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Immig. [Immigration] Briefing Book - Portland State [University] [3]
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��APRIL 15, 1998
MEMORANDUM TO:
JUNE SHIH
JORDAN TAMAGNI
MICHAEL WALDMAN
SUBJECT:
IMMIGRATION NEWS CLIPS FROM 4/6 TO 4/10
FROM:
JACOB GOLDSTEIN
Population
"Immigrant Population Highest Since 1930s," by David Westphal; Washington Times
4/10/98.
Roughly ten percent of U.S. residents were bom abroad.
Immigrants who become citizens often fare better than native-born Americans. The
article compares foreign-bom citizens, native-bom citizens, and noncitizens with respect to
poverty, unemployment, food stamps, and education. Immigrants who came in the 1970s are
now matching natives in terms of income.
"It's a big, powerful force that's changing our country, said demographer Carl Haub. "As
far as immigration goes, we're by far the most significant country in the world."
Urban Transformation
"In Rapidly Changing L.A., a Sense of Future Conflicts," by Michael Fletcher;
Washington Post 4/7/98.
Immigration has transformed the racial makeup of Los Angeles County from
predominantly white to one in which no ethnic or racial group holds a majority. Waves of Latino
immigrants have changed the black-white racial conflict of the 1960s into Latino-black tension.
The article details incidents of racial tension, including the 1994 beating of a Latino
teenager by a black police officer and the 1991 shooting of a black girl by a Korean shopkeeper.
There is further cause for tension because racial groups seem to have carved out niches in the job
market. For example, placement as head of Martin Luther King Jr. Medical Center's emergency
room was offered provided that the doctor appoint a black successor.
"It's a power play," said Royce Esters, former president of the NCAA branch that
includes Compton. "Blacks feel like they have marched and marched and the Latinos have not
marched. As a result, blacks are afraid of another race coming in and taking something they have
worked so hard to get."
"Politicians like to say that diversity is our greatest strength," said Ron Wakabayashi,
executive director of LA County Commission on Human Relations. "That is b.s. Diversity
simply is. The core question is how do we extract its assets while minimizing its liabilities?
People don't see their common purpose. It seems like everybody has a different bad guy."
Surveys show minorities share animosity toward whites but often harbor even harsher views of
one another.
Bilingual Education
"Opinions on How to Best Teach English to Immigrants Differ," by Pam King; Knight
�Ridder Newspapers 4/6/98.
Californians will soon vote on Prop. 227, an initiative to abolish bilingual education and
require English instruction for all students. Proponents cite studies in which students in English
immersion classrooms outperformed students in bilingual classrooms in grades four through six.
Opponents say students should master their native language and then transfer tffose skills to
English.
"Bye bye Bilingualism," editorial by Deroy Murdock; Washington Times 4/8/98.
A large percentage of minorities support Prop. 227. In 1996 Hispanic children boycotted
an L.A. elementary school for two weeks. And in Brooklyn 150 Hispanic families sued to keep
their kids out of bilingual classrooms. Jaime Escalante, the teacher portrayed in "Stand and
Deliver," and Fernando Vega, a former Clinton/Gore campaign organizer, actively support Prop.
277. Since liberals and minorities want to abolish bilingual ed, Murdock argues, why has the
GOP Congress approved an increase in funding for the program?
Murdock cites a study that found bilingually-educated Hispanics earned less than those
taught in English.
Dual Citizenship
"Dual Citizenship Dilemma," editorial by Linda Chavez; Washington Times 4/9/98.
Seven million naturalized U.S. citizens bom in Mexico can now apply to retain their
Mexican citizenship. Chavez argues that this dual citizenship will erode loyalty to the U.S. and
strain our national identity. She cites immigrant enclaves, money sent back to Mexico, bilingual
education, and Cinco de Mayo celebrations as proof that assimilation is a thing of the past.
The INS commissioner in 1990 wrote to new citizens, "Today, you have become a citizen
of the United States of America. You are no longer an Englishman, a Frenchman, an Italian, a
Pole. Neither are you a hyphenated-American."
INS and the Law
Reform
"Immigration Agency Reform Requires Influx of Leadership," editorial by Walter
Shapiro; USA Today 4/8/98.
Shapiro quotes various officials on the need to reform the INS. Sen. Abraham said, "It's
hard to be a good cop as a service provider and a bad cop in the form of enforcement by the
border patrol." And INS Commissioner Doris Meissner said, "This is an area, immigration,
where we're tremendously ambivalent as a country. We've swerved back and forth in the
choices that we make. So trying to mn an agency that is implementing laws that reflect that kind
of ambivalence is naturally difficult."
Shapiro argues reform requires WH leadership since Congress will get stuck on punitive
approaches to illegal immigration.
Asylum
"Granting Asylum," Editorial; Washington Post 4/8/98.
"In a world where the United States remains the harbor of hope, the chances that people
qualified for asylum will be tossed back into an arbitrary regime must be brought down as close
as possible to zero." The editorial repeats the findings of a Lawyers Committee for Human
�Rights report on the faults of the expedited removal process in the 1996 immigration law.
"Human Faces Enforce Harsh Immigration Law,"editorial by Walter Shapiro; USA
Today 4/10/98.
Shapiro interviewed INS officials responsible for determining whether a refugee qualifies
for asylum and found their sensitivity to be an antidote to the severity of the law.
INS official Patricia Jackson said, "The thing that people don't understand is that the
powers under the new law have made us so cautious. We do everything to make sure that aliens
take full advantage of the rights they are given." And INS officer Stephen Gabriel spoke warmly
about an Albanian boy he had interviewed who was granted asylum.
Still, Shapiro cited a GAO study which found that immigration judges almost always
uphold a negative determination by the INS.
Hassles
"A Long Wait at the American Doorstep," by Mirta Ojito; New York Times 4/7/98.
At immigration offices, immigrants must endure long lines for routine services, especially
in the busiest offices, like the one in lower Manhattan which serves as many as 1,000 people a
day who can expect to wait an average of three hours. Immigrants, however, agree that service
has improved, due in part to INS phone lines, satellite offices, and a web-site. But many still
wait on line out of confusion with the regulations.
After being told by a co-worker of a new deadline for political asylum applicants,
Ibrahim, a Somalian, awoke at 4 a.m. and rushed to an office in Newark. He thought officials
would grant him asylum immediately upon viewing his scars. But after a two-hour wait an
officer told him that asylum applicants must file by mail.
Incidents
"Feature Article is Bad News for Illegal Immigrant," by Howard Kurtz; Washington Post
4/6/98.
The INS arrested Julio Granados and five co-workers in North Carolina after the Raleigh
News and Observer profiled Granados' life, including his status as an illegal immigrant.
Hispanics in the community are angry at the paper for its apparent lack of sensitivity, but one
reporter claimed she frequently warned Granados that the publicity may result in deportation.
"INS Detains 11 in Silver Spring," by Katherine Shaver; Washington Post 4/7/98.
The INS detained eleven Mexican nationals believed to be part of an organized
smuggling operation of safe houses. INS officials are concerned that this safe house may signify
a rise in the intensity of alien smuggling.
"License to Lie," AP Wire; Washington Times 4/8/98.
California allows applicants to use a fictitious name on their license simply by paying an
extra $12. Under this law, documents can easily be manufactured for illegal immigrants.
"Visas for Salvadorans 'Outrage' Women's Kin," by Daniela Deane; USA Today 4/8/98.
Two former Salvadoran military leaders, linked to the murders of four American
churchwomen in 1980, were granted visas to live in the U.S., angering the victims' families.
�Immigrant population
highest since 1930s
One in 1 bom abroad; legal aliens fuel surge
0
By David Westphal
McCUTCMY NEWSMPEPS
The nation's foreign-born population
passed the 25 million mark last year and
was growing at a rate four times faster than
the country's population as a whole, the US.
Census Bureau reported yesterday.
In a dramatic showing of the impact of
immigration on the nation's growth and
makeup, the study suggests that, if current
patterns hold, almost one-third of the nation's population increase this decade will
come from foreign-born people.
"It's a big, powerful force that's changing
our country," said Carl Haub, a demographer at the Population Reference Bureau, a
Washington think tank "As far as immigration goes, we re by far the most significant
country in the world."
Propelled by growing waves of immigrants, the number of foreign-bom in the
United States reached 25.8 million in 1997
— a threefold increase in the last three decades. The growth has exceeded 30 percent
just since 1990.
As a result, roughly one U.S. resident in
10 was bom abroad, the United States'
highest proportion since before the stan of
World War II.
According to the Census Bureau, more
than two-thirds of the nation's foreign-bom
population live in just five states — California, with 8 million people bore abroad. New
York, Florida, Texas and New Jersey.
In California, one person in four is a nauve of a country other than the United
States.
The numfiers have built quickly, Mr
Haub said, largely because the flow oflegal
immigrants keeps growing — from about
400,000 a year in the 1970s to 600,000 a year
in the 1980s to about 800,000 in the 1990s.
Last year the total exceeded 900,000.
The Census report's author, Dianne
Schmidley, said the big influx m recent
years has been from Central and South
America and the Caribbean About half of
today's foreign-born population — roughly
13 million people — were bom in that region.
The largest single group — 7 million people — are natives of Mexico, she said.
Most of the remaining foreign-born people came from Asia or Europe, the report
found.
The Census Bureau's study is an esti-
mate, not a nose count, and is subject to
sampling and reporting errors.
The new study should help strike down
the notion that "immigrants are inevitably
a burden," Mr. Haub said. "It's just not
true"
According to the report, immigrants who
become citizens are often more likely than '
native-bora Americans tofindemployment
and be free of welfare assistance. For example, the poverty rate last year for naturalized citizens was 10.4 percent; for noncitizens it was 26.8 percent. By contrast, the
poverty rate for the native-born was 12.9
percent.
Among the nation's foreign-bom residents, one-third are naturalized and twothirds are noncitizens, the Census study
found. The report includes illegal aliens in
the noncitizen category but makes no estimate of their numbers.
Similar differences between foreignbom citizens and noncitizens show up in
other areas:
• The unemployment rate for foreignbom citizens was 4.3 percent but for noncitizens it was almost twice as high — 8.4
percent. The jobless rate for the naDvebom population was 5.4 percent.
• Roughly one in 10 natives receives food
stamps. But among theforeign-bom,food
stamps are used by only 5.4 percent of citizens but 12 percent of noncitizens.
• Foreign-bom U.S. residents complete
four years of college m roughly the same
proportion as do the native-born — one person in four. However, the ratio of foreignborn not graduating from high school is 35
percent, more than twice as high as the
native-born rate.
The new study confirms earlier findings
that recent arrivals are most likely to be in
poverty and have higher unemployment
rates, but that economic circumstances improve with length of residence.
Those who arrived in the 1970s, for example, are matching the nabve-bom population in terms of income.
Although the proportion of foreign-bom
residents is the highest in more than half a
century, it falls short of the margins that
occurred after the huge European immigration in the late 19th century and early
20th century. In 1910, for example, the 13.6
million foreign-bom residents made up 15
percent of the pojJulation.
10,
FRJDAl'.APWL- 1998'
�THE MYTH OF!
LUNG POT I America's Racial and Ethnic Divides
three tunes as likely as whites to
believe that blacks "aren't capable
of getting ahead" even if given the
opportunity, the poll found.
Those attitudes contribute to
the friction that often marks racial
interaction in Los Angeles. Rather
than prompting people to come
loncther. the more common reality
of t he new diversity is people living
svinirate lives in often vibrant bul
segregated communities. In Los
Anccles, there are suburban developments, such as Monterey Park,
that are almost exclusively Chinese There is a Little Saigon and
enclaves of Samoans and Hmong
and Russians and Iranians.
And when people from diverse
backgrounds find themselves
thrust together in the same neighborhoods, the same jobs or the
same schools, the result can often
be conflict
In Rapidly Changing LA,
A Sense of Future Conflicts
\nother tn a .scnfi? of ocvasional articles
By M I C H A I L A . FLITCHER
Wvshirtpon Post Sla/JtT'ntfr
#
LOS ANGELES
wo pictures hanging in the lobby
of Martin Luther King Jr. Medical
Center offer silent testimony to a
view shared by many blacks here that
the hospital was built by and for African
Americans.
King hospital rose from the ashes of
the 1965riots,a belated answer to the
long-ignored complaint that the county's
white-run health system neglected the
black community. Before the facility
opened in 1972. there was no public
hospital in predominantly black South
Central Los Angeles.
But the regal visages of the slain civil
rights leader and black county
T
Supervisor Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
now overlook a new. often disconcerting
reality: Most of the patients and visitors
in the hospital are Latino, not black.
Many are holding conversations in
Spanish. And increasingly, they are
pressing the hospital to hire doctors and
other top staff members who look and
talk like them—a demand Latino leaden
say is met largely with indifference, if
not indignation, from the hospital's
black managers and its political patrons.
"At King, you now have a black island
in a brown sea," said Rees Lloyd, a
lawyer for an Indian American doctor
who alleges he was continuously pasted
over for promotions because he is not
black. "A lot of people are uncomfortable
with that."
See MELTING fO"[,A4. Col. I
MtLIlNGPOT. tromAl
The change rumbling through
King hospital is just a fraction of
the fallout from a seismic shift in
the racial makeup of Los Angeles
County. In 1960, four out of five
people in the county were white.
But a wave of immigration haa
transformed the jurisdiction into
one where no ethnic or racial
group holds the majority. The
county's population of 9.5 million
Is now 41 percent Hispanic, 37
percent white. 11 percent Asian
and 1ft percent black. Th» "
and Asian populations
more than doubled in th.. - . .
years, dramatically altering the dynamics of race here.
