rock aldermen yesterday asked state and federal authorities
to keep the National Guard and State Police on duty at Little Rock
Central High School.
The request came after the aldermen heard May or Mann refuse to
withdraw an order putting all city patrolmen on a seven-day work week
during the unrest over integration of the school.
The aldermen also for the second time praised Governor Faubus for
calling out the Guard. Mann has blasted the governor for the same
action.
The breach between the mayor and the aldermen widened at a
special Council meeting.
The alderman called on Mann to withdraw the order to prevent the
city from being bankrupted. Mann refused to let the aldermen tell him
what to do.
He said that as chief executive of the city he was responsible for the
public safety. He added that this was something that Mr. Faubus was
also ignoring.
The Council finally agreed that Mann was justified in keeping the
policemen on extra duty for the time being. They said that they may
have to cut a number of non-uniformed citv emplovees off to pav the
bill.
Alderman Franklin E. Loy, a longtime critic of the may or's, didn't
waste any time in attacking Mann.
Loy accused Mann of: (1) trying to bankrupt the city before he
turns it over to the city manager Board of Directors in November. (2)
refusing to listen to Police Chief Martin H. Potts who wanted to return
to a five-day week when the Guard was called out. and (3) of
misstatements and failing to keep the Council advised of his actions.
No 'Third Degree'
Mann refused to be drawn into an argument with Loy. He said that
he would "not permit myself to undergo a third degree."
"You don't want to have your hand called." Loy retorted.
"I wouldn't believe you, Mr. Mayor." Loy added, " i f you put your
hand on a stack of Bibles a mile high."
Mann shrugged his shoulders and turned to confer with City
Attorney O. D. Longstreth Jr.
The'latest blowup resulted from a report that putting the policemen
on extra duty would cost the city about $4,000 a week. The aldermen
said the city could not pay the bill.
Loy repeatedly baited Mann to say that he was keeping the police
on extra duty because of an emergency. Mann has said that no
emergency exists. He blames Governor Faubus' intervention in the city
for creating tension.
Mann would only say that the extra duty is a precaution. The
Council gave in and termed the situation "an unusual condition" that
requires precautionary measures.
Sent Telegrams
As soon as this action came, the aldermen directed a telegram to
Governor Faubus. President Eisenhower, United States Attornev
I of 2
09/17/97 09:50:33
�General Herbert Brownell Jr. and Federal District Judge Ronald N.
Davies asking for Guard and State Police protection for the city.
The text of the message:
"The Little Rock City Council meeting in emergency session this
date unanimously requests that he National Guard and Arkansas State
Police remain on duty at the Little Rock School indefinitely to protect
the life and property of the citizens of this city .
"The City Council unanimously adopted a motion commending
Governor Orval E. Faubus for his prompt action in taking prev entativ e
measures to preserve and maintain the public peace and safety of our
communitv."
Alderman W. T. ("Pete") Hollis. William C. Hood Jr.. Ray Winder.
Lee H. Evans. James A. Griffey. Harold H. Reed and Fred W. Parris
signed the message.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 11, 1957
Return to Central High. Wednesday. September 11. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 ofZ
.
09/17'97 09:50:37
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NLK iuiooi liouru i a \ i No io i ciiiion oi Nei-ro Harems
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Return to Central High. Wednesday. September 1 1. l )57
f
f
NLR School Board Says No To
Petition of Negro Parents
ROY REED
OF THE GAZETTE STAFF
The North Little Rock School Board met on 90 minutes notice
yesterday and denied a petition by the parents of seven Negro seniors to
enroll the seven in the all-white North Little Rock High School. This
reaffirmed the Board's decision of September 3 to postpone its planned
integration "indefinitely."
The refusal apparently cleared the way for court action by the
Negroes which could force the Board to allow integration. The Negro
parents had not decided late yesterday whether to bring a law suit.
"This situation today is more tense than it was September 3." Board
Member Robert R. Means told four Negro ministers representing the
parents. "The Negro students are in worse danger of physical harm now
than when we postponed integration."
The second day of classes at the still segregated High School was
quiet in contrast to Monday when a crowd of white students and adults
pushed back six Negro boys who sought enrollment.
A seventh boy was registered but did not try to enter the school
Monday. The petition yesterday asked his admittance, too.
Sixty-five armed peace officers blocked nearby streets and guarded
the school grounds yesterday moming to prevent a recurrence of
opening-day violence.
A crowd gathered but remained fairly orderly. No Negro students
tried to enter.
Capt. John E. Charles, acting chief of North Little Rock Police
Department, said the same police force would be at the school at 6 a. m.
today as a precaution. It included 45 policemen from his department.
11 State Policemen and nine Pulaski County Sheriff's deputies.
After the Board meeting at 12:30 p. m. yesterday there appeared to
be no further threat of violence in the immediate future.
A Negro spokesman said last night that he thought the seven
Negroes had decided to enroll this week at Scipio A. Jones High
School, the Negro school that they had previously attended.
The North Little Rock City Council instructed Mayor Perry
Monday night to ask Governor Faubus to have Arkansas National
Guard troops stand by for a possible emergency at North Little Rock.
Perry said yesterday he had arranged the Guard alert through a
governor's aide.
The Guard did not appear to be needed yesterday. The 65 officers
on the scene made up a force 25 percent as large as the crowd. At its
largest the crowd numbered about 250. some segregationists and some
curiosity seekers.
The police restricted the crowd to the south side of Twenty-second
Street, the side farthest from the school by placing road blocks at the
intersections of Main. Maple and Orange Streets.
Possibly the morning's most spectacular development was the
discovery by the horde of newspaper, radio and television workers on
the scene that a small cafe nearby still sold coffee for five cents a cup.
After 9 a. m. the newsmen deserted the school and swarmed into the
cafe.
09/17/97 09:51:01
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The early crowd was mostly students but by the time school started
at 8:30 a. m. it had become mainly adults. It numbered over 200 until
about 9 a. m. By noon only a handful of spectators and some police
remained.
The only noise was from the heckling of a few passing Negroes and
the off-key singing of "Dixie" by some of the younger members of the
crowd. For the benefit of television cameramen the youngsters sang it
again a few minutes later —Evvith more gusto if not melody .
The singing stopped when eight policemen drifted toward the
crowd.
Easier Heckling Distance
Police at Orange and Twenty-second Streets directed Negroes
headed toward Main Street on foot to walk on the south sidewalk of
Twenty-second. This kept them away from the school ground but put
them within easier heckling distance of the crowd of whites.
About 30 Negro boys went by in one group. Not many others
walked Twenty-second Street.
An unidentified young woman circulated through the crowd half
secretly gathering information in a small notebook. She ducked
reporters and photographers. It was learned from one with whom she
talked that she was taking names and telephone numbers to form a
"telephone committee, just in case it is needed in an emergency."
Captain Charles said most of the hecklers in the crowd had been
identified as non-students. Some were former trouble makers at the
High School, he said.
School Superintendent F. B. Wright had asked parents and
spectators to stay away from the school after Monday .
Pastors at Meeting
The Board meeting was in the School Administration Building at
Twenty-eighth and Poplar Streets. Meeting with the Board were Rev.
John Gipson. pastor of Lee Chapel AME Church of North Little Rock:
Rev . D. J. Webster, presiding elder of the Marianna District of the
AME Church; Rev. W. B. Banks, presiding elder of the North Little
Rock District, and F. D. Gipson, presiding elder of the Hot Springs
District of the AME Church. All are from North Little Rock.
The ministers had delivered the petition at 11 a. m. asking the
Board to rescind its September 3 postponement of integration of the
twelfth grade.
Board President Byron R. Bogard asked the ministers if they
thought it was safe to go ahead with integration after the violence of
Monday.
Banks replied. "Since so much has happened in North Little Rock I
don't think it would be nearly as safe now as a week ago."
The ministers have blamed the rise in tension on Governor Faubus'
calling out the National Guard at Little Rock.
In reply to the ministers' questions, the Board members would not
say when they thought it would be safe to go ahead with integration.
' The Board postponed desegregation because of "the immediate
developments dealing with the problem of integration, particularly the
action taken by Governor Orval Faubus."
Rev. John Gipson said last night that he thought the seven Negro
seniors would enroll this week at Scipio A. Jones High School. He said
one boy. Gerald Persons, enrolled at Jones yesterday.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 11, 1957
2 of 3
09/17/97 09:51:11
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nup. w uu ..iiutiiisiaz.cum ceiuiai cciuraiuv j Ir.mmi
Return tc Central High. Wednesday. September 11. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
3 f 3
0
09,17/97 09:51:12
�\\ iiai Happened at Little Kock.
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Return to Central High, Thursday. September 12. 19^7
What Happened at Little Rock?
City Apparently Taking It
Calmly
Suddenly Center of Great
Dispute
SY RAMSEY OF THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
There seems to be no ready answer as to why the carefully planned
system of gradual integration at Little Rock went astray in a city which
reluctantly was accepting it.
Item: School Superintendent Virgil T. Blossom has explained the
plan to nearly 200 white and Negro civic groups in the last 2 1/2 years.
Item: Two dedicated segregationists ran for posts on the school
board last March. Integration was the only apparent issue. The
segregationists, both prominent members of the community, lost by
about three to one.
Item: Governor Faubus said early this summer that "everybody
knows federal law supersedes state law."
Item: The Arkansas Gazette, with the largest circulation in the state,
staunchly advocated orderly compliance with the United States
Supreme Court desegregation ruling. The Arkansas Democrat, largest
afternoon paper, mildly supported the School Board plan.
Item: Little Rock is one of the least rigidly segregated cities in the
South. Both integrationists and segregationists also agree that Arkansas
is hardly a "massive resistance" showpiece compared to other Dixie
states.
Yet today. National Guardsmen bristling with weapons surround
Central High School while a crowd whose temper sometimes is
menacing shows up every moming a few feet away. And none of the 10
Negroes eligible for admission to the High School have been able to
enter.
Why the Dispute?
What happened? What caused the apparent tide of resentment
against integration a few days before classes began here?
A casual observer might attribute the excitement to the recent visit
of recent visit of Governor Marvin Griffin of Georgia, whose speech to
the Capital Citizens Council was a ringing denunciation of everything
related to integration. Mr. Faubus himself strengthened this view by
testifying in a state court that Griffin had given Arkansans the idea that
they could dodge impending integration with no serious consequences.
But a penetrating observer, while conceding that Griffin added fuel
to smoldering embers of racial tension, would place little importance
on the speech.
As one of the most vehement segregationists outside Central High
School put it the other day: "Griffin? I didn't even read his speech."
To get at the root of the trouble, an outsider must listen to
exponents of two broad fields of thinking.
Those who support the School Board feel that racial integration at
Central High could have been handled as quietly as in North Carolina.
of 3
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1
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"Sure, maybe a few kids would have slugged it out for a minute but
in a few day s it all would have been over but the heckling." said one
white observer.
Encouraged by Faubus
They also contend that Mr. Faubus' states rights pronouncements in
the days preceding the opening of school gave courage to faint-hearted
racists and that the governor's mobilization of the National Guard
flashed the green light to the extremist faction.
Why the governor —known as a moderate and cautious man- acted
as he did is a mystery to these people. They blame variously Mr.
Faubus' purported desire for a third term or United States senatorship.
bad advice from close friends, a craving for national publicity and a
wish to embarrass the Republican administration.
They say they find some comfort in the hope that an aroused Negro
electorate might cancel out any voting gain from East Arkansas
segregationists. They think the federal gov ernment inevitably will win
the legal battle with the governor. They know that the momentary
failure of a painful experiment will leave scars on this city for a long
time.
In short, they maintain that Mr. Faubus created a Frankenstein's
monster from a small segment of the people and that unless he backs
down, the consequences may be shattering. This is the published
opinion of the Arkansas Gazette.
Segregationists Answer
Segregationists fire their familiar volleys at the United States
Supreme Court, the Northern federal judge who has ordered immediate
integration, the NAACP and out-of-state newsmen who they claim
hav e fanned the racial fires.
Possibly their most telling point is that school integration failed
because most white Little Rock residents did not want it.