Just over a decade ago, the
broad swath of the county popularly known as South Central was
synonymous with black Los Angeles. But now middle-class African
Americans are leaving, often dispersing to communities that once
were all white. Asian Americans,
who once congregated in enclaves
near downtown, are moving into
suburban communities that ring
L.A. Meanwhile, many non-Hispanic whites are often relocating to
even more distant suburbs or leaving California altogether.
r
^
What is happening here represents the inading edge of racial and
ethnic changes affecting communities across America. Demographers predict that by the middle of
the next century the nation as j
whole will look much like Los
Angeles does now: a rich tapestry
of people whose sheer diversity
makes once familiar notions of
racial interaction obsolete.
"Politicians like to say that diversity is our greatest strength,"
said Ron Wakabayashi, executive
director of the Los Angeles County
Commission on Human Relations.
"That is b.s. Diversity simply is.
The core question is how do we
extract its assets while minimizing
its liabilities?"
To be sure, the new immigrants
have renewed old neighborhoods,
created new businesses and enriched the culture of Los Angeles.
But the exploding diversity also
has changed the nature of racial
conflict and drawn new groups
into battles that once were waged
almost exclusively between blacks
and whites. Here, black and Latino
civil servants square off over public
jobs. Blacks activists and Asian
store owners .fight over control of
local businesses. And Latino and
Asian gangs battle for control of
their turf.
This new reality fuels the racial
isolation evident in many walks of
life here. Researchers have found
deep racial divisions in the Los
Angeles job market—partly the
result of discrimination but reinforced because people typically
find jobs through personal connections that most often do not cross
racial or ethnic lines. Many of the
furniture factories in South Central have only Latino workers. The
toy factories near downtown employ mainly Chinese. Many of the
small grocery stores are owned
and run by Koreans. And African
Americans disproportionately
work in government jobs, where
they are desperately trying to hold
their place in the fax of fierce
competition ftom Latinos who
want in.
As Los Angeles is learning, minorities are often quick to embrace
negative racial stereotypes of one
"lother. A poll by the National
-ence. a nonprofit organiza.iat promotes racial dialogue,
iound that minorities tend to share
bitter feelings toward whites,
whom they call bigoted and bossy.
But the national survey found that
minorities often harbored even
harsher views of one another.
Nearly half of Latinos and 40
percent of African Americans
agree that Asian Americans are
"unscrupulous, crafty and devious
in business." Only one in four
whites agrees with that .statement.
More than two out of three Asian
Americans and half of African
Americans and whites believe Latinos tend to "have bigger families
than they are able to support."
Meanwhile, Latinos are almost
Nowhere is that more vivid than
in the county's South Central corridor, where the number of Latinos
is overwhelming the African American population. Much as blacks
demanded a fairer share of the
power and resources from whites a
generation ago, Latinos are now
demanding that blacks and others
share jobs, special school programs and political control. And
like whites before them, many
African Americans feel threatened
by those demands.
"Latinos have their own. Blacks
have their own," said Royce Esters, former president of the
NAACP branch that includes
Compton, a dty in the South Central corridor. "It's a power play.
Blacks feel like they have marched
and marched and the Latinos have
not marched. As a result blacks
are afraid of another race coming
in and taking something they have
worked so hard to get"
For much of its history, Compton was a virtually all-white suburb
of Los Anjreles, where segreeation
was enforced with racist attacks
and laws that barred African Americans from buying homes. A 1948
Supreme Court decision lifted the
legal barriers, but the acceptance
of African Americans was slow and
difficult The first blacks who
dared venture to Compton were
greeted with white hostility: Paint
was smeared on their homes, flower gardens were uprooted, crosses
were burned on their lawns.
But blacks persevered and by
the 1960s had established a racial
majority. When theyfinallywrested political control of Compton
from whites in the 1960s, that
ascendancy became a source of
racial pride, with residents boasting that Compton was the largest
black-nm city west of the Mississippi.
Now. three decades later, an
exlraordinary wave of immigration has pushed Latinos into the
majority in Compton, except in the
corridors of power. Blacks still
control the mayor's office, the city
council, all but one school board
seat and four out of five municipal
jobs in Compton. Just as a genera-
OO
cr-
—1
'XI
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<
in
fr-
�tion ago blacks questioned that and the adjoining Charles R. Drew
kind of white domination, blacks University of Medicine and Scifind themselves being challenged ence.
by Latino demands for power.
Los Angles County may have
The long-simmenng tension built King, but for much of its
boiled over m 1994 when a black history it has been run lamely hy
Compton police officer wj.-. ^autjht :'.acks who view it as the fruit of
on videotape beating Latino teen- tr.pir protest and subsequent emager Felipe Soltero. The incident pnwermrnt. Now, to many others
angered Lalinos in Compton much
the same way as the bludgeoning attempting to gain a foothold in
of black motorist Rodney G. King the new South Central, that pride
by white police officers incensed often resembles the racial bias that
African Americans. The incident blacks so vigorously fought when it
pushed the city toward the edge of was being dished out by whites.
Dr. Subramaniam Balasubrarioting, and resulted in a civil suit
against the officer. The officer was maniam began working as acting
found to have violated Soltero's head of King's busy emergency
rights but the youth was awarded room two decades ago. passing up
only $1 in damages by a federal other jobs to follow what he saw as
judge after a racially mixed jury his calling to work in a poor
refused to award anything.
community. After six years in an
"It was kind of like the first acting role, he was offered the job
Rodney King trial," said Danilo permanently, under the condition
Becerra, Soltero's lawyer. "I've
never seen a more blatant example that he appoint a black doctor to be
his eventual successor.
of injustice."
Balasubramaniam. who is from
Latino leaders in Compton call
the outcome of that case one small India, said his African American
manifestation of the disparities bosses explained that he had to
that routinely go unaddressed by hire a black vice chair because
the city's black leadership. Nearly King is a "black hospital." But
twtrthirds of the city's 29,000 pub- Balasubramaniam refused, citing
lic school students are Latino but the inexperience of the doctor hosless than 10 percent of its teaching pital offidals wanted him to hire,
staff is. There are separate cham- according to a 1995 Civil Service
ber of commerces, one for Latinos Commission opinion.
and one for blacks. But only the
For that, he paid. Balasubramangroup with black members re- iam was stripped of his title, which
ceives city funds. "As far as I can was given to a black doctor a few
tell, everything in this dty is directed to the blacks," said John See MELTING VOT,A5, Col. I
Ortega, a longtime Compton resi- .
dent. "Not so long ago, [school
MELTING POT, From A4
offidals] even took a load of students to Africa
1 sure don't see months later. Balasubnmaniam's
them going to Mexico."
duties remained the same, but he
In few places has the tension
was passed over for numerous
between blacks and Latinos
other promotions. Finally, in 1991.
emerged more vividly than in the
tbe hospital hired a veteran white
pitched racial battle occurring at
surgeon to be itsfirstpermanent
King hospital a linchpin in the
chid of emergency medicine, but
nation's second largest public" only after he agreed to groom a
health care system.
young black doctor to eventually
From the beginning, King was
assume the post
more than a medical center for
Eventually, the white chief was
many blacks in South Central, who removed and a black doctor took
felt their forebears had fought—
his place. Balasubramacvun was
and died—to see it built.
never considered for the job he hid
It was what many saw as the
held for years because hospital
officials said be was "unqualified."
Balasubramaniam filed a comunnecessary death of a bUck man
plaint with the county's Civil Serthat brought the need for the
hospital into sharp focus. In 1966, vice Commission, which found
that King followed an "unwritten
Leonard Deadwyler ran several
policy of reserving leader''ir posi •
lights as he sped his pregnant wife
toward the dosest county hospital tions for blacks, to tt non-blacks."
20 miles away. He was stopped by
This was one of a series of
police and a confronUtion ensued
discrimination complaints, indudDeadwyler was shot and killed.
ing several by Latinos, that eventuPolice said Deadwyler was drunk
ally led a federal agency to order
and acting irrationally, a claim
the county to increase its recruitrefuted by his widow and her
ment, hiring and promotion of
attorney, Johnnie L. Cochran Jr.
Latinos across its health care sysMany in South Central were
tem.
convinced that Deadwyler would
"What they found as far as Latinot have died that day if the
no workers go is similar to findings
neighborhood had had its own
you'd have found in Alabama years
hospital. That galvanized a flurry ago to how African Americans
of protest and activism that culmi- were treated," said .Man Clayton, a
nated in the construction of King researcher for the Los Angeles
County Chicano Employees Asso-
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�ciation. "We're not trying to replace anybody. We're just trying to
say 'let us get our fair share' [of
county jobs]."
Others have filed successful
complaints against King. And
many of the rulings in favor of
Latinos and other non-blacks who
worked at King have left some
African American offidals fuming.
They say that Latinosfingerthem
for discrimination but ignore similar treatment at the hands of
whites. They point to statistics
showing that other county hospitals, induding the sprawling County-USC hospital in heavily Latino
East Los Angdes, have overwhelmingly white physician and
management staffs—yet that fact,
they say. draws little scrutiny from
Latino leaders.
"Blacks have bent over backward to accommodate Latinos, but
we remain easy targets," said
Clyde Johnson, president of the
Los Angeles County Black Employees Association. "Blacks are openminded, very caring and sympathetic people" But. he added. "We
dont think I Latino] progress
should come out of our hides."
Yet if blacks are dinging to
health care and govemment as their
place of employment, many immigrants are ckiming their own niches while keeping blacks—and everyone else—out Many low-skin
jobs such as janitors, gardeners and
light factory workers are dominated by recent immigrants, often with
Mexicans, Vietnamese or Koreans
claiming specific slices of the job
market
In 1990, Francisco Pinedo
launched Cisco Brothers Corp., a
manufacturer of upscale, upholstered furniture. Tbe factory began
in a garage and had only three
employees. But as business picked
up Pinedo quickly expanded, almost exdusivdy hiring people he
knew or people referred by his
employees.
After several years of stunning
growth, be had a large work force,
but one that was almost entirely
Latino. "A lot of the hiring they did
was word-of-mouth," said Yvette
Nunez, director of operations for
the Community Development
Technologies Center in Los Angeles. That is something we found in
doing surveys with a lot of the
manufacturers that have almost entirely Latino work forces. They hire
through personal networks."
At the urpng of economic development officials, Pfnedo began advertising some of his openings in
the newspaper. But while his 15person management team has three
non-Latinos, virtually all of the 100
manufacturing jobs in his South
Central plant arefilledby Latinos.
"Pretty much the entire upholstery industry is 99 percent Hispanics," said Pinedo, whose firm
now does $10 million a year in
sales. "I put ads in, but don't get
much responsefromAfrican Americans. Besides, it helps to hire
people wbo someone knows. It
gives you morereferences.You
don't have to worry about not
knowing wbo these people are."
The tensions between rarial and
ethnic groups are often compounded by the fact that residents of Ihe
area do not even share the same
base of information. Greater Los
Angeles has more than 50 foreign
language newspapers and television shows broadcast not only in
Spanish but in Mandarin, Armenian. Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese.
"We don't understand each other
because of tbe cultural and language
barriers," said Kapson Lee, an editor
at the Korean Tunes, a lOO.OOOdrculabon Korean language daily.
"And the mainstream press has no
ongoing relationship with us. They
just come here when some unfortunate inddent happens and scramble
for a sound bite or some piece of
information out of nowhere. It is
disgusting."
In 1991. when a Korean shopkeeper fatally shot a 15-year-old
black girl in the back of the head
during a dispute over a $1.79
bottle of orange juice, the Korean
and black press handled the story
in distinctly different ways. Korean
papers ran a stream of stories
about the daily harassment faced
by Korean merchants. At one
point one Korean paper kept a
running tally of the number of
merchants wbo were assaulted in
their stores.
The black press ran stories
about the suspidon and general
disrespect law-abiding customers
often faced when they ventured
into Korean-owned stores in their
own neighborhoods.
And when the shop owner was
convicted of manslaughter but got
off with a light sentence of probation and a $500 fine, the reaction
was predictable: many Koreans
applauded the sentence, while
many African Americans saw it as
another example of tbe injustice
that they endured for years to the
benefit of whites.
"People don't see their common
purpose," said Wakabayashi. of the
county human relations commission. "It seems like everybody has
a different bad guy."
FOR MORE INFORMATION
TortadaPaststriesonAmtrica's .
racial aid ethnic divides, dick on
Ou above symbol on the front page
of the Post's Web site at
www.washtngUmposLam
CO
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P:im Kin" K n l j h t Ridder New jpapers ( K R l f '
l! ;ill iiiijniyi.iiu cluldien \\'ln> .iirned in tht I liiflc.l Muk ^ wcic ilii.<ti]W Jiic. ^pukc Ihe same hingu;i^e. ;inJ II;IJ ihe >;iine k vU " I
-JuL^ilMii in UK'H" IKIMW IJIIJS. lliun pei'h.i|">> Amci'ic.in cxpfii^ cmilj
iiiicc .>ii the bc^I w;i\ u> le;icll ihem 1.MIL1I>II
Um N-ve.ir-uld liaiuel (. unireins mined .1 lew weeks ..e.. 1 1 I
ViK .KIM w hei e the .1 lien 11:1 ill .if pnliiiLjl uphe.iv .il h.ul k.vi Ium
. •! ^iini'! 1 um inder Smgh. 1 4. e;iiiie I * nn mills jijn II.IMI IIKII:I I. >
MMii leljme.- in Limeuid. Luhl. Ji^e l.ner;i. I 7. .in 11n1111er.ini IMHII
fili^ei'. M e . M e . h e e n li \ mc 111 Rielunnnd (.'nlll . h»/ .ilmnsi iw L .