"What Blossom and the School Board did not realize." one Citizens
Council sympathizer said "is that the luncheon clubs and do-gooder
groups that approved integration did not represent the average family.
The people the school officials encountered are not the basically rural
people that populate this area."
The same observer pointed out that the two segregationists
candidates for the school board were defeated in the Pulaski Heights
section of Little Rock which Mr. Faubus years ago referred to as the
"silk stocking district."
"This city looked to Pulaski Heights for leadership." the observer
said, "The leaders who live there want to appear modern and tolerant."
Violence Believed
An alderman who believes integration is inevitable says that he
supported Mr. Faubus' summoning of troops. "1 have seen some
evidence that violence was brewing and I believe it."
The statement was made by Harold H. Reid. who with several other
aldermen commended the governor Sunday for the mobilization. The
other councilmen were out-of-town at the time.
Reid said that although he thinks integration is inevitable the
planning for it at Little Rock was neither broad nor gradual enough.
The action of the aldermen was an inadvertent or deliberate slap at
Mayor Woodrow Wilson Mann, who has condemned Mr. Faubus for
calling out troops. Most councilmen had been involved in
disagreements with Mann long before the racial issue came up.
Aside from the aldermen's praise of Faubus. there has been no
2 r 3
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09/16/07 17:47:54
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statement on the integration issue as such. The council officially always
has kept hands off racial matters.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday. September 12. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
3 of 3
09/16/97 17:47:55
�Bixii'ij Member Ponns I o hqiiaiii\ ol schools
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Return to Central High. Thursday. September 12. 1957
Board Member Points To
Equality of Schools
The subject of equal school facilities for white and Negro students
hasn't been broached publicly during the current racial controversy now
in its fourth day in North Little Rock.
One school board member suggested that presentation of certain
facts along the line of equal facilities would prove interesting to
newspaper readers. He attempted to get out-of-state newsmen interested
enough in the subject to write stories about it but apparently failed in
his mission.
Figures furnished a Democrat reporter by W. E. Shelton. business
manager of the North Little Rock School District, show more than $1
million has been expanded for Negro school construction since 1948.
That's slightly more than half the amount spent for White schools
during the same period. The ratio of white students to Negroes in North
Little Rock is four to one.
The district has put $1,035,094.15 into Negro school construction
in the past nine years and approximately $2 million into projects for
whites. The largest amount expended for Negroes during the period
was for the construction of Jones High School five v ears aco. That cost
was $373,210.56.
Woodson School was completed in 1951 at a cost of $125,078.94;
Woodson School annex in 1955 at a cost of $65,580.58: Hillside
School addition. 1955, $73,435.62; Carver School. 1952. $143,877.38:
Roosevelt School, 1957, $138,607.59. Jones home economics
department building, 1951, $32,460.05. and Jones Trade School. 1948.
$82,843.43.
In other words, the school board member pointed out. all the Negro
schools in North Little Rock have been erected since 1948 except the
Lincoln Elementary School which was constructed in 1909 and added
to in 1928. and Hillside's first section which was built in 1943.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday. September 12. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
I of
09/16/97 17:48:40
�1
•^ute tduors i^ ? ooou. Bad In School Crisis
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Return to Central High, Thursday. September 12. 19^7
State Editors See Good, Bad In
School Crisis
Here is more editorial comment from Arkansas newspapers on the
Little Rock integration dispute and Governor Faubus' actions:
El Dorado Daily News
The events in Little Rock's row over the plan to integrate the
Central High School there serves as a dramatic spotlight on a problem
which has been growing for decades and which threatens to engulf the
states. That is the encroaching of the federal government on the state
and individuals. One has only to stop and think of the many ways the
federal government enters his daily life to get the impact of this ...
Governor Faubus has, intentionally or not. pulled the federal power
grab into daylight. Now that congressmen and senators are at home, it
might be well for citizens to let them know how they feel on the
subject.
President Eisenhower has said he intends to uphold the federal
Constitution. We hope he includes that section of the document which
reads: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, or prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states
respectively, or to the people."
Texarkana Gazette
Governor Faubus played Little Eva to the Washington Star's Simon
Legree on Sunday night's TV, causing us much embarrassment for the
fear the public might get the idea that the procedure followed by the
Star's reporter is typical of ethical newspapermen. He was in sharp
contrast to International News Service's Bob Considine. a big city
reporter himself, who accorded Governor Faubus the deference due to
his high office and yet asked some of the more penetrating questions of
the interview ...
Newspaper reporters have no business getting mad while they are
working. That is the prerogative of editorial writers. If we had been the
managing editor of the Washington Star ... we would have called him
home not only because his manners were bad in a section of the country
noted for its gentility but because it was obvious that he could not have
written an objective story about integration in Arkansas.
Malvern Daily Record
More starkly than since Reconstruction days, the conflict between
state and federal law is presented. For Governor Faubus is acting under
the mandate of an Arkansas law by which he would forfeit his office i f
he failed to oppose desegregation. This fact is unknown or unregarded
by much of the nation, which sees only an act of defiance ...
To multitudes of Americans accustomed to think only of national
law. this was a natural conclusion. But Arkansans were very aware of
another law - one they had set up specifically to annul the Supreme
Court's decision ... It requires state officials to make and enforce
segregation laws. It represents a widespread conviction that federal
intervention in school affairs is wholly unconstitutional. Much as we
disagree with this view, it is a basic factor in a situation which must be
better understood before this conflict can be resolved.
This newspaper believes the North Carolina plan which [provided
I of 2
09/16/97 17:48:12
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for] local option and gradual desegregation under a pupil assignment
system is wiser ... We are convinced that the rigid segregationists, by
setting up state laws to defy federal laws, are embittering and delaying
adjustments which eventually must and should be made.
But the people of the rest of the nation can also delay solution of
racial problems if they fail to understand Southern feeling and
conditions.
Searcy Daily Citizen
Many people are looking on this battle between Governor Faubus
and the federal government as a strict matter of integration against
segregation ... which it isn't.
There is. of course, no question but what the matter of integration
was the starting point. But things have gone much farther than that. We
now have on our hands a very definite constitutional question as to
whether or not a governor has the right to rule his state under the terms
of his oath of office or whether that rule may be foiled by federal order.
In short, this is nothing more and nothing less than a grave and
unsettled point of constitutional law.
We are not prepared to say that Governor Faubus is right. But we
also find it impossible to say that he is wrong.
But this one thing we do know: Regardless of the final outcome,
this challenge of federal authority will result as all other such
challenges have by broadening our American system of government.
Unlike totalitarian governments, our free system thrives on crisis. And
we are sure that in the final analysis we will have a stronger nation
because of it.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High, Thursday, September 12. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express w ritten permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 f:
0
09/16/97 17:48:17
�l l l l C _ i iL j i j l i
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Return to Central High, Thursday, September 12. 1957
Integration Halted At Ozark
Ozark (AP) — Voluntary integration here hit a stumbling block of
violence last week and a police officer warned three Negro students
attending the previously all-white high school to stay at home, a Negro
father has reported.
Riley West, father of two of the students, said last night that "one
person tried to run over the children with a car as they were walking
home from school."
School authorities and other officials who could be reached
declined to comment.
Ozark, a city of 1,700, began integration this semester. Previously it
had sent its few Negro students to an all-Negro high school in Ft.
Smith, a distance of 61 miles.
West said his two children Inola. 16. and Ray ford. 18. and a 3rd
student. Nola Blanche Kuykendoll, 16. attended classes with white
students for only two days.
There were several incidents of mild violence during those two
days, he said. "A boy hit Nola Kuykendoll with a clothes hanger and
my boy was hit in the back with a book."
He said City Marshal Dick Sowell last Wednesday ordered the
Negro students not to return to Ozark High School.
Sowell was unavailable for comment and school officials refused to
discuss the matter.
School Board President W. H. Oliver said the board had agreed not
to release any information on the situation, a practice it has followed
since first announcing plans for integration apparently as an economy
measure.
First indication of trouble came from a white resident w ho said
expulsion of the Negroes was "hushed up" in an effort to avoid
unfavorable publicity.
"I don't know what Io going to do now." West said. "They tell me
it's too late to get the kids in school anywhere else this year, i guess I'll
wait till next year and try to get them in somewhere."
West added that since the Negro children left the white school "we
haven't had any trouble."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High, Thursday, September 12. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
1 of
09/16/97 17:49:43
�New Loui'i Aciiun I IICU Li> LiiMiHon
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Return to Central High. Thursday. September 12. 1957
New Court Action Filed By
Branton
An attorney for Negro students yesterday afternoon filed a petition
apparently designed to bring the original suit against the Little Rock
School Board in line with the latest legal action of the U. S. attorney.
The new petition, submitted here in federal court by Wiley Branton.
Pine Bluff, requests:
That permission be given to file a supplemental complaint in the
original suit against the school board.
That Governor Faubus and National Guard officials be added as
defendants.
That a hearing be held September 17 at 10 a. m. on a request to
restrain Governor Faubus and Guardsmen from interfering with
Negroes seeking to enter Central High School.
A federal official said it is likely that Judge Ronald Davies will
consolidate this action with that filed yesterday by Attorney General
Herbert Brownell and U. S. Attorney Osro Cobb.
Their petition seeking to bar interference with Negro students'
admission to high school was filed as an action of "friends of the
court."
If the actions are consolidated, the judge could hear the case
September 17 if he desired, instead of September 20. the date set for a
hearing on the U. S. attorney's petition, according to a federal
spokesman.
The original suit grew out of the board's refusal last year to permit
33 Negroes to enroll at Central High. The court ordered the board to
submit a plan for integration, and it was in answer to this order that the
board came forth with its plan of gradual integration.
This plan was approved by the court, which ordered the board to
carry it out. Governor Faubus' Guardsmen have since stopped the plan
from being executed.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday, September 12. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express wrinen permission o f Little
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?
Presbytery Hits Faubus Use of
Guard
A "strong protest" against Governor Faubus' calling out of the National
Guard in integration at Little Rock Central High School was adopted
yesterday by the Presbytery of Ouachita comprised of ministers and lay
representatives of several Presbyterian churches in Arkansas.
The protest, approved by a vote of 30 to 12. stated:
"We deplore his (Mr. Faubus') disregard of the national law. his
intrusion into the ordered processes of a local school district and his
incitement of racial tensions. We earnestly beseech him to announce
immediately an intention to exercise executive leadership in obedience
to the law of the land. Finally, we call upon all Christian citizens to join
us in a prayer for God's grace and guidance in this time of crisis."
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Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 12, 1957
Return to Central High, Thursday, September 12. 1957
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Return to Central High. Friday. September 13. 1957
'Faubus Fallout' Set Off Violence
HELEN THOMAS OF THE UNITED PRESS
Washington. Sept. 12 ~ Administration sources said today the rash of
integration was being touched off by "Faubus fallout."
They said racial disturbances from Nashville to Birmingham were
triggered like a "psychological" chain reaction by the stand of
Governor Faubus.
Justice Department sources said they could find no proof that any
of the school segregation outbreaks in the past few days were related.
But they are convinced one event led to another starting with Faubus'
ordering out the National Guard to block integration of Central High
School in Little Rock.
One thing that emboldened segregationists elsewhere in the south
was suddenly finding they had a governor "on our side." Justice
authorities pointed out.
The Justice Department sources said that unless the Little Rock
case is resolved quickly rising sentiment could affect other areas where
schools were integrated by a narrow margin, like Hoxie. Ark. They said
these areas could revert to segregation.
The sources called the struggle with White Citizens Councils and
the Ku Klux Klan over school segregation a battle for men's minds.
Officials in the department believe that Faubus is showing signs of
softening. They fully expect that Federal Judge Ronald N. Davies will
issue an injunction after the September 20 hearing. Thev also are
confident that the Governor would abide by an injunction to prohibit
use of troops to block integration.
In this event, the sources said, there could be a settlement to the
Little Rock situation in two weeks. If the Governor appeals, and that is
not expected, drawn-out litigation would delay integration this year.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 13, 1957
Return to Central High, Friday, September 13. 1957
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Sid McMath Leading Foes Of
Governor
Former Governor Sid McMath disclosed yesterday that he had directed
locally a "pressure campaign" for liberals of state and national
reputation who opposed Governor Faubus' action in the school
integration impasse.
The role played by McMath underscores the extent to which
political and socio-economic forces have been involved during the
period of crisis.
McMath was the man who first brought Governor Faubus into
statewide political recognition. They were close friends for years but in
recent months had drawn apart on ideological differences.
This relationship was not unknown in the powerful areas where
publicfiguresmove to pull strings behind the scenes in great crises.
Once the Little Rock issue became important nationally and
internationally, the search was on for periphery figures who could
pressure the "hard center."
Requested by Leaders
McMath said he had assumed his role at the request of national
Democratic Party leaders and even high-placed members of the
Eisenhower administration. Other requests, he said, came from
prominent industrialists and national public opinion-moulders with
whom he had formed friendships in the years that he was governor of
the state.
It was made clear in McMath's words that his role was not in any
close way related with the activities of Representative Brooks Hays,
but that some intercommunication was kept between the two forces so
there would be no risk of any grave missteps.
"I don't agree with the stand taken by Governor Faubus." McMath
said, "but I do think that it must be emphasized that those who know
him well believe that thefirmestcriticism should be that it was an
action out-of-character.
"Orval Faubus was a moderate liberal and he did grand work for the
industrial progress of this state. He stood with all of us on the moderate
approach to race relations as being in the best traditions of Arkansas.
"What led him to take this step, I can't say. but I feel sure he has
seen the light for the welfare of this state in the long run. He seems to
be ready to accede to the basic American tenant that the laws must be
upheld and enforced to protect the integrity of the courts. We are
overridingly a law-abiding people in this state and we cherish our
country's heritage of freedom and opportunitv for all people under
law."
Friendship Cooled
In 1954, Mr. Faubus was elected governor and McMath lost to
Senator John L. McClellan. In succeeding months. McMath and
Governor Faubus became cool to each other after years of friendship.
McMath says the coolness developed because Faubus "wavered on the
solid liberal programs for conservative and wise adjustment of race
relations and also pushed increased tax for the little fellow, we lost the
old contact."
But when the school integration controversy erupted McMath's
of 2
09/16/97 17:46:33
�telephone because busy with calls from liberals and moderates around
the country urging him to rally the forces that might be in danger of
tipping to Faubus's side.
"I think we were able to hold back Faubus supporters and race
extremists from capturing any great number of middle-of-the-roaders
who were off balance by reasons of unexpected developments that
came so swiftly." McMath said.
"We just kept pressure on all the time." he added. "We stressed that
history was against the Faubus position, that at most he was a mistaken
man and that the one issue for all Arkansans was to consider was the
welfare of our state and the progress-march of our country."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 13, 1957
Return to Central High. Friday, September 13. 1957
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Ministers Outline Principles
Thirty five ministers from 14 Arkansas cities, acting as individuals, and
the Board of Managers of the United Church Women of Arkansas, have
released statements on the school integration situation in Little Rock
senior high schools.
The statement came from separate meetings held yesterday.
The board of the Church Women by a vote of 30-1. expressed
"great concern", while the ministers issued a statement of
"convictions."
The church women criticized the 1957 Arkansas sovereignty laws
as "embittering and delaying adjustments which eventually must and
should be made."
The ministers' statement "stresses that all are equal in God's sight."
according to the Rev. Dunbar H. Ogden jr.. pastor of Central
Presbyterian church who is also chairman of the Ministerial Alliance of
Greater Little Rock.
The statement itself declared that the ministers had met to "offer
common prayers" and to "witness to a unity given in Christ which
transcends all racial, cultural and denominational differences."
The declaration made no reference to Governor Faubus or other
leaders in the school matter.
"We believe in the right of persons to disagree and to try to change
laws with which they disagree." said the statement from the Church
Women. "The constitution of the United States outlines procedures for
amending that body of law. We feel that no state has to power to enact
laws which limit the God-given rights of the individual."
Members of the United Church Women represent all denominations
except Southern Baptist and Roman Catholic.
Ministers by denominations who signed the "statement of
convictions" included:
Methodist: Rev. Robert Paul Sessions. Booneville: Rev. Nat
Griswold. executive of Arkansas Council on Human Relations: Rev.
John D. Jump. Quitman; and Rev. Charles E. Martin. Rev. William
Byrd. and Rev. Cagle E. Fair all of Pine Bluff.
Presbyterian: Rev. T. B. Hay. Pulaski Heights: Rev. Gary Hofius.
North Little Rock; Rev. Richard B. Hardie. Westover Hills: Rev. Dean
H. Lewis, Springdale; Rev. Ogden, Rev. Robert J. Moser. Rogers; Rev.
Richard E. Thwaiter jr.. Mt. Comfort; Rev. Richard R. Streeter. Atkins;
Rev. Donald E. Shoemaker, Benton; Dr. J. F. Henderson. Allen
Memorial, Little Rock; Rev. Daniel L. Durway. Des Arc. and Rev.
George A. Chauncy, Monticello.
Episcopal: Rev. Theodore Peter Devlin. Pine Bluff: Rev. James C.
Jackson, vicar St. Phillip's Mission: Rev. J. Hodge. Alves. Christ
church; Verv Rev. Charles A. Higgins. Trinitv Cathedral, and Rev.
William A. Willcox. St. Mark's.
Christian: Rev. William C. Howland jr.. Hot Springs: Rev. James I.
Spainhower, Fayetteville; Rev. Robert D. Chambliss. Hot Springs: Rev.
Austin Denney. Hot Springs, and Rev. Colbert S. Cartwright. Pulaski
Heights.
CME: Rev. C. F. Odom, Rev. G. P. Pulliam. Rev. N. Charles
Thomas. Wrightsville, and Rev. M. L. Darnell. Miles Chapel.
Congregational: Rev. Charles E. Walker.
BaptistrRev. N. Nichols, Collins Temple.
AME: Rev. Rufus King Young, Bethel Church.
09/16/97 17:45:59
�Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 13, 1957
Return to Central High. Friday. September 13. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Return to Central High. Friday. September 13. l )57
Integration Injunction Points
Made
Legal support for the government's application for a preliminary
injunction against Governor Faubus and two National Guard officers is
outlined in a memorandum of points and authorities.
The argumentative six-page pleading, filed in U. S. District court
yesterday, set forth the position of these "friends of the court" Attorney General Herbert Brownell and U. S. Attorney Osro Cobb —
opening bluntly with the statement:
"The officials of the state of Arkansas should be enjoined from
obstructing or interfering with the carrvintz out of this court's orders of
Aug. 28. 1956 and Sept. 3, 1957."
The memorandum in the Aaron-Cooper integration case declared:
"There can be no doubt that the state authorities have been and still are
taking action which completely frustrates the effectuation of this court's
orders." quoting the command to place certain schools off-limits to
white and colored students.
Principal reliance of the government appeared to be upon "a
remarkably similar situation" (in Sterling. Gov. and Texas et al. vs.
Constantin et al.) in which the Texas National Guard was used to
enforce orders of the state railroad commission limiting the production
of oil.
Federal constitutional rights were challenged in that case and a
temporary restraining order was secured from the district court upon its
finding that no evidence supported the "asserted belief of the governor
that unless he used military forces to limit the production of oil 'a
war-like riot and insurrection would ensue'" and the injunction was
upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court.
The memorandum quotes the Supreme Court's comment at length
and also cites nine other cases to support its legal stand.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 13, 1957
Return to Central High, Friday, September 13. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High, Friday. September 13. 1957
Rep. Hays Fills Interpreter's
Role in Parley of Faubus, Ike
RELMAN MORIN (AP WRITER.)
They say a crisis always puts the right man in the right role at just the
right moment.
If that's true, the powder-keg events in Arkansas this week, with
sparks flying between the races and between the federal and state
governments, were pointing from the first toward a gentle,
widely-admired congressman.
He is Rep. Brooks Hays.
Hays emerged as the mysterious emissary who helped bring Gov.
Orval E. Faubus to the conference tomorrow with President
Eisenhower.
Only two days ago, Faubus and the U. S. government appeared to
be caught in a hopeless and dangerous deadlock. Faubus had ordered
National Guardsmen to keep Negroes from enrolling in a Little Rock
high school. A federal judge had ordered the school to be integrated.
Neither side seemed prepared to budge an inch.
Suddenly, the news came that Faubus had asked for a meeting with
the president at Newport, R. I.
Hays says the meeting was his idea.
Further, he says, "I have been transmitting infonnation on the
situation to the White House almost from the beginning. I felt it was
my duty to keep the White House informed."
He was in a strategic position for the role of go-between. He is a
close friend of Eisenhower's key assistant. Sherman Adams. He stood
by Eisenhower's foreign aid program and foreign policy when other
Democratic congressmen were opposing it.
He can and does stand as a kind of interpreter of the views of the
South and the north on integration, pleading for understanding.
For these and other reasons, he is highly persona grata at the White
House.
Hays does not claim to be a close personal friend of Faubus. "But."
he says with a twinkle, "he's a Baptist, too."
Brooks Hays, 59, a lawyer and long-time member of Congress, is a
man of many facets.
He is deeply religious ~ president of the eight million-member
Southern Baptist Convention and one of the few laymen to hold that
office, sponsor of the bill that created a special room for prayer in the
capitol in Washington, organizer of the 32-year-old Brooks Hays Bible
Class, deacon of his church.
Witty. Brave.
He is witty, the amateur cartoonist who created the friendly
"willipus wallipus," a legendary Arkansas beast with eight legs which
became the subject of a debate in the House. Under great pressure.
Hays admitted it did not exist.
And he is brave — the man who countered a Soviet proposal to
admit Outer Mongolia to the United Nations by proposing that Texas
be admitted, too, under the name of "Outer Arkansas."
Hays believes in keeping the church and state separate, but. as a
churchman, he says:
i ot":
09/16/97 17:44:53
�"We are just as interested in what the prophet says to the politician
as we are in what the politician says to the prophet. For centuries,
beginning with Nathan's pointing the finger of condemnation at King
David, the right of moralists to question their rulers has been
safeguarded by society."
He comes naturally by this dualist view:
Hays likes to recall that one of his grandfathers was a country
doctor and also an ordained minister.
"He would take care of peoples' bodies on week days and look after
their souls on Sundays." he says.
He frequently quotes Benjamin Franklin -" I have lived, sir. a long time and the longer I live, the more
convincing proof I see of this truth ~ that God governs in the affairs of
men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it
probable that an empire can rise without His aid?"
Hays is married and has a married son and daughter. Mrs. William
E. Bell, and Steele Hays, a lawyer.
He has served on the House Foreign Relations Committee and as a
member of the Arkansas delegation to the United Nations.
At home, he likes to draw and write -- funny stories about funny
animals. In Washington, he is in wide demand as an after dinner
speaker.
He has been talking about going to Moscow to encourage Baptist
churches there.
He received an award from the Freedom Foundation of Valley
Forge for helping create the prayer room in the Capitol.
Reports have been current for some time that Flays may be named
federal judge in eastern Arkansas — and his role as a mediator in the
Little Rock integration struggle may lend greater probability to the
report.
When that struggle first developed. Hays pleaded for
"re-establishing the spirit of calmness in which solutions can be
sought."
That, no doubt, will be the same plea he makes tomorrow when he
joins the conference between the president and the governor.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 13, 1957
Return to Central High, Friday, September 13. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Rock Newspapers. Inc.
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Selected inside stories from this day, 40 years ago:
Rep. Hays Fills Interpreter's Role in Parley of Faubus. Ike - Relman
Morin (AP Writer.)
They say a crisis always puts the right man in the right role at just the
right moment.
Integration Injunction Points Made
Legal support for the government's application for a preliminary
injunction against Governor Faubus and two National Guard officers is
outlined in a memorandum of points and authorities.
of 2
09/16/97 17:42:11
�Ministers Outline Principles
Thirty five ministers from 14 Arkansas cities, acting as individuals, and
the Board of Managers of the United Church Women of Arkansas, have
released statements on the school integration situation in Little Rock
senior high schools.