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ll.iinel i> m .j resular ehssrodin ;ind i-. pulled out even d.i\ inr
l.'iiulish .i.-- .1 Second Langiiuge lesscins (iurvrnder 1.- in speeml
-helieied elas^s im ninlh. English jnd luMnn u illi nlhei leeem
niiiii^i ini! > li^e s Ingli >elio.il cuiTieuliini is hihngiul. w iih tnosi ni
ihe iiHii iicnon in Spnnish. his n.-itive Innciuige
'AInch smdeni mil leuni Hnghsh lirsi ' Wh.. will lenni I nelish hesi '
I'nipi.nems ..f Prdp 227 ;id\'nc;ile n single nuidel li'i lenehiiiLj
.nelisli 1,. L .ilifiinuii's I 4 iiiilhun nninignini ehildien .'ik \e.ii . ' i
nnniei siun 11 .i shelieied Englisli-laiigiwge elassitmin. li.H..\\eil In
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plaeeiiieni in a inainslreain elassriKini II i> based on ihe elassintni
• v.Tk nr'tiliina Malta Tuclunan. a Sant.i Ana. Calil' leachei «hi.
jM-aiiilmred ihe halloi measure with Ron I Inz. a Silicon Vallex
:iu:iii;iiillMMi.iiie rradiiionol hihngual editcaiioti piogiani- i\hich
• e .it .mi 4M( i.m ui L alilnniia sindenis m their iiaii \ e l.meiia^es.
.....iki
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has hceii planned' eiiher In detendei s,H aiiaekei s ,.1 hilmunal
.•.a...111. .11 1 ine side . 11' the ulllel m^'anahu ei il ici/cs .. si u, 1. • r i ^ i l i . ' 1 . 'i.-'. in ine 1. • disereihl ihe 1 esnlls
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'A'e'.e Ined 11 l.'.'k al Ihe hesl jir. 'yl anls. hnl we ieali/L.I lli.a illsl
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• lln ^e \ e.a s we Jidll I lla\e Ihe same kids said Pan aeia 1 ..aulai a. a
ediieaii.'ii priiless.ir who directs (he Ednealion I ii|ic\ (. emei al
iV-Daus
riicse are Inghh mobile popiilaluins We aU,. realized
lii.ii pi.ijianis are d\ 11.nine, lliev're In ing oigamstils and ihe\ re
j.'iisianiK elianging. whetliei or not we ie liMng 10 siiuh ihem
. \ i i I ai/.. me pin ne linancial haekei ul hop 22" aeknow ledees
in.11 ihe ninnct sion pioeram proposed in Prop 22" is 11. .1 \ ..lukii^.l Iw
lese.neli Me b.ises his indieimenl of bilingual cdneaiion n
.le.i.lciiiiL daia Inn 011 o \ ei-whelmine ev idenee lhal ihe em leni s\ , M I
's .. 1.111 ui e ric ci les l'mi 1 es iha' • : ^;^'\\ ice .r- main I .11
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.hildien w ilh Inniled-Enghsli proneKnev .ne ieel.Lss,i'K-,[ ... il.icni m
i-'aiLilisr: in am co en \ea!
In ihe meantime voiers are leti wnhoni answers ..1 even w..is,,
nh c..iilr.idicl.<n answets 10 these basie iiueslions aiuloibeis ...i
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11 1. 1 ^ .ISICI toi \. uine ehildren 10 le.im .1 second laneu.iL'.
1
. 1 ik niiii.iio e si.aes lhal \oiai^ imnii^i .nil Juldicn e..n e.isi[\
it,nine full :bieiie\ in a new lanennkic. siieh .is I nelisb 11 ilie\ .ne
ne.o 11-, e\p. 'sed to lhal laneiiaee 11 I lie t lassi, „ .m .n .in t .11 h. .ie.'
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.. uieiv Heal ..pinion .0 |,.Ik behcl ' I Ie s.nd 110 lestaien -in'i < ilio
..''iiieiiu.'ii .md Innhennoie icseaieli sh,.\. t han .uinlis ..no ..1,1.1
Jiiidrcn aie \en sikeessfnl m leaminc second lanenaces
^Ae aie being lold lhat All is losl'' it we h.nen'l sinned leaeliine a
second lancaaLje al an eai k age." Haknia said Hm lhal s msi noi
line
I'roponenls of leaching English at a voting age base their belief on
.. I -ii') ie\i b\ neurobiologists Wilder Penlleld and Laniar Roberts,
a ho s.-nd thai a child's bram is especialK suited lo rapid language
.ici|Uisilioii beloie age ID
Iniualne aduicaies also pouil lu more recenl brain research, wiiki;
shows thai umng children siore a second language in the same area .a'
[lie brain as ihe\ store iheir pnman. language, while older people sio'.
.; second language in a difl'erent portion ol'lheir brains.
11 Will children leam more Enghsh il'lhey are exposed 10 English
,
i.'i more honis e\'en da\''
A Inilialive stipponers point more 10 practice lhan to research in
ponnoiiiig whal s known as the lime-on-iask" iheory. Earlier
i:eiiei aiioii.s of iiiumgranls lo the United Stales learned English in
nll-Jiu classrooms where
heard no olher language Other
tininines oiler \ intially nu nanve-language instrucuon lor immigrants,
who invanabh leam the languages of their new homes.
Bilingual education defender Stephen Krashen explains that children
leam language by oblaimng "comprehensible input." A child who
speaks no English sitting in an English-only classroom hears nothing
bin meaningless noise. Krashen and others say that spending more
hoars in such a selling will not have any efl'ecl on a child's acquisiiiun
of English.
(,> Do children who can read and wnle in their native language find
n easier lo leam lo read and wnle in English?
I IC-Davis' Gandara said ihe strongest indicator for ultimate
academic success in an American school is whelher a third-grade
siudeni can rend and write al third-grade level in English or anv olher
language, if ihe child is reading and writing in a foreign language ai
thai point, his or her skills can he effectively iranst'erred to English
Rosalie Puilei . director of READ, the nonprofit Institute for
Research in English Acquisition and Development, agrees lhal hieracv
can be transt'erred but says there are no damaging effects from
leaching a child to read and wnle in English, rather lhan in his or her
pi unary language.
Most of the children in Los Angeles do not come from another
eiuintrv they are horn in Los Angeles to impovenshed
Spanish-speaking families and they need to be given the skills to do
w ell in an English-speaking society," Porter said. You need lo begin
building English from the very first day of school
(J Are students in bilingual classes more or less likely to become
fullv English proficient lhan students in immersion programs'
A This is ihe ultimale question, and the answer depends on ihe
siudv.
Porter poinls to eight studies lhat either support or attack bilingual
education Most compelling is the El Paso. Texas, study of 1992. m
which students 111 English immersion classrooms oulperformed a
comparable group ol students in bilingual classrooms in grades lour
thi.uigh si\ Alihough bilingual students caughi up by grade seven.
Pol ler concludes lhal ihose extra vears of segregation in a bilingual
tlassioom are unwarranled
Hakula believes research has shown lhat bilingual education is moie
elieciive lhan immersion, while acknowledging lhal some immeision
programs, such as Tuchman's. are successful. In fact, he says, etVeeioe
programs of both types probably share some of the same componems
qualified leachers. early phasing in of English and some
nanve-language instruction.
Supporters of the initiative say bilingual education is a failed
nisii umem and we ought 10 ban it," Hakuta said " I say that it s a valid
100I bin not capable of fixing the whole problem It's like giving a
mechame a screwdriver and asking him to fix the car. The screwdnvei
is msi one of ihe manv lools he needs. As educators, it's time to figure
.mi whal lools we need and get them all together"
Last-ditch buttles of wording bring Northern Ireland agreement
dcinn to the wire Bv Fawn Vrazo Knight Ridder Newspapers
(KRT)
BELFAST. Northern Ireland With four days remaining before the
deadline for a histone Northern Ireland peace settlement, negotiators
. 'ii Siind.n eonnmied last-ditch battles over the final wording of a
sweeping agreement meant to end three decades of Catholic and
Pioiesianl bloodshed.
Ii was hieialK down lo ihe une l oniiei U S. Sen George Milchell.
ihe chief lalks chiiinnan. was reported yesterday lo be hopeftil thai an
ambiiious I hui sdav deadline sei hy him was slill in reach.
Bui disagreements over the weekend between the British and Irish
govenunents over the scope of the Republic of Ireland's say in
Bnlish-controlled Northern Ireland's affairs delayed the wxiling of a
final drali agreeinenl
;
�Sye )ye )'' g jal's
Up and down the Golden State, the
sun is setting on bilingual education.
/ my parens per mi in dis shool en Recent admimslrative decisions and
1 so I feol essaynn too old in theshool a popular ballot measure soon may
my border o reri can grier das many end bilingual ed as we know it.
putni gire and I sisairinaliro sceer.
In February 1997. California's
Orange Unified School District began
o, this is not an encrypted replacing its bilingual program with
message f r o m Mars. As English-language immersion. In a
^
Glenn Garvin recently Nov. 4 referendum, 86 percent of votreported in Reason magazine, these ers endorsed this move. Three smallwords are from a paper by a Los er Orange County school districts
Angeles public-school student with also have scrapped bilingualed.
six years of bilingual education.
Responding lo a petition by the
"The school district says this boy Pacific Legal Foundation and the
is doing very well, and he's nearly Center for Equal Opportunity, the
California Stale Board of Education
ready to leave bilingual classes,
Says Alice Callaghan. "As far as on March 12 ended its bilingual manI'm concerned, that says it all." Mrs. date for limited-English-proficient
Callaghan, who runs the Las Famil- students. Local school districts no
ias del I'ueblo family center in LA's longer need Sacramento's permission
garment district, told Mr. Garvin to scuttle bilingual programs and
she's a Tfcddy Kennedy liberal. Like employ intensive-English methods.
so many others across the ideological
On June 2, California voters may
spectrum, she is fed up with bilingual hammer yet another nail into the
methods that often leave kids equal- bilingual coffin The English for the
ly tongue-tied in English and their Children Initiative, sponsored by Silnative languages. Mrs. Callaghan's icon Valley entrepreneur Ron Unz,
frustration helped fuel a 1996 boycott would require English instruction
at LA's Ninth Street Elementary for nearly all pubhc-school students.
School. She encouraged Hispanic According to a March 19 Field Poll of
parents to keep 90 children home for 727 likely California voters, support
two weeks to express their anger at for Proposition 227 has climbed to 70
bilingual programs that have turned percent with 20 percent opposed.
classrooms into linguistic ghettoes. Significantly, 61 percent of Hispanics
back the plan as do 63 percent of
blacks and 75 percent of those of
Deroy Murdock is an MSNBC Asian ancestry. Such widespread
minority support has shielded Prop.
columnist.
By Deroy Murdock
5:
N
1
00
o
227 from the usual charge lhat it was
hatched by crafty, 1 inlu-wmg !>it;i>(.s
In fact, the measure's Honorary
Chairman i.s .laime Ivscalante, (lie
legendary East Los Angeles mathematics inslructor portrayed by
lid ward James Olmos m the film
"Stand and Deliver" Endorsing the
measure, Mr. Escalante said, "my
own experiences as a teacher lead me
to believe that these programs are a
negative factor for most immigrant
children, who instead should he
taught English wlule they are young "
Last October, Mark Hugo Lopez of
tlie University of Maryland and Mane
T. Mora of New Mexico Slate University analyzed data on 1,251 people
who graduated high school in 1982.
They found that in 1991, foreign born,
bilingually-educated Hispanics averaged $19,240 annually Those taught
in English averaged $26,794 They
also discovered a similar disparity
among the Amcncan-liorn children of
Hispanic immigrants
Fernando Vega, a Democratic
party activist and former Clinton/
Gore campaign organizer, i.s fighting
to keep his grandchildren on the
right side of this gap. The 73-yeai -old
native Tbxan became an active foe of
bilingual education after the nativeborn, English-speaking children of
his own American kids were placed
in Spanish classrooms. Mr. Vega is
now Prop. 227 s Northern California
Regional Honorary Chairman. "I'm
an American first," he says by phone.
" I am very proud of my Hispanic
ancestry and then I'm a Democrat,
in that order. I felt that the Democrats have let down our kids."
With even l t d Kennedy's and Bill
,
Giulon's fans abandoning bilingual
e Jucatiou, where can its supporters
t arn for relief? Chicago and Denver
are curbing their programs. Things
even look grim in Brooklyn where
150 Hispanic families sued to free
their kids from bilingual classrooms.
Well, there's always Capitol Hill.
Rather than junking this increasingly disdained policy, the Republican
Congress listened to its knocking
knees and cracked open the public
check book. Within the fiscal year
1998 Department of Education budget, the GOP Congress approved
$354 million in federal Title VII bilingual funds, a $93 million, 35 percent
increase since fiscal 1997.
Once again, the GOP Congress is
swimming furiously against the twin
tides of public opinion and the beliefs
of the Republican rank and file. NevertheUiss, it looks as i f another
trendy educational experiment will
tumble into the sea. In its wake,
schools should teach kids English in
English. This will prepare them to
compete in a nation where English
dominates and on a planet where
English ascends. With any luck, and
no thanks to the Republican Revolution, bilingual education will sink as
have New Math, Whole Language
and other pedagogical fantasies.
Hasta lavista, baby!
�LINDA CHAVEZ
Tm
W cxico lias been losing
\
/ I yround to the United
^ 1 States for 150 years, but
. _ T A n o longer. Mexico has
come up with a plan — if not to
regain the I million square miles of
land it lost in the Mexican American War, al least to recapture some
of its former citizens and iheir
American born children Under a
new Mexican law that went into
effect last month, naturalized US
citizens who were born in Mexico
can now apply to retain Mexican
nationality
As many as 7 million naturalized
Americans could take advantage of
the new law, and su could their US. born children, perhaps doubling
the number eligible to hold dual
US. and Mexican nationality. Never
before has the United States had to
face a problem of dual loyalties
among Us citizens of such great
magnitude and proximity Although
some other countries - such as
Israel, Colombia and the Oominican Republic also allow dual nation-
Dual citizenship dilemma
ality — no other nation sends as
many immigrants to the United
States nor shares a common border.
For the first time, millions of U.S.
citizens could declare their allegiance to a neighboring country.
But don't naturalized citizens
have to forswear allegiance to all
other countries when they take the
oath of citizenship? Well, sort of.
Although all new citizens renounce
any allegiance to other governments, princes or potentates, the
Immigration and Naturalization
Service does not enforce the oath.
What's more, the Supreme Court
has narrowly proscribed the circumstances under which a naturalized or US -born citizen may lose
his citizenship even i f he violates
the letter or spirit of the oath.
Kor example, voting in a foreign
elecdon or serving in a foreign mil-
the United States, where Spanish is
heard more frequently than English,
Mexican soccer and baseball teams
followed more closely than American teams, and more than $4 billion
a year is sent home to relatives.
Assimilation — once the norm,
which turned millions of Germans,
Greeks, Irish, Italians, Poles and
Russians into Americans — is now
so reviled few people dare to
embrace it. Already, many American public schools have abandoned
their responsibility to teach Mexican
immigrant children English, preferring instead to teach them in
Spanish, often for years. Cinco de
Mayo, an obscure Mexican holiday
celebrating the Mexicans' defeat of
the French at Puebla in 1862, is
more widely celebrated here than in
Mexico, as many Americans of Mex ican descent desperately search for
symbols of their ancestral identity.
country in the world in its inimigralion policies, bul imnugratiun has,
until recently, involved a sacred
covenant: We welcome everyone, but
we expect Ihose who decide lo
become U.S citizens to do so lnvausu
they want to become Americans
In 1990, Ihe commissioner of
immigration and naturalization
wrote in an essay for new citizens
"Tbday, you have become a citizen of
the United States of America You
are no longer an Englishman, a
Frenchman, an Italian, a Pole Neither are you a hyphenated-Ameri
can." It's unlikely ihese same words
could be spoken today
It's dilficiill to know who will lose
most by this enormous shift in both
attitude and policy — new immi
grants who miss oul oh truly becoming Americans, or the rest of us who
are too timid to insist that citizenship
require undiluted loyalty
But these changes in Mexican law
will simply exacerbate confusion
about cultural identity. The United
States remains the most generous
Linda Oimvc i\a nuMonully syn
dicaWtt c itlitmmst
For thefirsttime, millions of U.S. citizens could declare
their allegiance to a neighboring country.
itary used to be enough to jeopardize U S citizenship, but no longer.
Now, any U.S. citizen can serve in
another country's military, so long
as he is not a commissioned or noncommissioned officer and the country is not involved in hostilities with
the United States. And U.S. citizens
may vote in other countries' elections as well, but may not serve in
important posts in foreign governments requiring an oath of allegiance to the other nation.
All of these changes, no doubt,
erode loyalty to Ihe United States
hut, until now, have involved rela-
tively few people. What is significant
about the change in Mexican law is
its potential to affect so many newcomers at a time when other pressures also diminish attachment to
the immigrants' adopted nabon.
Unlike previous immigrant
groups, Mexicans travel only a short
distance to come to the United
Sutes, often settling within a few
hundred miles of the border itself in
California, Tfexas, Arizona and New
Mexico. Not only can they travel
easily back and forth, keeping ties to
their homeland stronger, but many
live in large immigrant enclaves in
THURSDAY, APRIL 9, 1998
�Immigration agency reform requires influx of leadership
Today s question on good govern
menl: What do you do with a federal
agency that has been an ungovernable mess for as long as anyone can
remember?
The answer Is not lo drive a slake
through Its heart and replace It with
the flat tax. For even though lax day
approaches like tlie Grim Reaper, today's topic is not the highly exaggerated failings of the IRS. Instead, this
Is a column about the perpetually ailing Immigrauon and Nalunilization
Service of the Justice Departmenl.
As Doris Meissner, tlie soft^poken
Immigration expert who h;is been
INS commissioner since IUM, put it
In an interview this week "Tliis is an
area, immigrauon, where we re Ire
mendously ambivalenl as a counlry.
We've swerved back and forth In Ihe
choices that we make. So trying to
run an agency thai is implementing
laws that reflecl thai kind of ambiva
lence Is naturally difficult."
I had sought oul Meissner because, frankly. I was feeling a little
guilty. Numbed by the While House
scandals, we journalists have lost
siKhl ol Die day-lo day
business of government,
where agencies like the
INS struggle on Independeni of tlie latest leaks or
opinion polls.
but when it comes to
aftecllng the lives of real
abolished Tlie commispeople, the INS Is far
sion, ciling "mission overmore important than the
lo;id," proposed lhat the
daily damage-control opPolitics
INS's law enforcement
eration in the White
responsibilities like Ihe
House. It mailers if you
By Waller Shapiro
Border Palrol should
are among tlie 1 million
move elsewhere in the
applicants for citizenship confronted Juslice Depai lment, while Ihe agenwilh an average 18-iiionth backlog lo cy's more humane activilies like
have your papers processed. Il could graining cilizenship should be handbe a umller of life and death it you ed over lo Ihe Slale and Labor deare u Serbian woman, arriving at
pnilmcnl.s.
Kennedy Airport and dreaming of
Kentucky Republican Harold Rogasylum, haunted by memories of
ei-s. who i.iian^ the House appropriagang rape m your nalive land.
lions subcominittee lhal oversees Ihe
This is a crucial year for the INS, agency, lias become a militant advobecause Ihere Isa growing consensus cate of tlie kill il-now approach to the
INS Rogers called me Tuesday afdial the agency cannot function as
lemoon Irani a Tcirmac in Ecuador,
currenlly structured. The advisory
US. Commission on Immigration Re- where he was slopping as part of a
form recommended last year in its congressional delegation investigatfinal report that the INS should be ing drug enforcement.
HYPE
GLORY
••••••I
"The INS' mission is loo scliizoplirenic and loo large for any single
agency," Rogers said "In my H
years on the subcomnnllee. I've seen
three adminislralioics liy to lelorni
Ihe INS. Bul (lie agency doesn't respond, lis field oflices are atilonomous and laws unlo lliemselves"
Few Republicans have enduised
abolishing the agency A more lemperate view comes liom Michigan's
Spencer Abraham, who chairs a Senale subcommillee on immigration.
Talking by car phone as lie drove his
family to Disney World during Ihe
congressional recess, Abraham said:
"I have wondered whelher Ihe slructure of the INS is well designed It's
hard lo be a good cop as a service
provider and a bad cop in the form of
enforcemenl by Ihe Border Palrol "
Abraham slill has an open mind
aboul whelher these funclions
outside iibsci vei^ of Hie INS porshould reside in Hie same agency tray Meissner as a decent and comBul, lie said: "Something is going lo milted woman li apped in an impossihappen Here one way or another. Ei ble system Even after nearly Ave
ther there's going lo be a reorganiza years on Ihe job, Meissner is slill conlion or an improvemenl in the deliv- fronted wilh iiulonomousflefdomsIn
ery of services. There's been an Ihe INS legional oflices lhat operate
angry drumbeal of problems."
on Ihe principle lhal commissioners
Tlie Clinton leam, lo lis credit, rec come and go but (lie bureaucracy is
ognizes the need tor change. Draw [orevei 'Ihe unspoken argument in
ing on a management study by Hnoz- favor ni the administration plan is
Allen & Hamillon. (lie administration thai it will iiaiLsfoim the bureaucratrecently proposed revamping Hie ic culture fii ihese hidebound oflices.
lines of authority within INS. As poll
Ilul Ihe INS cannot be reformed
cy makers staled in a letter lo Rog by lial Anv ivslnicturing depends on
eis. Hie goal is to ' untangle Ihe INS legislative approval from a Republioverlapping and confusing organiza can Congress with a proven weaklional slmclure and replace it with ness for puniiive approaches lo illeIwo clear organizational chains of gal iinmigralion To surmount GOP
coiiiniand: one lo accomplish ils en resistance will require leadership
forcemenl mission and Ihe oilier lo from a tlisiracted and risk-adverse
provide immigration-related ser presidenl So, even when it comes to
vices."
good governmenl, all arrows point
Meissner is a persuasive advocate back lo Ihe While House.
of rebuilding Ihe INS from witliin
"This is fundamental reform," she Waller Shapiro's column appears
said. "This is not moving boxes Wednesdays and Fridays. Pasl
around on a chart. Ihis Is entirely columiLS on USA TODAY Online al
changing tlie way we do business." www.usaloday.com
USA TODAY • WEDNESDAY, APRIL 8, 1998
�Granting Asylum
N
- 0 AMERICAN tradition is more deeply times in haste and without counsel—that their
rooted and valued than the standing professed fear of persecution is credible.
offer of asylum for arrivals claiming to
It seems that the bulk of those caught up at
fear political persecution if sent back .home. American ports and airports are Mexicans
Here lies the value of a report by the Lawyers trying to enter illegally. Only about 2 percent
Coinmittee for Human Rights on the first-year the several tens of thousands so far subjectof
workings of the asylum provisions of the ed to expedited removal are actually asylum
immigration law of 1996. In this law. Con- seekers, according to the Immigration and
gress, acting on its fear of an unchecked flood Naturalization Service. The service says there
of illegal immigrants, set up a regime of is no evidence that any of them was actually
"expedited removal" or summary deportation persecuted once home.
to bar asylum seekers found not to qualify.
But the Lawyers Conunittee establishes
The report, "Slamming The Golden that the statistical evidence on the asylum
Door,'" focuses on the bureaucratic hurdles
facing those in flight Decisions with potential process is skimpy, that expedited removal is
life-or-death consequences are made by low- not fully open to public view and that those
level officials with little expertise in sorting caught up in it cannot be sure of the fair
out the situations of people typically posses- treatment they are promised by tradition and
sing faked or no papers. Initially the applicants law. These are shortcomings the committee
are denied access to legal assistance and would correct by new legislation if possible,
processed in a matter of hours, sometimes on administratively if not In a world where the
the basis of inadequate translations. They can United States remains the harbor of hope, the
be treated abusively. At the next hurdle, they chances that people qualified for asylum will
ust still convince an asylum officer and then be tossed back to an arbitrary regime must be
haps an immigration judge—again, some- brought down as close as possible to zero.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL
8,1998
�Human faces enforce harsh immigration law
c
CO
>
—I
O
o
O
>
ID
o
CO
QUEENS, N.Y - Yuniya Van Gronlgen chose her
words carefully, but they
carried ihe ring of hardwon truth. "The person sitting across the table could
have been me," she said. "I
treat them the way I'd like
'diled removal." This tightto be treated if I was In (heir
ens entry by placing strict
position"
limits on appeals of asylum
decisions by INS officials
An Immigrant who came
like Van Gronlgen. Asylum
from Guyana In 1976, Van Politics
seekers who flunk their
Gronlgen Is an asylum offi- l y Walter Shapiro
"credible fear" interviews,
cer with the Immigration
and Naturalization Service (INS). for example, now get only a single appeal lo an immigration Judge, who is
Since early this year, she has been entrusted with one of the most sensitive not obligated to hear witnesses or do
Jobs In the US. government. Each more than review the paper trail. Acweek, Van Gronlgen conducts four or cording to a study by the General AcAve Interviews wilh foreigners who counting Office, Immigration judges
have arrived at Kennedy Atrport with uphold a negative determination by
fraudulent documents or no docu- Ihe INS in 83% of such cases
ments. She must determine whether
This slam-bang-get-them-out-ol-here
they have a "credible fear" ol persecu- approach lo Ihe most sensitive asylum
tion In iheir native lands and qualify cases has aroused bitter criticism
for politicaJ asylum.
among those who still believe in the
When Van Gronlgen sits down with ideals of the Statue of Liberty. The
an asylum seeker and an Inteipreler in Lawyers Commiltee for Human Rights
a windowless room at the Wackenhuis warned in a recenl report thai the
Detention Center near Ihe airport here, haste buill Into expedited removal
the stakes can literally be a matter of risks "sending some refugees back to
life and death. "1 try lo start with basic persecution and torture by mistake."
background questions to relax them," Similarly, Sen. Spencer Abraham. Rshe explained. Bul such comfort is hard Mich, worries that "people will be igto achieve when someone may have norant of their rights or fearful of raisspent as much as 115.000 for an airline ing their asylum claims."
ticket and bogus documents to Dee Ihe
INS Commissioner Doris Meissner,
civil war in Sri Lanka.
charged wilh enforcing Ihe new law,
The harsh 1996 Immigration law, shares many of Ihese concerns. "This
which has been In effect for little more is a staiule lhal the administration
than a year, places a heavy emphasis Imped would have been enacted only
on what Is aptly referred to as "expe- as an emergency authority," she says,
:T1
alluding to short term crises like Ihe
1993 inftux of Haitian refugees Stress
ing that the problem had been solved
by the lime Congress acied, Meissner
calls the legislation "the (juimessenlial
flghling-the last war scenario"
Bul laws, no mailer how ill considered or inhumane, must slill be enforced. To try lo get a sense ot how expedited removal works, I met
Thursday morning with Van Gronigen
and two of her supervisors, Patricia
Jackson and Stephen Gabriel, al Ihe
INS New York asylum office in Rosedale. Queens Wilh Kennedy Airport a
mecca for refugees, Ihis office has conducted aboul 600 "credible lear" interviews since the new law look effect,
more lhan one-third the national total
As a reporter. I am keenly aware of
Ihe dangers of dr awing sweeping con
elusions from a joint inlcrvicw wilh a
few hand-picked INS ofllrers Slill, I
could not avoid being impressed by
Iheir sensitivily and concern aboul gelling things right. How daunting it must
be to perform triage — deciding who
can stay and who must return home on
Ihe next plane — on a desperate group
of foreigners in a detention center
Although Ihey did nol discuss nidi
vidua) cases, Ihe INS odlcials drew a
composite portrait of Ihe refugees who
arrive al JI'K, fantasizing almut asy
Ium in the laud of the [rec Ihe three
most common countries of origin — Sri
Lanka. Nigeria and Albania - are af
Hided wilh polincal turmoil and violence. Often these refugees use Iheir
life saving to buy black-market papers
or lo bribe themselves onto jels
A major criticism raised by Ihe lawyers committee is that INS officials
who inspect documents do nol always
understand lhal frightened runaways
from violent lands are seeking asylum
Since Ihe new law does not allow refugees to appeal a deportation order un
less asylum Is claimed, Ihe extenl of
Ihese tragic mistakes is impossible lo
determine. Bul Jackson, Ihe deputy director of Ihe New York office, argued.