Sid McMath Leading Foes Of Governor
Former Governor Sid McMath disclosed yesterday that he had directed
locally a "pressure campaign" for liberals of state and national
reputation who opposed Governor Faubus' action in the school
integration impasse.
'Faubus Fallout' Set Off Violence - Helen Thomas of the United Press
Washington. Sept. 12 --EAdministration sources said today the rash of
integration was being touched off by "Faubus fallout."
Back to Index of Central High Days
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Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High. Saturday. September 14. 1957
Faubus Set Poor Example,
Harmed U.S., Says Jackson
1
W e e d lifflliUfl
ekn
Bellingham, Wash., Sept. 13 (AP) - Senator Henry M. Jackson (Dem..
Wash.) said today Governor Faubus has "made a fool of himself" and
has harmed his country immeasurably abroad.
Jackson, in an address to the Washington Club, questioned Mr.
Faubus' sincerity in calling out the National Guard to patrol Little Rock
Central High School.
The senator said that if Mr. Faubus had information that serious
trouble would break out over integration he could have gi\ en it to the
courts.
"There is nothing that hurts us more abroad than the stories that get
out concerning our integration troubles." Jackson said. "Faubus has set
a poor example for the whole country."
Jackson said it was "high time this foolishness stops." and added. " I
think that until the Arkansas governor stepped in we had progressed
very well" toward workable integration.
EB!!
Reprinted from the/lrAa/isas Gazette, September 14, 1957
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Return to Central High, Saturday, September 14. 1957
Threat to Rights Seen by Douglas
Washington, Sept. 13 (AP.) Senator Paul H. Douglas (Dem.. 111.) said
today that a victory for governor Faubus in the Little Rock dispute over
integration of schools would be "fatal for integration everywhere."
"It would give every local politician encouragement to go ahead
and flout the law," Douglas said at a news conference.
The Illinois senator said he hoped that in conversations with Mr.
Faubus President Eisenhower realized he was "dealing with a local
court order upholding a basic constitutional right of American
citizens."
"There should be no particle of doubt, no wavering nor delay about
the president's full support of constitutional processes and rights."
Douglas said.
Asked what he would have done to meet the Little Rock school
crisis. Douglas said that although it now was "coaching from the
sidelines" he believed a presidential radio and television appeal to the
nation would be valuable.
And secondly he said the situation could have been met as "Abe
Lincoln would have done it — taking a Negro child with one hand and
another Negro child bv the other hand and leadina them into the
School."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 14, 1957
Return to Central High, Saturday, September 14. 1957
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AIDC Skips Integration
The Arkansas Industrial Development Commission has decided that it
will not comment immediately about the impact of Little Rock's
integration crises on the state industrial program.
After a meeting here yesterday William R. Ewald jr.. AIDC chief of
development, said "all we decided was that it would be ill-advised to
make a statement at this time."
Recently, an official of the Little Rock Chamber of Commerce said
the integration dispute would set the city's industrial program "back
considerably ." Everett Tucker jr.. the chamber's industrial director, also
said that in the past most firms contacted as industrial prospects had
enquired into the racial situation.
The AIDC will hold another meeting at Jonesboro October 11.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 14, 1957
Return to Central High, Saturday, September 14. 1957
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Return to Central High, Sunday. September 15. 1957
Constitutional Crisis
School Cases Weighed
PHILLIP IM. GARDEN
Nashville. Tenn. -- The U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 desegregation
decisions set off the greatest constitutional crisis since the Civil War.
with an impact which has spread far beyond the South and the schools
in the three years.
Prof. Paul H. Sanders of Vanderbilt University Law School,
director of the Race Relations Law Reporter, documents these
conclusions in a summary in the current edition of the Reporter of legal
developments in the first three years of the new legal principle.
The article summarizes court cases, legislative action and other
materials; most of which were published in full text by the Reporter as
they occurred through the first three years of the crisis.
"The Supreme Court's proclamation and the action in many of the
southern states to avert the effect of the pronouncement." Sanders
wrote, "have produced a constitutional crisis of unprecedented
magnitude in the period since 1865.
"Congressional debate over civil rights and even the controversial
reception of other recent Supreme Court decisions are all parts of the
larger pattern.
"The dynamism of the 1954 school decisions is demonstrated by
the fact that the principle...has been applied...to invalidate legalized
racial segregation in govemmentally-owned recreational facilities and
in local as well as interstate transportation facilities.
"Whether the principle will be considered broad enough to
invalidate...any racial distinction based on law or supported by
governmental authority remains to be determined."
Sanders noted that the impact has also extended beyond the
southern states. Citing the Pennsylvania case in which the new
principle overrode the 1830 will of Stephen Girard setting up a fund for
white male orphans, because the fund was administered by the city of
Philadelphia.
He also cited school segregation cases in Ohio. California, New
Jersey and New York which reflected the impact of the decisions.
"The decisions do not, of course, reach directly 'merely private'
racial discrimination in such matters as employment or in the use of
accommodations normally open to the public." he said.
"But added impetus has been given to enacting additional state
statutes and municipal ordinances invalidating such discrimination."
Subsequent school litigation, Sanders noted, has clarified the
picture with these points.
That the states are not required to mix the races, or require them to
attend schools or deprive them of the right of choosing their schools,
but merely forbids the use of governmental power to enforce
segregation.
That state use of the police power label for its action does not in
itself carry magic which will limit the effect of the principle.
That questions raised as to the validity of the 14th Amendment
itself-- the basis of the principle ~ is a political question which the
courts will not pass on.
09/16/97 17:39:13
�Sanders said none of the interposition resolutions passed by some
southern states has been used to defend segregation in court action. In
fact, he said, the Virginia resolution has resulted in invalidating
companion legislation which had been pleaded by the state.
He cited the wide variety of the method and extent of
implementation in the decisions by the lower courts even in the five
cases immediately before the high court in the original litigation.
In the Delaware and District of Columbia cases immediate
compliance was undertaken by the school authorities involved.
In the Kansas case which has provided general title for the
consolidated group. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. a
desegregation plan involving some delay and free choice was approved.
In the South Carolina and Virginia cases no time limit was set in
the lower court decrees and no steps toward desegregation have been
taken.
In other cases the courts have approved a variety of local plans for
gradual or immediate desegregation. In some cases where school
officials submitted no plan, immediate desegregation was ordered and
in other requests delays were granted.
Sanders also noted the injunction actions taken in Hoxie. Ark., to
protect school officials undertaking desegregation without court order,
and in Clinton. Term., to protect officials acting under court order.
These decisions provided precedent for the recent injunction in
Nashville.
The summary of pupil placement laws allowing school boards to
assign pupils on factors other than race showed sharply varying results
in the courts turning on the wording of the individual statutes and the
peculiar facts of individual cases.
Sanders said affirmative state action to resist the court's decree had
included principally legislative and administrative moves aimed at
curbing the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People.
In other portions of the lengthy summary. Sanders noted:
There has been no tendency to grant delays in college
desegregation.
The validity of school bonds is not affected by the fact that the
schools would be segregated.
That actions to desegregate golf courses, parks and other public
facilities have been stepped up, that closing or bona fide sale of the
facilities may defeat the court action, but nothing short of that will.
That city housing authorities may not impose racial segregation, but
federal loan guaranteeing agencies have no duty to prev ent housing
discrimination.
Segregation in intrastate and local transport facilities has been ruled
out and administrative agencies have taken affirmative action to
implement the principle in transportation.
In other privately owned public accommodations, such as
restaurants, in which "state action" is not involved, major effects have
been in spurring of state and local legislation against discrimination,
and state court action under them.
Labor unions have been required to exercise bargaining power
without discrimination on the basis of race under the national labor
relations law.
But the mass of litigation resulting from the segregation cases has
brought no novel developments in court procedures, and most of the
cases reaffirmed established principles as to the right to fair jury trials
free of racial prejudice.
2 of 3
09/16/97 17:39:15
�Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 15, 1957
Return to Central High. Sunday. September 15. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
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Return to Central High, Sunday, September 15. 1957
Little Rock Negroes Give Views
On School Integration Dispute
STAN MEISLER OF THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
The balding stocky white man pointed a finger excitedly.
"You newsmen are missing the real story." he said. "The Negroes
don't want integration any more than we white folks do.
"Why don't you talk to them? Pick out any group. You'll find out
what I know."
The Associated Press followed the suggestion of the man in the
angry crowd at Little Rock Central High, the school kept segregated byGovernor Faubus and the Arkansas National Guard.
But the results did not show what the segregationist said he knew.
Nineteen Negroes were interviewed, some in their homes, some at
their jobs. They were rich and poor, with elegant furniture and
threadbare rugs. Some spoke with college accents, others mumbled. A
few were grandmothers, two were old maids. One man shoveled dirt for
a plumber, another headed a large school.
2 for Segregation
Only two -- both over 70 years of age - favored continued
separation of the races in the schools of Little Rock. Three others
would not say. The rest — in one degree or another ~ favored
integration right now.
Many admitted though that they would hesitate to send their
children to a school guarded by grim men with guns and angry men
with shouts. They do not want to hurt their children. But a surprisingly
large number said perhaps it would be better to get the hurt over with as
soon as possible.
Older Negroes like a 70-year-old general clean-up man echoed the
sentiments of white segregationists.
"Lots of folks don't agree," he said, "but God made you a white
man and me a colored man and said we should be in different places."
"There will always be trouble," said a 72-year-old washing and
ironing woman as she sat sadly on the porch of her tattered home.
"They'll be fussing and spatting and throwing things at each other in
school if they're together."
•The Right Thing'
But almost all others wanted integration. Some felt it was the right
thing. Others felt that Negro schools in Little Rock were not up to par.
But they had varying views about the trouble at Little Rock.
"Trouble?" laughed Will Reece proudly. " I don't believe there is
going to be any trouble after the 20th."
Reece. 54-year-old uncle of a girl turned away from school by the
Guardsmen, meant that he was sure that the Federal Court at a
September 20 injunction hearing, would force Mr. Faubus to remove
the Guard.
"Naturally if my child went to school one day and a mob turned
him back, I'd be hesitant about telling him to come back the next day."
said a 47-year-old letter carrier, father of a 2-year-old boy. "But
somebody has to come back day after day and the sooner you get it
over with the better."
1 of 2
09/16/97 17:27:51
�"I'm for integration." said a 43-year-old school teacher as she
helped her 11-month-old boy try to walk. "But if it means bloodshed. I
don't think it's worth it."
Then she looked at her child and added: "Somebody has to be a
martyr."
"They say wait until the trouble is over." said Mrs. Eldora Seaton. a
63-year-old grandmother of a high school student. "All right, let's wait
- if the wait isn't going to be too long."
Tommy King, a 47-year-old plumber's assistant, had a clear
formula: "No. I wouldn't send my children if there was trouble. I
wouldn't even send you. When you see a man with a gun. you walk the
other way."
Oscar Eckford. Sr., an elderly storekeeper and grandfather of one of
the children who wanted to enter Little Rock Central, said he thought
his granddaughter "did the right thing." But he stressed the need for
good will between the races and said "among Negroes, humbleness is a
wav of life."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 15, 1957
c
Return to Central High, Sunday, September 15. l )57
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 of 2
09/16/97 17:27:55
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Return to Central High. Sunday. September 15. 1937
Faubus Takes Verbal Poke At
Mann During Interview
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Hillsgrove, R.I.. Sept. 14 — Governor Orval E. Faubus took a slap at
Mayor Woodrow Mann of Little Rock tonight as he left Rhode Island.
He was asked by three Brown University news and radio men for
his reaction to the mayor's statement that he didn't believe calling out
the National Guard in Little Rock was necessary.
"This man's last call before the people was repudiated 3 to 1." the
Brown trio. Robert Schwartzman. Michael Epstein and Wallace Terry,
quoted him as saying. "He is a discredited, repudiated politician who
will soon go out of office."