"The thing lhat people don'l understand is thai the powers under Ihe new
law have made us so cautious. We do
everything to make sure lhat aliens
take full advantage of the rights ihey
are given."
As Ihe group interview drew lo a
close. I asked the INS officials if Ihey
were haunted by memories o( any of
Ihe refugees ihey were forced to de
port Instead, Gabriel, a retired Army
first sergeant, talked aboul an Alliani
an boy who described ihe agony of
walching his brother killed. "He was
granted asylum." Gabriel said proudly
"I'll remember his lace lorever"
Stories like lhal remind us lhal good
bureaucrats can salvage bad laws Hut
ultimately il is far belter lo change
Ihem.
Waller Shapiro's column api>ears
Wednesdays and pridays Past
column on USA TODAY Online al
www.usatotlaycom
�A Long Wait at the American Doorstep
At Immigration Offices, Enduring Lines and Lost Time, but Still Hopeful
By MIRTA OJITO
This is where the American dream can seem
both closer than ever and impossibly out of
reach — in the endless, exhausting lines that
form every day before dawn outside the doors
of immigration offices.
It is where Esteban Travieso, an immigrant
from Uruguay, watted for five and a half hours
last week, in line at the immigration office in
lower Manhattan to ask how he could replace
his losi residency card. Where Geordany Josselin, 21, a Haitian, wailed for more than six
hours to find out what had happened to his
residency application. And where Dora Bintimilla waited for four hours to see how she
could bring her daughter from Ecuador so
they can be together again after 13 years.
" I have put off coming down here for as
much as I could — wouldn't you'" said Mr
Travieso, 27, a truck driver who lives in
Queens, pointing to the line stretching behind
him. "Everybody here wants the same thing,
hii
ace of mind. But to get it. you have to go
hrough hell and back. And. of course, the line."
Despite recent efforts by the Federal Immigration and Naturalization Service to cut down
on the need to wait in line for routine services
and queries, che waiting persists, not only in
New York but also in Newark, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami and other cities with large
immigrant populations.
The busiest offices, Uke the one in lower
Manhattan, see an average of 1.000 people a
day, and an average wait can be as much as
three hours or more. When it is finally their
turn, they often encounter surly, uninterested
or overburdened workers, who hand them yet
another form and tell them to stand in yet
anolher line, or to return another day.
While frustrating encounters with bureaucracy are not a complaint unique to immigrants — as anyone who has visited a motor
vehicles office can attest — the burden can be
particularly heavy (or newcomers. They often
have unstable jobs with no vacation time and
little flexibility, so taking time off is a hardship. And many immigrants with little education and no English find themselves baffled by
the complexity of immigration rules that can
determine their future.
Recent changes in immigration laws, which
seem to create new deadlines every (ew
months, can make the lines even longer, as
misinformed and desperate immigrants flock
to offices seeking help.
Ibrahim, 24, a native of Somalia who did not
want to reveal his last name, woke up at 4 A.M.
on March 30 and rushed to the immigration
office in Newark. Another immigrant at the
construction site where he works had alerted
him to a new deadline for applicants for political asylum. Under a 1996 law, all immigrants
who arrived here before April I, 1997. had until
April 1, 1998, to file claims for asylum.
At the same time, and on the same day,
another deadline sent another category of immigrants scrambling (or help. Under the new
law. people who have been in the country
illegally for more than a year were required to
regulations and motivated by an intense desire
to become Amencans.
"In the harshest day o( winter, there is a
line," Alan Atkinson, a spokesman at the local
immigration oifice in New York, said last
week. "In the hottest day of the summer, there
is a line. In the prettiest day of spring, there is
a line. It just never changes."
Rob Koon, a spokesman with the Immigration and Naturalization Service in Washington,
said last week that from October o( last year
until the end of February, at least 2.2 million
people went to 79 immigration offices asking
for help.
No matter how long the lines seem, though,
immigrants agree that the situation is actually
better than it was a few years ago.
The Immigration and Naturalization Service
has come up with a range of services — from a
web site to satellite offices dedicated to citizenship applications only — to reduce the volume
of work at the district offices and, therefore,
the waiting time.
Eric Andrus. a spokesman for (he agency in
Washington, said it now has an automated tollfree number for information and another to
request forms. A new line, on which callers can
return to their home countries before April 1 to speak to a person, was recently installed, but
only for the East Coast; it will be available
avoid being barred from re-entering the Unitnationwide in the summer, he said.
ed States legally (or 10 years.
"You don't call," said Angie Zapitero. 27,
Ibrahim, who left his country in 1996 and
now lives in Rahway, N.J., said immigration who was standing in line in Houston to renew
her Mexican husband's work permit "It's betofficials would grant him asylum right away,
without forcing him to stand in line or submit ter just to come down here and talk to them.
It's faster. You'll be put on hold for hours if you
to an interview, If only they could see his scars.
call."
"Look at this," he said, lifting his shirt in
Ivo Dimov, 33, a Bulgarian immigrant, waitfront of the crowd of onlookers to expose
Angejagged scars inflicted in Somalia and running ed outside the immigration offices in Los travel
les with his wife, Tanya, lo get a special
across his chest "Is this enough to lei me live permit for a visit home. Since they arrived six
in America, you think?"
years ago, they have lost an uncle, an aunt, a
As it turned out, he was in the wrong line. grandmother and a grandfather, and they want
After a two-hour wait, an officer told him that to go back to pay their last respects.
asylum applicants need not show up in person.
After two hours, Ihey moved inside the buildThey must tile by mail. Ibrahim left as bewiling where, after another short line, they were
dered as when he arrived. "1 don't know what assigned a number and told to wait some more
happens to me now," he said, shrugging off the With about 50 people ahead of them, they were
idea of hiring a lawyer. " I have lived long
sitting quietly when a woman's shriek from a
enough here without one. Maybe I don't need
window caught everybody's attention. "Don t
help."
you have any decency here' You treat people
Even without the urgency of an approaching like cattle."
deadline, the lines in front of immigration
The Dimovs appeared resigned "Its a
offices are (ed every day by thousands ot
whole wasted day," he said, " l don't even know
people puzzled by mind-numbing immigration
if 1 will get what we're here for."
The problems of
becoming a legal
resident.
TL/ESDAV,AFR;L7,I998
5
�Media Notes
to calm things down.
In a column. Gyllenhaal questioned whether the paper "failed to
think enough about the impact on
this one, largely powerless, fairly
ordinary young Mexican. The answer is yes. and we'd approach this
story somewhat differently if we
had it to do over."
He added in an interview that
the News and Observer has been
trying to boost its credibility by
moving away from unnamed sources and pseudonyms. "First-name
stories, I just really hate those
things," Gyllenhaal said. "When
you're trying to describe someone's life, the fact that it's real,
Hlled with details, makes all the
difference for the reader." But he
acknowledged that some people
now view the paper "as being
insensitive or callous."
Feature Article
Is Bad Newsfor
Illegal Immigrant
Bv HOWARD KURTZ
ITashmcinri Post Staff IT'nlcr
Julio Granados works 11 hours a day in a North
Carolina bodega so he can send money back to his
mother in Mexico. He is also, according to a long and
touching profile in the Raleigh News and Observer, an
illegal immigrant.
It didn't taie long for federal authorities to arrest
Granados and five co-workers on charges that likely
will lead to their deportation. And many Hispanics are
furious al the News and Observer for announcing his
illegal status in neon lights.
"We're deeply sorry for what happened." said
Anders Gyllenhaal, the paper's executive editor. "1
thinJ< we could have told pretty much the same story
and not detailed the place where he worked, a place
with an address. That probably would have meant that
none of this would've happened."
Gici Anders, a Cuban American who is the paper's
Set MEDIA NOTES. D6_Col. /
MEDIA NOTES. From Dl
only Hispanic reporter, said she
repeatedly talked to Granados
about the possibility that having
his name and picture in the paper
could lead to deportation. In the
course of two months of interviews
conducted in Spanish, she says, the
21-year-old Mexican said he understood the risk and that it was all
nght because his mother missed
him.
"I did my job." .Anders said "I
told him and told him. Am I supposed to try to talk him out of it?
The point was to give a face
and a voice to people no one cares
about."
Anders, a former Washington
Post copy aide, said she has "been
through hell" and received a number of death threats. The story has
divided the paper, where many
staffers have criticized the decision
to identify Granados. But perhaps
the harshest reaction has come
from readers.
"Your earlier story . . . should
have protected his privacy, since
the outcome was tally inevitable,"
wrote Raque! Hernandez.
"Whatever happened to journalistic integrity?" asked Charles Ramirez.
"Surely (the editors] knew they
had Dung down a gauntlet that
federal immigration agents couldn't ignore," said Micaela Massimino.
Indeed, an Immigration and
Naturalization Service special
agent told the paper that the article
was "the catalyst" for the arrests.
Gyllenhaal met with 25 angry Hispanic leaders last week in an effort
Playing Favorites
The Chicago Sun-Times has acknowledged that it tilts news coverage in favor of advertisers.
The unusual approach sounds
tike every journalist's nightmare,
but Editor in Chief Nigel Wade
says it applies only to "tfiscretionary" stories. "If we've got two
Santa Clauses to choosefromand
one of them works for a store that
advertises in our paper and the
other refuses to advertise in our
paper, then it's a no-brainer," he
said. "We're going to go with the
friendly store." But the stores
would get "equal treatment" for
their year-end reports.
The policy, first reported by the
Los Angeles Times, has various
permutations. For a story on shopping trends, Wade said, "you don't
send a reporter to a store that
routinely refuses to support us
with their advertising. On the fashion page, you don't choose a gown
from a store that refuses to do
business with us."
One target of the campaign is
Neiman Marcus, which advertises
in the Chicago Tribune but not its
crosstown rival. Wade says he
would run a picture of a pedestrian
with a shopping bagfromMarshall
Field, a Sun-Times advertiser, but
not one from Neiman Marcus. Executives from Neiman Marcus
have complained to the tabloid's
publisher about the freezeout.
Is the Sun-Times using its news
columns to subtly pressure local
companies to buy ads? "I think so."
Wade said. "If someone whose
Santa Claus we didn't favor decided to support us, our view wouid
change."
Street Logic
An online business magazine is
using Wall Strcel-style financial
incentives to boost its journalistic
productivity.
TheStreet.com has told its 30person editorial staff that anyone
whose story is picked up elsewhere
in the media will get a $2,000
bonus. "It's to reward good work
and make people work a little
harder and underscore the challenge we face ss pioneers in this
new medium," said Editor in Chief
David Kansas.
The Webzine has paid the bonus
twice so far and expects to pony up
at least 25 times a year. "Right now
the bar is pretty low," said Kansas,
noting that a mention by a wire
service or radio or TV station
qualifies a reporter for the extra
cash. But he warns that he will not
tolerate "shenanigans," such as a
reporter calling a pal at another
news outlet and offering to split
the bonus in exchange for a mention.
Beer Blast
London's sober Financial Times
served up an intoxicating story
about Guinness, saying the Irish
beer giant would become an official sponsor for the Greenwich
Observatory countdown to the millennium. The piece said Greenwich Mean Time would be renamed Guinness Mean Time, and
that one of the clocks would feature "pint drips."
It was all based on a Guinness
press release—which was, to the
financial paper's embarrassment,
an April Fool's gag.
Death Wish
Steve Dunleavy, a conservative
New York Post columnist, doesn't
pull punches. During a recent stint
on New York's WABC radio, he
practically lobbed a grenade at
Jane Fonda for her antiwar activism during the 1960s and '70s.
Dunleavy began with a top-of-thelungs blast at "that liberal, Ted
Turner, and Hanoi Jane, who
should've been assassinated, put
up against the wall and shot dead!
That's what she should've been,
shot dead for what she did in
Vietnam!"
Dunleavy is fortunate that the
First Amendment protects even
overheated columnists.
�TUESDAY, A P R I L ? '
199
8
INS Detains 1 in Silver Spring
1
boy had been sexually assaulted by
one of the men living in the basement, according to court documents.
Eleven Mexican nationals were Police are investigating the allegataken into custody yesterday after tions of sexual abuse, said Lt Frank
U.S. Immigration and Naturaiization Young, who oversees child abuse
Service officials were informed that investigations.
they were living illegally in a Silver
INS agents served a search warSpring home and that one may have rant on the home about 6:10 a.m.
sexually abused a young boy, authori- yesterday and took 11 men into
ties said.
custody, Ferro said. The men, from
The house, in the 1200 block of their early twenties to mid-thirties,
Sarah Drive, may be part of a larger, did drywall work for the homeowner,
organized smuggling operation of Leandro Zamora Sanchez. The boy
safe houses that hide Mexicans who told authorities that Sanchez travels
are smuggled into the United States, to Mexico frequently to bring men
said INS agents in Baltiniore.
into the United States illegally, ac"Our concern is this is a new level cording to court documents.
of intensity in alien smuggling* into
Sanchez is being investigated reMaryland, said Benedict Ferro, direc- garding how the men were smuggled
tor of the INS office in Baltiniore. into the United States, INS agents
Until now, safe houses have general- said The 11 men were being held last
ly been something wefindin border night without bond in the Wicomico
areas or in well-aettled illegal alien County Detention Center until their
communities."
cases are heard before an immigraMontgomery County police told tion judge. If found to have entered
INS agents about the home after tlie country illegally, they could be
police received information that a deported, an INS official said.
Bv KATHERINE SHAVER
i
�License to lie $12 extra in California
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP)
— Maybe Santa Claus really
doesn't live at the North Pole.
There are actually five Santa
Clauses living in California —
and they've got the driver's licenses to prove it.
The information was included
in a report critical of the Golden
State's permit laws, released
Monday by a legislative task
force.
California is the only state
where applicants are allowed to
use a fictitious name on their license by filling out a form and
paying an extra SI2. There is
even one license with the name
"Me."
The law also means that fake
documents can easily be manufactured for illegal immigrants
to establish residency, convicted
sex offenders to create new identities or by drunken drivers to
keep driving, the report says.
Other oddities: While Social
Security numbers must be given
by all applicants, none are verified. And though applicants often provide a certified copy of
their birth certificates to motor
vehicle officials, anyone can get
a copy of another person's birth
certificate.
A "tamper-proof" license to
be introduced by the nd ^-t.he
year could helc
censes will inck"
images and thumb^n.^.
Stye Ufosljtttijtott Simes
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 8, 1998
3
a
�Visas for Salvadorans
'outrage' w m ns kin
o e'
Bv Daniela Deane
USA TODAY
The families of four Amencan
churchwomen killed in El Salvador
in 1980 are pressing for an investigation into how two former Salvacioran military leaders were granted residency in tlie USA, even after
evidence linked the military to the
gruesome killings.
"[ was outraged to think that
these people, who were named in a
State Department report as having
participated at least in the coverup. if not the murders of the
churchwomen, are living here."
says William Ford, brother of Ita
Ford, a Maryknoll nun killed along
with three other American churchwomen m El Salvador. "This is
very disturbing. The government
has to clear it up."
! Three nuns — Ita Ford, Maura
Qarke and Dorothy Kazel — and
lay missionary Jean Donovan were
riped and murdered in the Central
American country. Five Salvadoran National Guardsmen were convicted of the crime and sentenced
to 30 years in prison.
• The families of the nuns — and
their religious orders — have insistefl for years that low-ranking National Guardsmen would not have
killed four North American
churchwomen without the approval of their superiors.
The murders came as Washington was embarking on a $7 billion
effort to help the Salvadoran military rid the country of left-wing
guerrillas. The case became the focys of a heated debate on President
Reagan's Central American policy.
For the last several years, the
families have been trying to interview the National Guardsmen in
prison. Last month, lawyers representing the families spoke at length
with four of thefivemen.
"They all told us that they acted
on higher orders," says Scott
Greathead, the Fords' attorney.
who interviewed the men in two
Salvadoran prisons.
"These men. who have been in
prison for 15 years,finallyfigured
out they got a bad deal." Robert
White says. He was the U.S. ambassador to El Salvador in 1980.
White, who was fired from the
foreign service after El Salvador,
says he "knew immediately that
the Salvadoran military had killed
them.... I reported this to the State
Department" White says he was
fired because he "told the truth."
The State Department said Tuesday that it was not familiar with the
details of White's departure.
The United Nations investigated
the case in March 1993 and concluded there was sufficient evidence to suggest the guardsmen
were acting on orders. After the
U.N. report, the U.S. govemment
did its own investigation and concluded the men were acting alone.
The families demand that the
govemment make public all its
documentation in the case.
During their trip to El Salvador,
the lawyersrepresentingthe families learned that Col. Carlos Eugenic Vides Casanova, then-director of the National Guard, and Gen.
Jose GuiUermo Garcia, then-minister of defense, now live in Florida.
State Department spokesman
James Rubin says they were granted visas in 1989 after the US. investigation concluded they did not participate in the killings.
"What you are seeing is the statements of some of the prisoners,"
Rubin says. "That may or may not
mean that there is genuinely new
evidence."
"When the Defense Department
or the CIA has a special relationship with a high-ranking military
officer in a foreign country, they
can and often do pop for visas for
these guys," White, the former ambassador, says. "They know they're
bad guys, they know they've killed,
but that's the deal."
C
O
C
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CO
ac
Q_
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—
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�APRIL 20, 1998
MEMORANDUM TO:
JUNE SHIH
JORDAN TAMAGNI
MICHAEL WALDMAN
SUBJECT:
IMMIGRATION NEWS CLIPS FROM 4/13 TO 4/17
FROM:
JACOB GOLDSTEIN
Dual Citizenship
'Torn Between Nations, Mexican-Americans Can Have Both," by Sam Howe Verhovek;
New York Times 4/14/98.
Many argue the new Mexican dual nationality law will destroy the meaning of
citizenship; some anti-immigration groups view it as an attempt by Mexico to reconquer its
northern neighbor. Teddy Roosevelt called dual nationality a "self-evident absurdity." John
Martin of Federation for American Immigration Reform says it "displays ambivalence about
their identification with the United States. I don't think there's any way that that can be seen as
healthy for American society." Some say it violates the oath of allegiance taken by naturalized
citizens.
But others claim dual nationality will encourage Mexicans living here to apply for U.S.
citizenship since they can retain their Mexican identity, enjoy the rights of U.S. citizenship and
still own property in Mexico to which they may return. Leonel Castillo, a Federal Commissioner
of Immigration and Naturalization under Carter, said, "Before, for many Mexican natives, it was
like you're giving up your life, your heritage, if you apply to become an American. Now with
this new law. they don't feel that way. You won't feel like you've betrayed your birth country. I
think it certainly means more of these people will become U.S. citizens, and that will have a
political impact, no question." The article quotes several immigrants who are pleased by this
sentimental bridge to their native Mexico.
Some experts argue dual nationality will promote global democracy. Peter Spiro, a law
professor at Hofstra, said, "you instill people with our constitutional values, and then have them
put those values to work back where they were bom."
High-Tech Jobs and H-1B Visas
"Help Wanted," opinion piece by Thomas Friedman; New York Times 4/14/98.
Friedman argues that competent foreigners should be allowed in to the U.S. to fill the
huge number of vacancies in high-tech jobs. Opening the door to high-tech talent will be better
for America because, "for every foreign engineer you let me bring into this country and put to
work," said T.J. Rodgers, a Silicon Valley businessman, " I will guarantee you five new jobs
locally to manufacture a microchip, sell the chip, ship the chip, market the chip and administrate
the chip." And if high-tech jobs remain vacant, companies may be forced to move overseas.
Sen. Abraham has sponsored the American Competitiveness Act to lift the cap on H-1B
visas, but also increase spending on high-tech education for low-income American students.
"Any country that would limit its brain power to a single select group from that country
alone is going to self-destruct," warned Mr. Rodgers.
�Green Cards for the Rich
"Abuses Are Cited in Trade of Money for U.S. Residence," by Eric Schmitt; New York
Times 4/13/98.
A 1990 Federal program designed to attract foreign capital and create or save American
jobs by offering green cards to foreign investors is being manipulated by consultants who pool
the investors' money, reports the INS after a six-month review. For example, foreigners pay
only one-third of the required investment, while a promissory note for the remaining investment
is eventually forgiven. As the necessary investment was decreased through loopholes, the
number of foreigners participating in the program has increased dramatically. Reports of abuse
have also been made by American consular offices and the California Department of
Corporations.
The INS moved to revoke more than 5,000 visas granted under the program, but faced
opposition from legislators including Sen. Edward Kennedy and Rep. Lamar Smith. Rep. Smith
said, "For months, American jobs, created by the investor visa program, have been ensnared in
bureaucratic red tape. Job opportunities have been stifled by a heavy-handed Govemment
agency." Legislators contend the freeze on new visas has stymied growth in economically
depressed regions. They also contend the INS knew all along what was happening under the
program and should not try to change the rules in midstream.
Bilingual Education
"The West Battles Over Bilingual Education," by Louis Sahagun; LA Times 4/17/98.
In Albuquerque and Denver, which together have 40,000 students in bilingual programs,
lawsuits and lobbying may determine the future of bilingual education. The U.S. Dept. of
Education's Office for Civil Rights has cited both cities for inadequate bilingual programs. And
students in both cities have walked-out in protest over the programs.
Fourteen plaintiffs, backed by Linda Chavez's Center for Equal Opportunity, are suing
the Albuquerque Public Schools for inadequate bilingual instruction, discrimination against
Latinos, and the labeling of non-Latino students as Latino to get more funding. New Mexico
Vecinos United has launched a grass-roots campaign to discredit the suit.
Funded by the National Council of La Raza, a grass-roots parents group is pushing the
Denver Public Schools to reform its bilingual program. La Raza's president, Raul Yzaguirre.
said, "Denver's Hispanic community has been extraordinarily patient with the school system that
has never been fully responsive to the needs of the community's children. By making this
commitment in Denver, we recognize that everyone has a stake in improving the educational
status of Latino children; it is not just up to the public school system."
Incidents
"The Sweet Taste of Citizenship," photo with caption; USA Today 4/14/98.
The INS gave the oath of citizenship to 75 children from 15 countries as part of
Children's Citizenship Day on Monday the 13th.
�TornBetween Nations, Mexican-Americans Can Have Both!
Sl)c^cUrJ(jork0uncj5
TUESDAY,
APRIL
14, 1998
�Moreover.
ami-immigration
Mexican politicians seeking suppon
from the millions of voters who hold groups have jumped all over a comment made in February by the Mexidual United States-Mexican nationality. But adding voting rights has been can consul general in Los Angeles.
resisted by Mexico's dominant politi- Jose Angel Pescador Osuna. who
cal pany. the Institutional Revolu- spoke ai a symposium iied io the
tionary Party, or P R.I.. whose lead- 150th anniversary of the Treaty of
ers perhaps lee) that voiers living Guadalupe Hidalgo.
"Even though 1 am saying this
outside Mexico might be more likely
to support other parties.
part serious and part joking. I thmk
we are practicing la Reconquista in
Mexican-bom people living in this
country have already applied for California," Mr Pescador said
Amencan citizenship in record num- At the consulate here in Houston,
bers in the last few years, largely where a large sign greeting visitors
prompted by concerns over Federal says in Spanish "Your great nation
laws that cut off benefits for legal wants you as a Mexican. You deimmigrants. But some experts say cide." officials said they believe the
that Mexico's new law will acceler- new law will promote better relaate that phenomenon and increase tions between the two countries
"These people can be ambassaMexican-American participation In dors," the consul general, Manuel
the electoral process, because it re- Pfcrez C4rdenas, said, gesturing to
moves a psychological barrier that the applicants for dual nationality.
kept many Mexican natives living "They can build a bridge of friendhere from applying for American ship."
citizenship.
For now, the number of dual naMany had also been reluctant to tionals in this country is clearly
apply because they nurse dreams of headed for a surge And while critics
making enough money here to retire contend the status violates the oath
some day in Mexico Until now, Mexi- of allegiance of new citizens, others
can laws had prevented anyone who contend that the oath uself should be
became naturalized elsewhere from revised, perhaps with a declaration
owning property on or near the coast ol "core loyalty" io ihis counlry.
or the American border, a require- "The fact is. right now. many new
ment that sprang from security con- citizens feel compelled to take an
cerns after the Mexican-American oath thai they have no intention of
war in the 1800's. In any event, respecting," argued Professor Spiro,
present-day Mexican-bom appli- who said It was ridiculous to require
cants for United States citizenship new citizens to renounce all "allehave wailed about 21 years on aver- giance and fidelity" to their native
age to seek the privilege, compared land. "And so, in their very first
with about seven years for all other action as a United States citizen,
foreign-bom applicants, Federal im- they're put m a position where they
migration officials say.
almost have to commit perjury "
"Before, for many Mexican natives, it was like you're giving up
your life, your heritage. If you apply
to become an American," said
Leonel J. Castillo, a Federal Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization under Presidenl Jimmy
Caner and now an education adviser
to Mayor Lee P. Brown of Houston.
"Now with this new law, they don't
feel that way," Mr. Castillo continued. "Vou won't feel like you've betrayed your birth country. I think it
certainly means more of these people will become U.S. citizens, and
that will have a political impact, no
question "
There are plemy of critics of dual
nationality.