Epstein asked: "If the courts ordered you personally to withdraw the
National Guard troops from Little Rock High, will you do it?"
"I will comply with any court order." the governor was quoted by
the Brown men as saying. "Of course you realize there may be some
litigation involved and it may go to higher courts. But I will comply
with any order given by the court."
Terry, a Negro, said he asked Faubus. "Have you observed and
studied Northern integration and have vou visited' anv Northern
schools?"
He quoted the governor as saying that Negroes were going to
colleges and universities in Arkansas and as adding: "1 fought with, ate
in officers' clubs with and traveled on trains with Negro soldiers and
had the opportunity to experience integration."
He shook hands with the Negro reporter for the Brown Daily
Herald as he left and invited him to visit Arkansas.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 15, 1957
Return to Central High, Sunday, September 15. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Poll Shows Support
Faubus Backed Solid
PHYLLIS DILLAHA (DEMOCRAT STAFF WRITER)
The man on the street appears to be standing solidly behind Governor
Faubus on the integration issue.
Approximately 30 persons were stopped at random by a Democrat
reporter in downtown Little Rock yesterday. They included the old and
young, both men and women.
Only one person quizzed, a Central High Student, indicated
opposition to Faubus by expressing the opinion that she was in favor of
removing the Guard.
It was expected by the reporter that a more even balance of pros and
cons would be expressed. But, after an hour and a half of polling, the
inescapable conclusion was:
Not on Street.
If there were significant numbers of persons against Governor
Faubus' integration stand, they simply were not on Main St. in
downtown Little Rock yesterday between 2:30 and 4 p.m.
Another conclusion was that Little Rockians on the whole just
didn't want to be quoted on the integration issue, but told the reporter
"off the record" they were "for him."
Answers received ran like this:
G.C. Merriman, 2800 Woodrow. assistant road and bridge
commissioner for Pulaski county: "I think he (Faubus) has done a
wonderful job in keeping the trouble down. I feel there could have been
trouble and he kept it down with the National Guard the same as the
North Little Rock police, deputy sheriffs and state police have done
over there. I agree with his stand. If he leaves the Guard up to prevent
trouble and bloodshed, then I think he has done a good job."
"Wonderful"
Mrs. Frank Durham, Ft. Smith: " I think Faubus is wonderful, and I
wish all the South had governors like him. I'm for him 100 per cent on
anything he does, and I've just returned from the West and everyone
out there was for him."
Judy Gay, 4919 Woodlawn, senior at Central High School: "I think
he is doing the best that he can under the circumstances. I'm not in
favor of the Guard staying in front of the school because I think
everything should be brought out into the open and if the Guard was
removed then we could see what was going to happen."
"States-Righter."
W.P. Best, 719 E. 6th, salesman: "I think that each state should
have the right to control intrastate affairs and when it becomes
interstate then the federal government can take over. I am a confirmed
states-righter and am in favor of the Guard staying there till they settle
things peaceably. I don't think we should be forced into integrating and
I think Faubus means what he says."
O.O. Kennedy, 121 W. 14th, Apt. F: "I think his actions are very,
very commendable. I think he used his head in the beginning and
of 2
09/16/97 17:29:10
�should continue as he sees fit at the present time. 1 hope this situation is
cleared un and everyone is satisfied with the results."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 15, 1957
Return to Central High, Sunday. September 15. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 of 2
09/16/97 17:29:14
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Transcript of Faubus Press
Conference
Providence, R.I.. Sept. 14 (AP) - Here is a transcript of the press
conference held here this afternoon by Gov ernor Faubus of Arkansas,
who earlier had issued a prepared statement:
Q.- Governor, do you expect more meetings'?
A - Gentlemen, I do not wish to anticipate at this moment anyfurther actions or conferences. I think that we should wait for
developments and events.
Q - Governor, I'd like to ask you one question. I'm from San
Francisco and we have about 5,000 telegrams from the people of San
Francisco. And they want to know, as Negro-Americans, as American
citizens, do we have a right to attend the schools of our choice under
the Constitution and will vou endeavor to do all vou can to help to that
end
A - I believe that if you will study the record of progress that has
been achieved in Arkansas that it will speak for itself. All the public
transportation systems, city buses and others, have some time ago been
integrated. All of the institutions of higher learning including the
state-supported colleges and universities.
Q - Governor, will the National Guard be in front of the school on
Monday?
A - Those problems I'll have to take care of when I reach home.
Q - Governor, do you expect the Court proceedings to go off as
scheduled?
0
A -1 do not wish to anticipate any action by anyone else.
Leaves It to Ike
Q - Governor, did you discuss with the president any extension of
time before implementing the court order?
A -1 believe that I had better leave that for the president to answer
should he choose to do so.
Q - Governor, did you ask the president for a one-year suspension
of Federal Court action pending a cooling-off period in Arkansas?
A - Gentlemen, I'm going to stand on the statement and not discuss
it further.
Q - Governor, the Court has ordered integration and you say you're
going to abide by the Court's order. How can you go on with the troops
in front of Central High School?
A -1 have consistently, time after time, state the purpose of calling
out the troops was to maintain the peace and order of the community.
I'm sure that you, the same as I and everyone else, doesn't want anyone
to get hurt or killed.
Won't Debate
Q - Governor, Elizabeth Eckford and the Parents and Teachers
Association president of Little Rock. Ark., will be in San Francisco
Sunday to address a mass rally there. I have talked with them bylong-distance telephone in Little Rock, and I talked with the little girl.
She said this: That there was no violence but she was scared to death,
and she'd like to go back to Central High School and she feels that as
governor you should be able to help her go back. She wants to learn,
that's all she wants to do, and she's depending on you.
of 3
09/16/97 17:31:45
�A - I'm sorry, I can't engage in a debate or argument with you on
the issue
Q - Are vou a member of the Arkansas National Guard. Governor?
A - No. '
Q - When are you going home. Governor?
A - Just as soon as I can get out of here.
Matter of Opinion
Q - Of those who attended the scene at Little Rock there seems to
have been peace and quiet before the National Guard was called out: it
seems the tension was created after the National Guard was called out.
A - That is a matter of opinion.
Q - Governor, did President Eisenhower have some idea as to what
you were going to say this afternoon?
A -1 wouldn't want to speak for the president.
Q - Governor, will the children be able to go to school next week?
The Negro children, will they be able to go to Central High School?
A - Well, you're asking a question along with a lot of others, a lot of
us would like to know the answer to.
Says He's on His Own
Q - Governor, when was the last time you've seen Senator
Talmadge?
A - The last time I saw Senator Talmadge...! think the only time
I've ever seen Senator Talmadge was some 10 years ago.
Q - How about Governor Griffin?
A - When he visited Little Rock, which is a matter of record.
Q - Governor, have there been any attempts by you to get w ith
other Southern governors to make sure that the violence throughout the
Southern states is stopped?
A - No. I've handled this according to my constitutional duties and
obligations as the governor of the state of Arkansas. It is the problem of
the state and no other state.
Q - Are you considering withdrawing the troops from Central High
School next week?
A - Sorry, I'll have to wait eventualities.
Refuses to Argue
Q - Governor, if the children from the high school, if the Negro
children from the Central High School who want to attend Central High
School. I'm a Negro and I want to bring this out nationally or I won't be
happy. All right?
A - It is a mighty difficult thing to make every one happy .
Q - The Negro students who want to attend the school. I mean I feel
this way, I'm an American citizen. I don't say we can handle all the
problems here in this country overnight, but for goodness sake, don't
you think other countries are watching our progress? Don't you feel -let 'em go to school, let 'em go to school Monday and if anything
happens then use the National Guard. Give them a chance to cross the
line, let them go in the school and try to work it out. You can take a
little five-year-old Negro child and afive-year-oldwhite girl and put
them together and they'll play. You can take teenagers that have
something in common and they'll coordinate their abilities. Give them a
chance. I know you can do it.
A - I'm sorry, I didn't come here to argue.
Q - Governor, did you make any specific request to President
Eisenhower or did you merely give him your views?
A - Gentlemen, I'm sorry, I've answered all the questions that I
2ot"3
09/16/97 17:31:50
�think is feasible and proper, and you have the statement.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 15, 1957
Return to Central High. Sunday. September 15. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission ot" Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
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09/16/97 17:31:50
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Integration Exploded From
Theory to Fact
BOBBIE FORSTER (DEMOCRAT STAFF WRITER.)
Perhaps a partial explanation of what seemed to be "sudden" opposition
to integration in Central High School can be found in two points:
1. Up to September 3 of this year integration was something that
was happening in other cities and other states, but not in Little Rock.
Nearly two years of "explaining" an integration plan had literally
overnight gone from theory to fact.
2. School authorities and others were giving such varied
information, the general public could not be certain of any thing.
On point No. 1, it is one thing for a group of parents to hear a plan
six months or two years ahead of time and quite another thing for it to
be placed in use.
It also is possible that parents of junior high and grade school
children are not particularly interested in the Central High situation
because, for them, integration would not come until 1960 for junior
high and 1963 for grade school.
But this is 1957 and integration for senior high schools was
scheduled to start in Little Rock in 1957.
On point No. 2, school authorities have appeared somewhat
reluctant to be quoted and to pinpoint answers to questions on figures.
They have acknowledged that the subject matter is a "touchy" one and
have tried to avoid arousing sentiment. But many feel this reluctance is
a contributory factor to the confusion.
First Unveiling.
The integration plan was first "unveiled" to reporters in a briefing
session nearly two years ago. Reporters came away from that meeting
with the impression that the plan was to be carried out over a 12-year
period, with one grade to be integrated each year.
The longevity of the plan still persists in the minds of some
out-of-state reporters to judge from U.S. News and World Report's
description last week of the process as a "leisurely , 10-year integration
program."
What local reporters first understood as a 12-year-plan emerged in a
federal court opinion as a six-year program with Federal Judge John E.
Miller writing: "In other words, complete integration would be effected
not later than 1963."
Under the approved plan as submitted by the board, three grades
would be integrated (10 through 12) this year, another three grades
(seven through nine) after a "successful" senior integration ("two to
three years" in the words of Judge Miller) and then grades one through
six after another "successful" period (again in Judge Miller's words
after another two or three years).
More Confusion.
There has been confusion, too, in accounts from the school board
offices as to the number of children actually eligible for integration.
The court opinion held that this would be determined by
"attendance areas." Judge Miller's opinion noted that on the senior high
level. Central and Technical High Schools had city-wide attendance for
of 2
09/16/97 17:32:13
�all white students and Horace Mann school, city-wide attendance tor all
Negroes. Under "the plan" Tech would remain with city-wide
attendance for all students; Central. Horace Mann and the new "West
End High School" (Hall High) would have residential attendance areas.
The judge's opinion noted that both white and Negro students
would live in the attendance areas for Central and Horace Mann, but
that "no Negroes at present (August. 1956) are in the West End
attendance area."
Presumably, the judge was basing "no Negroes" in the Hall High
area on representations from the school officials, although at the
beginning of this present school year authorities said "perhaps five or
six" Negro students did live in the Hall High area.
Never Divulged.
The number of Negro students actually living in the Central High
attendance area has never been divulged by the school officials. And
the "estimate" of those eligible continues as a vary ing factor.
Statements have variously placed the number at "less than a score."
" 1 5 or less" and then "nine."
Leaders among the Negro citizens have said that 35 were "eligible
to attend but had been screened down to 25." The court suit seeking
immediate integration contained 33 names of Negro children as
plaintiffs. Nine - previously enrolled — sought physical entrance and
were barred. A court petition asking Governor Faubus to answer
complaints that the Guard prevented integration listed 10 students as
having been denied admission.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 15, 1957
Return to Central High, Sunday. September 15. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
09/16/97 17:32:18
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Faubus Action Leaves a Scar,
Democrats Say
Washington, Sept. 15 UPI - Democratic political pains over school
integration were eased somewhat today by Governor Faubus' assurance
to President Eisenhower that he will obey federal court orders in
Arkansas.
But Party leaders said privately that Mr. Faubus' action in calling
out the National Guard to keep Negro students from Little Rock
Central High School has left a political scar not likely to be erased
before next year's campaign for control of Congress.