" I think the scenario describes
somebody who is in effect hedging
iheir beis. which I think displays
s
-if
o
A new law will add
the largest number
of dual nationals
on U.S. soil.
ambivalence about their identification with the United Stales." said
John L. Manin, special projects director lor the Federation lor American Immigration Reform, a group
based ir. Washington that favors
greater restrictions in immigration.
"1 don't think there's any way that
that can be seen as healthy for American society."
a:
a.
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id
�Teroi^nT.tfsirs
w**' •.•..'M'lipiii'i'i
THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN
Help Wanted
PALO ALTO, Calif.
T. J. Rodgers, founder of Cypress
Semiconductor, is angry, and he is
not a man to hide his feelings. An
entire wall of his office is proudly
decorated with framed lawsuits filed
against his company by rivals. Today what Mr. Rodgers fS angry about
is immigration — the lack of it.
Silicon Valley has a huge shortage
of computer engineers, and each year
it makes up for that shortage by trying to cream off the best brains from
around the world and bring them
here. But the Clinton-Gore team, caving in to organized labor, has been
trying to limit their entry, even
though there are not enough Americans to fill these high-tech jobs.
"For every foreign engineer you
let me bring into this country and put
to work at Cypress, I will guarantee
you five new jobs locally to manufacture a microchip, sell the chip, ship
the chip, market the chip and administrate the chip," says Mr. Rodgers.
"Do I want to take away jobs from
engineer working in India makes
$6,000 a year, and one in Silicon Valley makes $60,000 a year. So this is a
case of American business not wanting to move high-paying U.S. jobs to
lower-paying countries, but just the
opposite. This is because in the hightech business there is a real advantage to having your knowledge team
together in one place — and right
now the place that is the core of this
knowledge industry is America. But
if U.S. companies are told to put up
"No Vacancy" signs, they are inevitably going to move more knowledge operations overseas, and that
will spur more innovation, wealth
creation and jobs over there. The
idea that we would educate all these
foreign computer engineers in U.S.
universities and then send them
home to compete with us is nuts.
Personally, I favor a very liberal
approach to all legal immigration
and refugee asylum. Any Haitian '
who has the guts and energy to build '
a boat from milk cartons and sail to our shores is someone I'd never turn
back. But in the case of high-techli^
workers, it's so obvious that they are^i
the key to the future. One only hopes
the Senate will ignore the Adminis-'v
tration and approve the increase. . .S;
"Look," says Mr. Rodgers, "the.",
winners and losers in the information
age will be differentiated by brain
power. But we have Senators, like Ted '
Kennedy, who don't see that. They.;
want to send back the first-round'
draft choices of the intellectual world
so that they can compete against us in 'their homelands. Four out of my ten
vice presidents are immigrants;,
Some 35 percent of my engineers are,
immigrants. My V.P. of research —
the guy who designs my most ad-.'
vanced chips — is from Cuba."
Would you like the jobs in your
country depending on only the engineers your country could produce, or
would you like to have access to the •
top 10 percent of all engineers in the
world? We are the only country that
really has that access today. Japan,
Switzerland, Germany — they have
no tradition of immigration, and that
will be a huge disadvantage.
"It takes 2 percent of Americans to
feed us all, and 5 percent to make
everything we need," notes Mr. Rodgers. "Everything else will be service
and information technology, and in
that world humans and brains will be'
the key variable. Any country that
would limit its brain power to a single
select group from that country alone ,
is going to self-destruct."
•
1
Don't shut out
high-tech talent.
Americans? Heck no. If T could hire
all the engineers I need locally, I'd
love to do it. But I can't. They're just
not here. So if we don't bring them
here, they will still be engineers in
their home countries, only instead of
working for us they will be working
for Hitachi or Samsung, and they will
compete with us from overseas and
take away our wealth."
The facts: Since 1990, there has
been a cap of 65,000 H-1B visas per
fiscal year (Oct. 1 to Sept. 30) for
foreigners coming into America for
high-tech and other specialty jobs. In
1997, the 65,000 cap was reached a
month before the end of the fiscal
year, and this year the cap will be
reached in May, so there will be a
huge shortage. Senator Spencer
Abraham of Michigan, the grandson
of Lebanese immigrants, has sponsored a bill, the American Competitiveness Act, that would lift the cap
to 95,000, but also increase spending
on high-tech education for low-income students in America. It's a
good bill, and it just passed the Judiciary Committee by 12 to 6, despite
Administration opposition.
The crazy thing is that a computer
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rniuee on immiaration JOD opoor- ."ars anG men me nians - L ' ^ S ; - ? ' :
'.unities have been Pitied Dy a hea'.-.- the remaining $.350 ' M AO--:-- ie
danced .Co, ernmen: agenc.Last montn. me Cajiorni.i Oepar:In response tc the criticism tne
immigration service OacKtrached a ment of Corporations ordered a Virbit late last month allowing ; 500 ginia-based lirm. Internank '-nmiinvestors and their families, who had gration Services, to stop offering inG E N C R F R RICH received conditional green cards and vestment program;, io weaiin> mRE
AD O
completed a two-year waiting period, migrants
io stay .n the Lnned States
The company. California officials
qualified immigrams
hundreds
other applicants
Consulting Outfits Exploiting m But pipeline willotnave lo refile their said, promised within eight weeks if
a green card
the
they bought a stake in a Delaware
guidelines
Gaps in Government Rules, visa petitions under newsay the im- limited pannership. The stakes were
being developed. Critics
migration service did not publicize in turn sold to a Bahamian entera Review Concludes
this decision, leaving immigrants prise for an annuity that matured in
five years Bui stale officials said
and their lawyers in limbo
"The immigration service is investors had no guarantee tnat they
By ERIC SCHMITT
wreaking havoc on everyone s lives, would realize the promised benefits
A ASHINCTOS' April i : - A Fed- and ii makes zero sense to me." said
Reports like this prompted tne imeral program that grants wealthy Denyse Sabagh. a former president migration service to conduct its re(oreign investors permanent resi- of the American Immigration Law- view -Little by tittle, the program
dency in the United States is being vers Association, who now repre- may have gotten out of control said
manipulated, the Immigration and sents one of the consulting firms
a Slate Department official familiar
Naturalization Service says, with inThe issue, has rekindled a fierce wuh the visa program.
vestors' money being pooled so that debate over the propriety of using
Bui many consulting firms say
most of '.her*, obtain residencv visas permanent residencv visas to attract mat they havt' followed ;he rules anG
wiinout mailing the required invest- foreign capital and create, or at least lhat they are being penalized lor tne
ment.
save. American ]obs
abuses of a few or by lax oversight
The uproar also underscores defi- by immigrauon officials
The program, established by Congress in 1990. envisioned wealthy for- ciencies in the immigration service
One such firm. American Export
eigners investing directly in Ameri- Its loosely worded regulations are an Partners of Charleston. S C . nas
can businesses But in recent years, easy target for consulting firms look- pooled more than J8 million m cash
a cottage industry of consultants has ing for loopholes. And its examiners, and promissory notes from investsprung up io pool money in creative who are trained to ferret out most ors, mostly from Asia. and. with the
ways from the foreigners, who under rouune immigration fraud, are ill- Government s blessing, created a
the program must invest at least equipped to address increasingly commercial financing company to
J500.000 in an Amencan business complicated financial plans
make loans to American exporters
that creates or saves jobs In return, "The I N S . unlike the I R S. isn't Thiny-eighi of the lirm s investors^
the foreigners receive a permanent typically an agency that has to police
residency visa or green card, the against highly sophisticated invest- have received green cards, said
coveted document that is the first
ment devices." said David A. Martin, Timothy D Scrantom, a managing
step toward Amencan citizenship
the former general counsel of the director.
A six-month Government review
One loan was a $750,000 line of
concluded last month that many of immigration service whose blister- credit to Pillow Perfect, a bedding
ing 36-pagc memorandum last Dethe consulting firms that link the
manufacturer in Woodstock. Ga
immigrants to business opportuni- cember became the centerpiece of "They're providing financing for my
ties in the United States had improp- the Government's review of the pro- company to grow and hire more peoerly exploited loopholes to guaran- gram
ple. " said Paul Ratner. president of
tee rates ol return and limit investor
For the immigration service, the Pillow Perfect, whose work force has
nsk Under some consultants' plans, visa program is the latest in a string increased lo 50 employees from 20
'or example, foreigners would only of contentious issues io catch ihe employees in the past two years
lave to pay about one-third of the attention of the Republican-led ConMr Ratner said that he had conequired $300,000 investment, with a gress, which over the past year has sulted several local banks but thai
oromissory note for the rest that crmcized the agency for wrongly American Export was more com:ould eventually be forgiven by the naturalizing tens of thousands ot im- peimve and easier to deal with '
consulting firm or the Amencan migrants and which has even sugOther middlemen are changing
Dusmess.
1
gested abolishing the service.
their marketing practices to address
These plans do not meet either
The immigrant investor program, the Government's complaints. One of
the spirit or ihe letter of the law which offers 10.000 visas a year, has the largest consulting firms. AIS ol
established by Congress." said Rus- never caughi on the way its propo- Greenbelt. Md.. said n sem a revised
sell Bergeron, a spokesman for the
nents had hoped Until iwo years ago. business plan to the immigrauon
immigration service
service in February
But when immigration officials the immigration service never is_
"Things are continuing io evolve.
to
moved this year to revoke more than sued more than 600 visas a yearim- s j William P Cook, a lawyer for
mvestors and members of their
5.000 visas granted under the pro- mediate families
AIS who was the immigration sen/.
gram, mostly lo immigrants from
Congress created the program to
g r a i counsel when the visa
Taiwan. China. South Korea and compete with other countnes. mclud- p g
was created,
ing Canada and Australia, that of^
i t i o n service insists
Continued on Page A18
lered similar visas to attract foreign , ,
H jupponj the program —
Continued From Page Af
capital and create jobs. But the ,„„
w t r i l changes — and
American model required larger in,
Commerce Depanvestments. the hiring of at least 10
^ 6 Small Business AdmimsHong Kong, a number of influential employees who were not related to
,
techmcal help in reviewlawmakers from both parties, in- the investor, and an audit two years
, g . | v e s i o r fmancluding Senator Edward M. Ken- after the visa was issued to insure
„
nedy. Democrat of Massachntetts
the mvesiment and employees were
,
, lawyers and their
protested that the Govemmem was
still in place.
clients say the program will stay
changing the rules m midstream
In the past two years, immigration
|
|
, ig .
The immigration service, the lawofficials say consulting firms have
makers said, knew all along whal Ihe
devised sawier business plans ior ^ ^
nd immigrams to
investors were doing and never
immigrams to use and steppeo up
' ai^ec an e\ ebrn A U nen tne Governiheir marketing. P " " " " ,
I N S. not to issue more general counment approved tne visa petitions.
Asian Md Middle
sei memos, but regulations. Mr
The lawmakers criticized a freeze
tions The number of visas issued to
me agency nas imposed on most new
investors lumped to 1.110 in i*a
^
visas until ii sorts out what kinds of
year 1997 from 295 visas in fiscal
investments are allowed. They contend thai ihe freeze has stymied
At the same time. American congrowth m economically depressed
sular officials in Tokyo. Taipei.
pans of the country thai the proGuangzhou. Seoul and Hong Kong
gram was intended to help invigoraised questions about dozens of visa
rate
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The MSB still has not determined what reucr.es off :.-.e center
Experts said the disparity in Web use menu tnat man> blicks are
fuel-tank explosion that tore Flight 800 apart a few minutes are: -.t
shut out of a rapidly growing arena of commerce, employment
had taken offfromNew York, killing all 330 on board. However.
oppommiry and learning. Computer-related industries, for example,
NTSB investigators have said that a power surge in normalK
expect to hire 1.3 million new workers in the next decade.
low-voltage fuel-sensor wmng that somehow had been stripped of
The results of the study also had "womsome" implications for
protective insulation might have caused a spark that tnggered the
[he continuing development of the Internet itself, which depends
blast on the 747.
heavily on its own users for new waves of innovations.
In its recommendations last week, 'he NTSB suggested that the
It has a detrimental effect for everybody, not mst minorities."
FAA also survey the wiring on comparable fuel probes in other
Bar said. ' By shutting out a significant portion of the population,
planes. Those planes apparently include the 737-100 to -500 series
vou are restricnng the source of potential good ide,.; about what the
jetliners, which have fuel system wire installations similar to that
Internet should be in the future.''
on the Model 747 series atrcrafvtnvolved in the TWA 800
Internet experts have long worried about the plight of
accident," according to the FAA
information have-nots'' in a country tn which Internet traffic is
Today's actions are consistent w ith one of the latest NTSB
doubling even 100 davs.
recommendations, issued April 7. regarding surge protection
But until now . researchers hud assumed any inequality in Internet systems." the FAA said Thursday
access could be explained by differences in income and the ability
The statement was seen as a response to critics who have charged
to afford expensive personal computers, modems and on-line
in recent years that the FAA has not responded quickly enough to
connection fees.
some NTSB recommendations and has failed to deal promptK with
Several experts, however, said they were surprised that the racial
important safety issues.
gap persisted even when incomes were equal.
The FAA said Thursday 's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking w as
This is the most disturbing instance yet of w hen race matters in
prompted by TWA 800 and by other fuel-tank explosions,
Internet access." said the researchers at Vanderbilt's Owen Graduate including one aboard a Philippine Airlines 737-300 in May 1990.
School of Management, who added that they were at a loss to
The cause of the 737 blast, which killed eight people as the plane
explain the disparity.
was taxiing beside a runway in the Philippines, has never been
The consequence to U S society of a persistent racial divide on
determined.
the Internet may be severe."