The consensus of these leaders was that Mr. Faubus' course, plus
school integration flare-ups elsewhere, has ripped open the Party unity
Senate Democratic Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas patched
together during congressional action on the civil rights bill.
They said Mr. Faubus' decision not to defy the federal courts eases
this situation somewhat but doesn't cure it.
Johnson's obvious intent in getting the voting rights measure passed
was to show that the division within his Party was not such as to render
a Democratic Congress impotent to act on civil rights.
This was aimed at offsetting the expected contention of Republican
candidates that the only way for Negro voters to be sure of obtaining
any progress in this field would be for them to vote for Republican
candidates for Congress seats.
The futile 24-hour Senate filibuster by Senator J. Strom Thurmond
(Dem., S.C), Mr. Faubus' actions, and integration outbreaks elsewhere
in the South have tended to label the Democrats as the Party of white
supremacy.
Eisenhower Accused
A majority of the Democratic Advisory Council including former
President Harry S. Truman and Adlai Stevenson accused President
Eisenhower of failing to take a strong stand against "defiance of law" at
Little Rock.
The Democratic National Committee made public a statement
approved by 15 of the Advisory Council's 24 members. It said three
members, all from the South, disapproved and the other members
couldn't be reached.
While sharply critical of Mr. Eisenhower, the statement also struck
at Governor Faubus for calling out the National Guard to prevent Negro
students from enrolling at all-white Central High School in Little Rock.
"It need hardly be said," the Council members asserted, "that the
action of Governor Faubus does not represent the position or policy of
the Democratic Party."
The Council members said statements issued by Mr. Eisenhower
and Mr. Faubus after their conference at Newport. R.I.. were
"disappointing to all Americans who believe that respect for the law of
the land must be paramount."
"Certainly any other course will be a defeat for law and order and
for the Constitution itself," they said.
Democratic National Chairman Paul Butler said it was very
difficult to interpret the statements issued yesterday by Mr. Eisenhower
and Mr. Faubus. Butler said the president did not indicate he expected
09/16/97 17:22:39
�immediate enforcement of the federal court's integration order at Little
Rock. And he said Mr. Faubus didn't say whether he would keep
National Guardsmen stationed around the School.
Butler said the Little Rock situation represents "one of the greatest
crises in American history," and he said Mr. Eisenhower has not been
taking an active enough hand in bringing a solution.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 16, 1957
Return to Central High, Monday. September 16. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
-t
o r >
09/16/97 17:22:48
�c
Return to Central High, Monday. September 16. l )57
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1
Arlington To Appeal School Case
Arlington. Va. UPI — School officials will appeal, possibly tomorrow, a
federal district judge's order that seven Negro children be allowed to
attend all-white schools in Arlington county .
The county school board announced last night it had decided to
appeal the order handed down Saturday by Judge Albert V. Bryan in
nearby Alexandria.
The board also said it will ask a stay of Bryan's order, which is
effective next Monday. An aide in the state attorney general's office in
Richmond said a request for a stay and a notice of appeal probably will
be filed tomorrow both in Alexandria and Richmond.
Meanwhile, parents of five of the Negro children involved said they
would try next Monday to get the youngsters into the currently white
schools. Parents of the other two children said they had decided to give
up their attempts.
Bryan's order Saturday was his second directed against racial
segregation in the schools of Arlington County, which lies along the
Potomac River across from Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court last
March refused to review ~ and thus let stand - Bryan's integration
order issued July 31,1956.
The judge was sharply critical Saturday of Virginia's pupil
placement act, the avowed purpose of which is to circumvent the
Supreme Court's 1954 decree outlawing integration in the public
schools. Bryan said the parents of the seven Negroes need not comply
with the placement law.
"Submission to that act amounts almost to assent to a racially
segregated school," Bryan said.
The placement law makes no mention of race, but it specifies a
series of standards for assigning pupils to schools. Among other things,
it lists "intangible social scientific factors."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 16, 1957
Return to Central High, Monday, September 16. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
JillilK-
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09/16/97 17:23:46
�Return to Central High, Monday, September 16. 1957
Daily Sechons
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A. Ill M M * - I
l of 2
The Face of the South
Georgia Editor Takes Look At School
Problem
RALPH MCGILL
IN THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION
There is an old proverb: "Oh. great and wise, be ill at ease when your
words and deeds please the mob."
There was a picture of a smiling Governor Orval Faubus of
Arkansas. Neatly dressed and flawlessly barbered. he was accepting a
federal contempt citation in the school issue from an impeccably-clad
and proper federal marshal.
There were other pictures. They revealed that the Nashville
demonstrators, some of whom provided the criminals who dynamited a
$500,000 school to ruins, in a typical answer of a mob. were neither
smiling nor neat. Most of them, indeed, were not from Nashville. They
looked, in their posed pictures, as if they had been dressed for the part
by some movie director with extras hired to portray a mob. Many of
them, judging from their pictures, could have walked onto the stage,
without change of dress, and fitted into a scene from Erskine Caldwell's
Tobacco Road.
The same generalization would describe the demonstrators as
depicted by photographers taken in Little Rock and Alabama.
Looking at them, one feels pity and compassion, knowing them to
be the pawns of agitators and ignorance. But one feels strongly that
they must not be allowed to become the face of the South.
In both Little Rock and Nashville, the citizens, white and colored,
went about their business as usual. The stores had white and Negro
customers. Traffic moved in the streets. One could not assume these
peaceable white citizens approved of the Supreme Court decision. But
they are American citizens and are law-abiding.
***
We saw demonstrated that mobs of from 500 to 1.000 out of a
population of several hundred thousand, have provided the headlines of
violence. The great body of citizens, whatever their discontent, have
lived by law.
Too often neat and impeccable men. occupying high, sound ground,
withdrawing carefully from violence and. indeed, denouncing it
nonetheless have reason to be ill at ease. Their words and deeds have
pleased the mob.
The South has suffered an irreparable blow.
All the sympathy, all the respectable attention focused on the
problem by the Southern Senate leadership in the civil rights debate,
now has been blown down by the dynamite, the violence and the
demonstrations of the mobs.
This Senate leadership succeeded, to a great extent, in persuading
the nation their region would take a legal approach: that life and
property and human rights were safe and would be protected.
The men who mutilated an admittedly innocent Negro in Alabama
merely to impress their fellow klansmen. the dynamiters who blew
09/16/97 17:24:23
�down a $500,000 school building when the South needs more schools,
not less; the disorder and violence of utterance in Little Rock-all these
have become the face of the South.
And yet. the total number of those who have demonstrated and
dvnamited, is less than 2.500.
***
People do not like to be told the truth. Too much of the comment
today is on the narrow basis of whether one is "for or against
segregation." That is not at all the basic issue before us. The fact is that
millions of Southerners who strongly support segregation and who
would do all that is possible to retain it. are not willing to tear down the
government with violence and anarchy. Another truth too often is
concealed from the Southern people, who are as decent and law-abiding
as any other. The rest of the nation is not sympathetic with, and does
not approve of. the defiant and violent positions taken. These people,
too. may approve of school segregation, but they are first of all
Americans and know we must live by law.
There are yet legal steps to be taken.
They have begun in Little Rock.
In Nashville the local police are able to handle the 500-odd
demonstrators. They have moved against the agitator. John Kasper.
who has been throwing raw meat to the mobs.
In Alabama Ku Klux Klansmen are under arrest.
When the due processes of law are exhausted, the decision must be
accepted as law. As a civilized Christian people we cannot live by the
rule of dynamite or bombs.
Editors, governors, commentators, ministers—all those who speak
out-will do well to remember the old text: "Be ill at ease when your
words and deeds please the mob."
The face of the South must not be that of the mob.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 16, 1957
Return to Central High, Monday. September 16. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
2 of 2
09/16/97 17:24:33
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I of 2
HISTORIC
P H O T O G R A P H S
FROM THE
Arkansas
Democrat
Through the lens o f
former staff photographer
2L_
Acrobat© PD
Weekry Sections
-'iiU ^ll t u a i l L i . i ' i U l l t
Tlie Central High Crisis
Will Counts
Back to Central High Index
A Look Back at Central High
Little Rock native Will
Counts nearly won the
Pulitzer Prize for his
photographs of the
September 1957 Central
High School desegregation
crisis for the Arkansas
ie.
Democrat.
He says "the Central High photographs from 1957 show that
journalism can make a difference. I was told that after President
Eisenhower saw the pictures of Alex Wilson [black editor of the
Chicago Daily Defender] being kicked (last image this page), he
said to an aide. 'I knew then I had to do something.' That's when Ike
sent in the federal troops."
09/16/97 17:13:25
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Hecklers follow
Elizabeth Eckford as she
walks in front of Central
Hish.
r.i'iV'v
••..iin.i-i.-i
A white student passes
through an Arkansas
National Guard line as
Elizabeth Eckford is
turned away.
After being heckled byprotesters. Elizabeth Eckford
waits for a bus.
Alex Wilson is kicked
by a school integration
protester after refusing
to run from a mob near
Little Rock Central
High.
1
v-jer
mm
r< .MM
Next Page
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
1 ot 1
09/16/97 17:13:32
�I i l l i c L-iHc.
illp.
I l i e .Mu:-.^ I.-. J ^ l
• uu.uruciniijz.coiii cciurm Lribinain.iunu
Back to Central High Index
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Vllll.l.Mfl
of 6
Time Line: The Stage Is Set
It hit like a tornado, with a whirlwind impact both sudden and
shattering.
The desegregation storm of September 1957 ripped into Little
Rock's self-image of Southern racial moderation and plunged the city
into turmoil for nearly two years. The Central High crisis became the
most defining chapter in Little Rock's history.
Feelings about the issue ran high nationally on both sides of the
Mason-Dixon Line. When a Sept. 10, 1957, performance of South
Pacific in a New York City suburb reached the line where Nellie
Forbush says she is "a little girl from Little Rock." the audience booed
so loudly that the show had to be halted. When Gov. Orval E. Faubus'
presence was announced at the Sept. 21 Texas-Georgia football game
in Atlanta, the 33,000 fans gave him a standing ovation.
Four decades later, the desegregation crisis is part of the history
books, lying beyond active recollection for most Arkansans. But it also
remains a current event, because some of the participants are still alive
and some of the scars have yet to heal. How to integrate schools
equitably continues to bedevil officials and parents here as elsewhere.
From the distance of 40 years, in a state where public life is now
substantially desegregated, younger Arkansans especially may wonder:
How could something like Central ever have happened? A large leap of
imagination and empathy is required to understand the events and
emotions of a time when segregation in most public venues remained
the law across the South.
One straightforward way to return to 1957 is via the front pages of
the two statewide newspapers during that turbulent period. When
Central High was in the headlines daily and the world's eyes were
focused on Little Rock, both the moming Arkansas Gazette and the
afternoon Arkansas Democrat covered the story with their full
resources.
Starting today on pages 2B and 3B, the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
will reprint the front pages of both newspapers from the corresponding
dates in 1957. This unprecedented series will continue for five weeks,
spanning the whole of the crisis period 40 years ago.
"The aim," says Griffin Smith, jr., Democrat-Gazette executive
editor, "is to give current readers an unfiltered and unmediated view of
how the momentous news was reported when it happened, in the place
where it was happening. We want our readers to be able to relive
first-hand the events that shaped Little Rock's history."
The intensity of the coverage in both newspapers can be gauged by
the fact that they printed 385 front-page stories and 134 front-page
photographs related to the Central High situation from Aug. 29 to Oct.
4, 1957. The Democrat published 206 of those stories and 89 pictures:
the Gazette printed 179 stories and 45 photos.
Central High School was the Gazette's primary Page 1 story for 36
consecutive mornings, from Aug. 30 to Oct. 4. The desegregation crisis
led Page 1 of the afternoon Democrat Aug. 29-31 and then for 33
straight days, Sept. 2 to Oct. 4. It took the Soviet launching of Sputnik
on the world's first space flight to displace Central High as the No. 1
story in both papers on Oct. 5.
The Gazette was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for its coverage - one
for meritorious public service, the other for Harry S. Ashmore's
editorials. And it was disclosed this year that the Pulitzer photography
09/16/97 17:10:34
�a.
^ i l^iiLllli.iiuiii
jury recommended that its prize go to the Democrat's Will Counts for
his Central High pictures - a decision overruled by the Pulitzer board.
The seeds of the Little Rock confrontation were sown in May 1954
by one of the century's most important and controversial U.S. Supreme
Court decisions. Brown vs. Board of Education. The following time
line traces developments on the 39-month path from Brow n to Central.
1954
May 17: The U.S. Supreme Court rules unanimously in Brown vs.
Board of Education that state laws mandating public school segregation
are unconstitutional under the equal-protection clause of the 14th
Amendment. The high court rejects the "separate but equal" doctrine in
force since its Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling of 1896. declaring that
segregated schools "are inherently unequal."
May 18: Gov. Francis Cherry says Arkansas will "comply with the
requirements" of the Supreme Court desegregation ruling.
May 22: The school boards in Fayetteville and Sheridan announce
that their systems will desegregate in the fall. The Sheridan board
rescinds its decision the next day in the face of public outcry .
June 5: Gubernatorial candidate Orval E. Faubus. a former state
highway commissioner and the postmaster at Huntsville. pledges in his
first campaign statement on school integration "that the rights of all
will be protected but that the problem of desegregation will be solved
on the local level, with state authorities standing ready to assist in everyway possible."
Aug. 10: Faubus wins the Democratic nomination for governor by
defeating incumbent Cherry after a heated primarv runoff campaign.
191,328 to 184,509.
Aug. 23: Public schools in Charleston. Ark., admit 11 black
students, making that Franklin County community the first in the
former Confederacy's 11 states to end school segregation. Charleston's
school superintendent waits until Sept. 14 to disclose the desegregation
to the news media.
Sept. 4: Arch Ford, Arkansas commissioner of education, reminds
14 school districts that have submitted petitions to desegregate: "There
is a state law against integration. ... The State Board suggests local
boards comply with state law in the absence of anv decree from the
U.S. court."
Sept. 7: Fayetteville High School enrolls nine blacks along with 500
white students, following Charleston as the second desegregated
system in Arkansas and the Old South.
Gradual school desegregation begins in several Border States and
the District of Columbia.
Oct. 6: Desegregation in Baltimore and Washington. D.C. high
schools is upheld by local officials in the face of anti-black "strikes" by
about 2,000 white students in each city.
Nov. 2: Faubus wins his first term as Arkansas governor by
capturing 62 percent of the vote over Republican Pratt Remmel.
Louisiana voters approve a state constitutional amendment to permit
segregated education under the state's "police powers."
Nov. 15: Arkansas and six other Southern states plus the District of
Columbia file briefs urging that the Supreme Court permit gradual
application of its ruling against school segregation. Attorney s for black
parent groups in four states petition the court to order total
desegregation by September 1955 or September 1956.
Dec. 21: Mississippi voters approve by a 2-1 majority a state
2 of 6
09/16/97 17:10:43
�constitutional amendment to permit abolition of public schools if there
proves to be no other way to avoid racial integration.
1955
April 13: U.S. Solicitor General Simon E. Sobeloff. representing
the Eisenhower administration, tells a Supreme Court hearing that
racial segregation of public schools should be halted gradually and with
"moderation."
May 24: The Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Virgil
T. Blossom disclose early details of their desegregation plan to comply
with the Brown decision. Later known as the Blossom Plan, it is
designed to phase in limited desegregation, starting with one high
school in 1957 and gradually reaching down to the first grade by 1963.
May 31: Public school segregation must be ended "with all
deliberate speed." the Supreme Court rules unanimously in what
becomes known as the Brown II decision. Written by Chief Justice Earl
Warren, it sets no deadlines.
July 11: Twenty-five blacks enroll peacefully amid 1.000 white
students in Hoxie, the third Arkansas school system to desegregate and
the first in an area of the state with a substantial black population.
July 14: North Little Rock's school board adopts a plan to
desegregate at the high school level in the fall of 1957.
Aug. 4: Dr. William G. Cooper Jr.. president of the Little Rock
School Board, sends a letter informing Daisy Bates, president of the
Arkansas Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, that there will be no integration of students before
September 1957.
Aug. 20: Mounting white opposition to integration in Hoxie.
following a story in Life magazine, leads the local board to close its
schools.
Oct. 24: Hoxie schools reopen after a federal court bars
segregationists from preventing the admission of blacks. Widespread
white absenteeism is reported.
Nov. 7: The U.S. Supreme Court, in two unanimous decisions, bans
racial segregation in publiclyfinancedparks, playgrounds and golf
courses.
Dec. 5: Blacks begin boycotting the municipal bus line in
Montgomery, Ala., after Rosa Parks is fined $14 for refusing to give up
her seat and move to the rear as law required when white passengers
entered the bus. Martin Luther King Jr.. a 26-y ear-old minister,
becomes leader of the protests.
1956
Jan. 23: Twenty-seven black students, under the aegis of the
NAACP's Bates, are turned away when they try to enroll for the spring
semester at Central High, Tech High. Forest Heights Junior High and
Forest Park Elementary School. Their enrollment is refused on the
grounds that school authorities haven't yet had time to make plans.
Jan 28: Gov. Faubus reports that "8'5 percent of all the people" in
Arkansas opposed school desegregation in a statewide poll he
commissioned in November.
Feb. 8: A federal lawsuit is filed in Little Rock by 12 black parents
on behalf of 33 students to compel the School Board" to desegregate the
city's schools without further delay. NAACP lawyers in the suit include
Thurgood Marshall, a future U.S. Supreme Court justice.
3 ,0
6
09.'16/97 17:10:44
�March 11: All eight members of Arkansas' congressional
delegation are among the 19 U.S. senators and 81 U.S. representatives
to sign the Southern Manifesto. The document denounces the Supreme
Court's 1954 Brown decision and pledges to use "all lawful means" to
have it reversed. Arkansas signers include Sens. John L. McClellan and
J. William Fulbright and Reps. Wilbur D. Mills. Brooks Hays. James
W. Trimble. Oren Harris, E.C. Gathings and W.F. Norell.
March 18: Pro-segregation candidates win the school board election
in Hoxie.
April 26: Little Rock integrates its municipal bus system, three days
after the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed segregation on intrastate buses.
No trouble is reported.
April 30: Former State Sen. James D. "Jim" Johnson of Crossett
announces his Democratic candidacy for governor at a rally in Little
Rock, after Hoxie segregationist leader Herbert Brewer comes to the
stage and "suggests" that he run. Johnson attacks Faubus' "do-nothing
stand on segregation."
May 9: Little Rock's new Horace Mann High School, a segregated
facility for black students, opens at McAlmont Street and Roosevelt
Road. Superintendent Blossom calls the $925,000 school "the very best
this community could offer."
July 11: Faubus tells a campaign rally in Marianna: "No school
district will be forced to mix the races as long as 1 am governor of
Arkansas."
July 23: Candidate Johnson labels Faubus "a race-mixer."
July 31: Faubus wins the Democratic primarv without a runoff,
garnering 180,760 votes to 83,856 for Johnson.
Aug. 28: U.S. District Judge John E. Miller upholds the Little Rock
School Board's gradual desegregation plan in the case brought by black
parents. "This court shall not substitute its own judgment" for the
School Board's. Miller writes.
Aug. 31: Texas Gov. Allan Shivers sends Texas Rangers to
Mansfield to preserve order after segregationist demonstrators prevent
eight black students from enrolling. Four days later, the blacks give up
attempts to go to classes.
Sept. 25: Democratic presidential candidate Adlai E. Stevenson,
introduced by Faubus at a rally in Little Rock's MacArthur Park, says
the Supreme Court's school desegregation ruling was right and asks
Arkansans for peaceful compliance.
Nov. 6: Faubus is re-elected governor with 80 percent of the vote
over Republican Roy Mitchell.
Voters statewide approve three segregation measures. Initiated Act
2, which authorizes school boards to assign pupils to preserve
segregation, gets 73 percent of the vote. The Arkansas Resolution and
Act of Interposition, which puts the state on record as opposing racial
mixing in schools, gets 60 percent. Constitutional Amendment 44.
which propounds nullification of the Supreme Court's Brown rulings byinterposing the sovereignty of the state, gets 56 percent.
Little Rock voters adopt a new city manager form of government by
a 2-1 majority, leaving Mayor Woodrow Wilson Mann as a lame duck.
Dec. 20: Buses are integrated in Montgomery. Ala., under a federal
injunction after a Supreme Court ruling. Blacks end their boycott of
more than a year.
1957
Feb. 26: Faubus signs into law four segregation bills passed by the
4 of 6
09/16/97 17:10:45
�Arkansas Legislature. The laws establish the Arkansas Sovereignty
Commission to make anti-integration investigations: authorize parents
to refuse to send their children to desegregated schools: require
organizations such as the NAACP to disclose membership and
financial data: and allow the use of school district funds to hire lawyers
and pay other legal costs of opposing desegregation suits.
April 29: A federal appellate court upholds the previous August's
District Court approval of the Little Rock School Board's gradual
desegregation plan. Expressing his pleasure with the decision.
Superintendent Blossom says Hall High School, being built at 6700 H
St.. will open on schedule in September.
April 30: The pro-segregation Capital Citizens Council of Little
Rock appeals to Faubus in a letter from its president. Robert E. Brown,
to "order the two races to attend their own schools" in the fall.
June 22: The North Little Rock School Board announces that 28
black seniors will be eligible to enter previously segregated North Little
Rock Senior High in September.
June 25: The School Board in Fort Smith votes to desegregate
classes in the fall.
June 27: Attorney Amis Guthridge and the Rev. Wesley Pruden.
both opposed to integration, submit official requests to the Little Rock
School Board posing a series of questions. Guthridge asks the board to
act under a 1957 legislative act and provide separate schools for white
and black children whose parents don't want them attending integrated
schools. Among Pruden's questions: "If Negro children go to integrated
schools, will they be permitted to attend school sponsored dances, and
would the Negro boys be allowed to solicit the white girls for dances?"
June 30: A newspaper advertisement by the Capital Citizens
Council calls on Faubus to require maintenance of school segregation,
"since a sovereign state is immune to federal court orders and since the
governor as head of the sovereign state is also immune to federal court
orders."
July 2: Ozark's School Board discloses its desegregation plans for
the fall term.
July 27: The Little Rock School Board, answering the June 27
questions submitted by Guthridge and Pruden. say s maintaining
separate schools for whites or blacks who oppose integration would
violate the U.S. Supreme Court ruling. It assures Pruden that the
mingling of races at social events will be forbidden. The School Board
also reveals that Central High will be the system's only school with
integrated enrollment in September. All 700 students at the new Hall
High will be white, it reports, and Mann High will remain all-black for
the 1957-58 school year.
Aug. 16: Two black ministers file a federal suit seeking to have
declared unconstitutional the four segregation bills passed by the
Arkansas Legislature in February.
Aug. 17: A suit filed in state Chancery Court by Little Rock
insurance man William F. "Billy" Rector questions the v alidity of the
Arkansas Resolution and Act of Interposition adopted by voters the
previous November.
Aug. 19: A Chancery Court suit filed by Eva Wilbern for her
14-year-old daughter Kay asks that the Little Rock School Board allow
white Central High students to transfer to a school that remains
segregated.
Aug. 20: Van Buren's schools, desegregating under federal court
order, report that they expect 23 black students.
Aug. 22: Georgia Gov. Marvin Griffin is roundly applauded when
he tells a dinner meeting of 350 members of the Little Rock Capital
5 of 6
09/16/97 17:10:46
�Citizens Council that he will fight to maintain school segregation in his
state. Griffin spends the night at the Governor's N4ansion and breakfasts
with Faubus.
Aug. 23: Just after midnight, a rock is thrown through the picture
window at the home of Daisy Bates and her husband. L.C. Bates,
publisher and editor of the black Free Press newspaper. Daisy Bates
tells police that a note tied to the rock said. "Stone this time, bvnatnite
next."
Aug. 25: A cross 8 feet high is burned on the lawn of L.C. and
Daisv Bates. A sign near the cross bears a white-lettered messaue: "Go
back'to Africa. KKK."
Aug. 26: U.S. District Judge Ronald N. Davies arrives from Fargo.
N.D.. to handle Arkansas desegregation cases after the withdrawal of
Judge John E. Miller.
Aug. 27: An anti-integration order is sought in a state ChanceryCourt suit filed by Mrs. Clyde Thomason. secretary of the recently
formed Mothers League of Little Rock Central High School. The 250
people attending a Mothers League evening meeting petition Faubus
"to prevent forcible integration of the Little Rock schools."
Aug. 28: Faubus meets privately for more than an hour with Arthur
Caldwell, an Arkansan in the U.S. Justice Department. Caldwell has
been sent from Washington by Deputy Attorney General William P.
Rogers in response to an Aug. 21 call from the governor inquiring what
the federal government would do if violence broke out in Little Rock.
Caldwell reports later that when he asked Faubus for evidence of
impending violence to turn over to the FBI. the governor replied that
his information was too vague to be of value to law officers. Faubus
disputes Caldwell's account in his 1980 book. Down From the Hills.
Back to Central High Index
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
6
of 6
09/16/97 17:10:46
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. . i m e m i i a z . c o m central
HISTORIC FRONT PAGES
FROM THE
Arkansas
Democrat
and
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Hie Central High Crisis
Forty years ago. conflict over integration of Little Rock Central High
School captured the attention of the world. That crisis stands as the
most significant news event in Little Rock's 20th century history.
The crisis of 1957 was reported in powerful detail by the two
statewide newspapers of that era - the morning Arkansas Gazelle and
the afternoon Arkansas Democrat. Their pages, reflecting different
news cycles but equal competitive vigor, provide an objective record of
those momentous times.
For 37 days the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette is republishing the front
pages of both newspapers from the corresponding date 40 y ears ago.
We offer this unprecedented window onto history as a service to our
readers.
Time Line: The Stage Is Set
Follow the time line tracing developments on the 39-monih path from
the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on Brown vs. Board of Education in
May 1954 to Central High in 1957.
Who's Who in the Central High School Crisis
Keyfiguresin the events of 1957
Pictures: A Look Back
View photographs taken by former staff photographer Will Counts,
who nearly won the Pulitzer Prize for his photos of the September 1 957
desegregation crisis.
Stories and pages from today's date 40 years ago
Sept. 16. 1957
Previous dates available for viewing
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�Sept. 9. 1957
Sent. 8. 1957
Sept. 7. 1957
Sept. 6. 1957
Sept. 5. 1957
Sept. 4. 1957
Sept. 3. 1957
Sept. 2. 1957
Sept. 1. 1957
Aug. 31, 1957
Aug. 30. 1957
Aug. 29. 1957
More about Central High, its history and 1997 events:
\vww.centralhigh57.org
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 of 2
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Return to Central High. Thursday. September 19. 1957
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Here Is More State Press
Comment
Here is more editorial comment from Arkansas newspapers on the
Little Rock school integration dispute.
Nashville News
The National Guard's presence at Central high in Little Rock is a
fact that is now known in Uzbek. Samarkand and Siberia, and "the girl
from Little Rock" in the South Pacific musical got a boo from the
audience that halted the stage show in the East. Wide, wide world
coverage of the school situation was doubly assured w hen the
government's own "Voice of America" peddled it over the air waves.
And. not to be outdone, Arkansas's own Publicity and Parks division,
which should busy itself with the attractions of the state and not the
controversy, is sending out almost daily stories reflecting the
governor's moves in the federal-state embroglio. The Publicity-Parks
blurbs are a waste of time, effort, paper and postage because the
releases run 24 to 48 hours after the wire services.
Lafayette County Democrat, Stamps
The eyes of the world ... are centered on one man who did more in
one act to wake the American people to what is going on than any man
has ever done ... It may be true that neither Eisenhower. Brownell or
Justice Warren want to be dictator of this country , but if the
government punishes Governor Faubus for his actions it can be only a
matter of time or opportunity; till some man can use the power of the
Supreme Court to place himself at the head of the country, and we will
all be powerless to stop it... When Faubus ran against Cherry for
Cherry's second term, I did not support him. but he was elected. When
Faubus ran for his second term I did not support him then because I
could not see that he had done too well as governor, but today if he
were running for the office of governor, or the presidency of the United
States, he would get my support and I do not believe you could find a
better man right now for either office ... We are all in this same boat
together and there is no one between us and the Supreme Court but
Orval Faubus. so let's stand beside him and let him know that we are
with him in this fight.
Hot Springs Sentinel Record
The situation is that no one knows whether violence will erupt until
it has actually erupted. The governor says he is taking no chances but
Washington views the presence of the National Guard as defiance of
the order of the Supreme Court that all schools be integrated ... We
wonder if the Supreme Court had any idea such a situation w ould
develop when it handed down its now infamous decision that white and
Negro children must go to school together.
IUI.I-.I.I
Fort Smith Times Record
The actual issue now is: Does a state governor still have his
constitutional authority to use the powers of his office to preserve the
peace? Or has the federal government taken away even that remaining
state right? ... The Little Rock Gazette the other day attacked Faubus
for his action and said that "The question has now become the
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�supremacy of the government of the United States in all matters of law.
And clearly the federal government can not let the issue remain
unresolved, no matter what the cost to this community." Thus the
Gazette blasted Faubus and endorsed federal efforts to cancel this
authority. We don't agree that the federal government has any
constitutional "supremacy" in "all" matters of law. ... The whole thing
is the result of a clash between a state's power and what seems to us is
an unrealistic, impractical and unjustified Supreme Court attempt to
take over the job of legislating. And we think the result will have a
miizhtv influence on the law books — and the South -- of the future.
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 19, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday. September 19. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers. Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
2 f 2
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Return to Central High. Thursday. September 19. 1957
Satchmo Up In Air Over Faubus'
Act
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Grand Forks. (AP) - Negro trumpet player Louis (Satchmo) Armstrong
says he is dropping plans for a government-sponsored trip to Russia
"because the way they are treating my people in the South, the
government can go to hell."
"It's getting almost so bad a colored man hasn't any country." said
Armstrong.
Armstrong said President Eisenhower is "two-faced." has "no guts."
and is letting Arkansas Governor Faubus "run the country." He said
Faubus is "an uneducated plow boy."
The trumpet player, shown a published copy of an interv iew in
which he made those remarks, said "that's just tine. Don't take nothing
out of that story. That's just what I said and still say."
Armstrong said that use of National Guardsmen to prevent
integration at Little Rock was "a publicity stunt led by the greatest of
all publicity hounds." He added that such things could affect relations
with other countries.
"The people over there ask me what's wrong with my country , what
am I supposed to say?" he queried. He added that if he should go to
Russia, he would travel on his own.
"But don't get me wrong." he told a Grand Forks Herald reporter.
"The South is full of intelligent white people, it's bad the lower class
people who make all the noise, though."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Democrat, September 19, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday. September 19. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
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Return to Central High. Thursday. September 19. 1)57
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School Crisis Under Attack From
Moscow
THE UNITED PRESS
Russian and other Communist propagandists are concentrating their tire
on United States school integration troubles, a survey showed
yesterday.
Among other things, the Russians are telling the world that
American authorities are standing idly by while "bands of wild and
tough men attack Negro children seeking to enter legally integrated
schools."
A review of Russian-bloc propaganda, compiled by the United
States Information Service, disclosed that the Communist broadcasts
were continuing to feature the racial strife at Little Rock. Nashville.
Tenn.. and other American cities.
The Russian satellite nations have joined in the campaign. The East
German radio has broadcast that while United States officials talk about
freedom in Hungary, the United States itself is beset by the "grimmest
of the Ku Klux Klan masks of terror."
Taking note of the recent United Nations debate on the Russian
suppression of the Hungarian revolt, the East German radio said:
"While the American UN delegate spoke of freedom and
democracy in Hungary, the piercing cries for help from Negro children
in Arkansas and Tennessee penetrated the bright and elegant UN
Assembly hall, from the back yard of exemplary American
democracy."
Compared to Nazis
"Some of the Negro children come from highly educated,
professional families," the broadcast added, "but they are [called] 'dirty
niggers' and are spat upon, mocked and vilified. Their treatment is no
different than that of the Jews in the days of Nazi racial persecution."
A Moscow broadcast in French said "racial terror is again raging in
the United States." When Negro pupils sought to enter Southern
schools, it said they were attacked by "bands of wild and tough men."
American authorities "have done nothing to protect from these
attacks little American citizens whose only guilt is having a black
skin." the broadcast said.
It further said that Negro civil rights "exist only on paper" in the
North as well as the South. Citing a racial clash at Chicago, it said this
"American brand of liberty and equality" contrasts with United States
claims of being a "model of democracy and freedom."
Reprinted from the Arkansas Gazette, September 19, 1957
Return to Central High. Thursday, September 19. 1957
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express written permission of Little
Rock Newspapers. Inc.
of I
09/19/97 09:10:22
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Tlie Central High Crisis
Pages from I lisiorv
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Thursday, September 19,1957
Features-S
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Arkansas Gazette from this day 40 years ago are listed below the
newspaper images.
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- A U A.XSAS nrNiociiA r K
Faubus UA'.i\\\OH' (aianl
Fl' I. S. I^Mio Iiijunction
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Selected inside stories from this day, 40 years ago:
Adkins. Laney Support States' Rights Stand - Phyllis Dillaha
(Democrat Staff Writer)
Two former Arkansas governors are solidly for states' rights, but are
cautious about giving any specific suggestions on the Little Rock
integration situation.
Satchmo Up In Air Over Faubus' Act
Grand Forks. (AP) -- Negro trumpet player Louis (Satchmo) Armstrong
says he is dropping plans for a government-sponsored trip to Russia
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09/19/97 08:21:52
�"because the way they are treating my people in the South, the
government can go to hell."
School Integration In Virginia Delayed
Alexandria. Va.. Sept. 18 (AP) — An order for integration Monday of
four Arlington County, Va. white schools was suspended today by a
federal judge pending an appeal.
School Crisis Under Attack From Moscow - The United Press
Russian and other Communist propagandists are concentrating their fire
on United States school integration troubles, a survey showed
yesterday.
Here Is More State Press Comment
Here is more editorial comment from Arkansas newspapers on the
Little Rock school integration dispute.
Back to Index of Central High Days
Copyright 1997, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. All rights reserved.
This document cannot be reprinted without the express wrinen permission of Little
Rock Newspapers, Inc.
2 '2
ot
09/19/97 08:22:03
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Michael Waldman
Description
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<p>Michael Waldman was Assistant to the President and Director of Speechwriting from 1995-1999. His responsibilities were writing and editing nearly 2,000 speeches, which included four State of the Union speeches and two Inaugural Addresses. From 1993 -1995 he served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Coordination.</p>
<p>The collection generally consists of copies of speeches and speech drafts, talking points, memoranda, background material, correspondence, reports, handwritten notes, articles, clippings, and presidential schedules. A large volume of this collection was for the State of the Union speeches. Many of the speech drafts are heavily annotated with additions or deletions. There are a lot of articles and clippings in this collection.</p>
<p>Due to the size of this collection it has been divided into two segments. Use links below for access to the individual segments:<br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+1">Segment One</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+2">Segment Two</a></p>
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Michael Waldman
Office of Speechwriting
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1993-1999
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2006-0469-F
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Segment One contains 1071 folders in 72 boxes.
Segment Two contains 868 folders in 66 boxes.
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Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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Adobe Acrobat Document
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Little Rock C.H.S. [Central High School] [4]
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Office of Speechwriting
Michael Waldman
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Box 62
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36404"> Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7763296">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
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2006-0469-F Segment 2
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White House Staff and Office Files
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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Adobe Acrobat Document
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6/3/2015
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7763296
42-t-7763296-20060469F-Seg2-062-005-2015