The FAA proposal would require the installation of electrical
Even so. there are some signs that the situation may change in the
surge-suppression systems that may include special shielding and
future.
the rerouting of wiring to prevent shorts and the introduction of
Nearly twice as many blacks as whites said they planned to
high-voltage current through inductionfromother circuits.
purchase a home computer in the next six months. Well-educated,
The proposal also would require the installation of flame arresters
affluent blacks were more likely than whites of similar income to
and pressure-relief valves on fuel-vent systems. The devices would
have a computer at work. And there were no differences in Internet
prevent flames generated by an external fire from entering fuel
and Web use when black students did have a computer at home.
tanks through the vents.
The new survey shows that about 5 million blacks are using the
World Wide Web. compared to 41 million whites.
^
The researchers said the survey highlights the urgent need to
^ T h e West Battles Over Bilingual Education (Albuquerque) By
create Internet access points in libraries, community centers and
Louis Sahagun (c) 1998, Los Angeles Times
other neighborhood gathering places where blacks who cannot
ALBUQUERQUE. N M. Political battles over how to teach
access the Internet at home can go online.
students who do not speak English are intensifying across the West.
Already, at least 78 percent of all U.S. public schools have linked
As the children of immigrants pour into school systems not
to the Internet but in schools where more than two-thirds of
equipped to handle their numbers or needs, the fight over how
bilingual education is done or whether it is done at all is pitting
students are either minorities or eligible for reduced-price lunches,
Latinos against Latinos, .Anglos against Latinos, communities
that number drops to 63 percent.
against school boards and school boards against federal authorities
Responding to pressure to broaden access, the Federal
Eight weeks remain before Californians vote on a controversial
Communications Commission vowed Thursday to reorganize its
initiative to abolish bilingual education.
S2.25 billion program subsidizing Internet connections for schools,
And Albuquerque and Denver, which have a combined 40.000
libraries and rural health care providers. The program has already
students in bilingual programs, have been blasted by the U.S
received more than 45.000 applications.
Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights for failing to
But the new research suggests that linking schools to the Internet
fund, staff and evaluate bilingual education adequately. Both cities
may not be enough.
have been disrupted by student walkouts in protest of their troubled
Our research has shown very clearly that you have to get the
programs.
Internet into the home, where you are much more likely to use the
But the dissatisfaction in these cities over bilingual education
Web," said Donna Hoffman, the Vanderbilt management expert
originally intended to prevent students from falling behind in
who conducted the survey.
academic subjects taught in English while they were learning the
language has taken opposite forms.
A lawsuit recently was filed in federal court against Albuquerque
Repair Proposal Is Extended Beyond TWA Flight 800 Jets By
Public Schools seeking to eliminate native-language instruction
Eric Malnic (c) 1998, Los Angeles Times
altogether. Last week in Denver, a national Latino group that
Fixes to prevent tbe sort of fuel-tank explosion in 1996 that
suppons bilingual education started funding a grass-roots effort to
brought down Trans World Airlines Flight 800 a Boeing 747
overhaul that city's program.
jumbo jet were proposed Thursday for another Boeing jetliner, the
Children are the lose« when ideologies and politics
widely used 737.
superimpose themselves on educational issues, but whether or not
The estimated cost of complying with the proposal to rework the
we can stop that from happening is a tough question." said Ofelia
fuel-sensor w inng systems on 1.140 of the U.S.-registered,
Miramontes, an associate professor of education at the University
narrow-body 737 jetliners is about S41 million.
of Colorado, Boulder, and an expert on bilingual programs.
The FAA said that an order mandating the repairs and
"The bottom line is that it takes time for kids to become
installanons on 737-100, -200. -300. -400 and -500 series planes
proficient in English," she said. Clearly, programs that are not
probably would be handed down in about 45 days.
adequately funded and shift from year to year in political winds do
Once the order is issued, airlines then would have a year to
not add up to academic proficiency."
complete the work.
A year ago, the Education Department ruled that Denver Public
About 2.800 of the 100 through 500 series 737s are in use around
Schools, which has a 48 percent Latino student population and
the globe, making them the most widely used transport aircraft in
supports the general concept of bilingual education had failed to
the world.
teach adequately those with limited English skills.
Last week, the National Transportation Safety Board, reacting to
The district then revamped its program so children would be
suspect wiring found in the wreckage of TWA Flight 800 and on
immersed in English-only courses within three years, instead of
some other 747s, urged the FAA to order inspections of fuel-sensor
remaining in the bilingual program indefinitely.
wiring systems on about 650 of the wide-body jets.
�But federal authonnes and a grass-roots parents group called
Padres Unidos (United Fathers) would rather have the district
develop ways to measure when children are ready to leave
native-language msmiction. The office of civil rights recently
referred the matter to the Justice Department, which could decide to
cut off S30 million a year in funding for the distndt.
In the meantime. Padres Unidos has staned receiving money and
-•chnical support from the National Council of La Raza.
Its president. Raul Yzaguirre. is an advocate of bilinzual
iucation and is perhaps the most influential Latuir, activist in
Washington.
Denver's Hispanic community has been extraordinarily patient
with the school system that has never been fully responsive to the
needs of the community» children." Yzaguirre said. "By making
this commitment m Denver, we recognize that everyone has a stake
in improving the educational status of Latino children: it is not just
up to the public school system."
Denver Public Schools Superintendent Irv Moscowitz said the
opposition to his modified program is neurotic."
' We re sayma three years might be the limn, but a teacher can
defend the position to keep a kid in bilingual education longer if
needed." he said. There seems to be a deliberate misinterpretation
of our policy gome on. That is a shame because it's over the heads
of our kids and driven by adult values and issues."
In Albuquerque. LLzet Aranda. a 16-year-old junior at Highland
High School, wishes all her bilmgual education instructors were
fluent in Spanish. When one of them kept calling the tentacles of a
dissected squid "testiculos," or testicles, she had to laugh out loud.
We spent half the period arguing about it," Lizet recalled.
Finally, somebody opened the textbook and showed her the right
word: tenticulos.'"
Lizet is among 14 plaintiffs in the lawsuit filed against
Albuquerque Public Schools alleging inadequate bilingual
msmiction. discrimination against Latino students on the basis of
national ongin and the labeling of non-Latmo students as Latino to
get more state funding.
The plaintiffs are being funded by the Center for Equal
Opportunity, a nonprofit public policy organization in Washington
led by Linda Chavez, who said she believes native-language
msmiction has been a failure everywhere it has been tried and
should be eliminated.
Because of that position, the litigants are being called
vendidos.'' or sellouts, by other Latinos some of them former
friends who regard the lawsuit as an attack on their ethnic heritage.
We would have worked with ideologues from the left had they
stepped forward to help us." said Vivian Doak, whose sons,
9-year-old Matthew and 12-year-old George, are plaintiffs in the
•zise.
- :ocal grass-roots group that once counted Doak as a valuable
member. New Mexico Vecinos United, has launched a
letter-writing campaign to discredit the lawsuit, its intent and its
backers.
Deciding to take that action was not easy. Andres Valdez, a
spokesman for Vecinos United (United Neighbors), fought side by '
side with Doak in earlier battles against alleged police brutality and '
unfair utility rates in some of Albuquerque's poorest
neighborhoods.
'' But we think they are promoting a racist effort to destroy our
language and culture," Valdez said. We will not stand for that"
Doak, who yean ago agreed to allow her sons to be part of the
program, believes it is too late to rum back. Her youngest son
spends an hour each day alone and unsupervised in his Mountain
View Elementary School library because he opted out of bilingual
programs that after three years extended his command of Spanish to
this: " Buenos dias. Buenos tardes. Senora."
Thefreckle-facedAnglo boy and his parents insist he should
never have been placed in the bilingual program. Their lawsuit
alleges the district illegally "pads" its bilingual education program
with non-Latinos in order to get more state funding.
School officials deny that. But they conceded it may have been a
mistake to have the Doak brothers in the bilingual program that
serves an impoverished, mostly Latino district. They also
acknowledged the district was not prepared to accommodate a
student who wanted out of the program.
U.S. Grants Protection to Iraqi Under Anti-Torture Rule (New
York) By Mark Fritz (c) 1998. Los Angeles Times
NEW YORK Four years after the United States siened a alobal
accord condemning torture, federal immigration authorities have
finally granted protecnon to one of the scores, of people seekina to
use the agreement to avoid deportation, in this case an Iraqi arr^
desener who had been whipped, punched and hung by his hefrom a ceiling fan.
The case creates a potentiallv bro;d new class of newcomer
r
the U.S. Immigration and Naturaliz-.tion Service, which has been
try ing to figure out how to deal with President Clinton s 1994
promise to the United Nations not to send foreigners back to places
where they stand a good chance of being tortured.
The 28-year-old Iraqi national, an ethnic Kurd, likely will be
freed next week after more than a year of custody at the INS
detention center in Elizabeth. N J.. his lawyer, Mary McClenahan.
said Thursday
The INS made its decision to grant the Iraqi protection on
Wednesday
Even though the agency has now invoked the L'.N Convention
Against Torture, it remams vague on how it will apply it m the
future, other than to say it will consider each case on individual
ment. More than 80 such cases are pending.
T think it's too soon to speculate what will happen down the
road." said Kelly Ryan, the INS associate general counsel. This is
somewhat unchaned temtory."
INS officials said even those guilty of a serious crime like
terrorism could fall under the protection of the torture convention if
there was sufficient proof that they would face torture in their
homeland.
But INS officials also said they would apply the torture
convention as they see fit, not allow their decisions to be appealed
and reserve the right to keep people m detention or even send them
back to their native countries. The Iraqi granted protection
Wednesday, for example, might be subject to deportation if. for
example, Iraq became a democracy,'' Ryan said. ' This isn't a
permanent son of situation."
Rights activists said the agency needs more ovenight of its
its
decisions.
What are the individual's rights and remedies if the govei m ^ ^ ^ H
e
makes a mistake?" said Elisa Massimino of the Lawyers Comm!n ^ ^ ^
>mn
on Human Rights, which has been pressing immigration authorities
to come up with someralesgoverning the torture convention.
The INS decision to finally act on one of its pending torture
convention cases comes while both houses of Congress are
considering legislation that would make the U.N. accord pan of
U.S. law and compel immigration officials to take action.
The Iraqi will be paroled from detention and get work
authorization, yet he will still have an outstanding order of
deportation thai the INS can execute whenever it believes it is safe
for him to go home.
The torture convention says we agree not to release or expel or
extradite a person to another state (in which they face a likelihood
of torture)," said INS spokesman Russ Bergeron. ' It does not say
we agree to give them some asylum or immigration status."
PenUgoo Faces Growing Problem With Waste Disposal
(Washn) By James Gentenzang and Paul Richter (c) 1998, Los
Angeles Times
WASHINGTON While the Pentagon struggles to dispose of
napalm stored in Southern California, the Amy is seeking to
transport a toxic solution of heavy metals from a Pacific chemical
weapons site through the pon of Long Beach. Calif., to an
incinerator near St. Louis.
The Army's plans, like the unwanted napalm train, point to a
growing problem facing the military as it tries to nd itself of
weapons and dangerous substances left over from the Cold War by
transporting them to disposal sites throughout the United States.
For most of this century, the military has had wide latitude to
ide
dispose of arms and dangerous trash as it wished, often in the I b a c ^ ^
lots of wide-open bases.
mt
But rising environmental sensitivities, the need to dismantlelte t ^ ^ ^ B
center^^^r
Cold War's deadly legacy, and the pressure of population ce
near once-remote bases have made cleanup more urgent and
a lot harder.
From long-buried but live artillery shells near Sacramento, Calif.,
to nuclear waste in the Southwest and uranium shipments scheduled
to pass through the San Francisco Bay area, the government's
hazardous wastes are causing concern and resistance.
�revoke uie liquor license ol uie r-aii.. ipnn^. . ..ciu.u..
too close to a
Center for hosting an erotic an exhibit Judges struck down tower. Strictly control
movie
all three efforts.
- Tony Mauro fantasy, he says.
"Navy pilots just do
not go around buzzing
the tower," the 38year-old lieutenant
commander said. "If
you did, you may as
well take off your
By Dthnoi Kamtn/T> Ptonaa f o o t , ,ia AO
wings and drop them
in the skipper's office, Altman: Arrives at Kennedy Space
because you'd be on Center on Mor^iay m a T-38 jet
your way out But ..
because it was Hollywood. I had to buzz it nine times. That
was fun." The shuttle is his top job now, but Altman enjoyed
the movie biz and working with Cruise. "He was a very neat
guy, really motivated about flying," Altman said. "And he
did fill his air-sickness bag."
The sweet taste of citizenship
«
Written by John Bacon with staff and wire reports
Young American: Marc Ast kisses adopted daughter
Sonja, from Russia, after she takes the oath of U.S. citizenship Monday in Washington. The Immigration and
Naturalization Service gave the oath to 75 children from
15 countries as part of Children's Citizenship Day.
USATODAY • TUESDAY,APRIL 14, 1998
•
i
�APRIL 27, 1998
MEMORANDUM TO:
JUNE SHIH
JORDAN TAMAGNI
MICHAEL WALDMAN
SUBJECT:
IMMIGRATION NEWS CLIPS FROM 4/20 TO 4/24
FROM:
JACOB GOLDSTEIN
ARKADIGERNEY
Waiting for Citizenship
•
"A Record Backlog to Get Citizenship Stymies 2 Million," by Mirta Ojito; New York
Times, 4/20/98.
More than two million immigrants are waiting to become U.S. citizens, the largest
backlog of naturalization applications on record. Those who have already waited five
years in residence for the right to apply can expect to wait up to 18 months according to
officials. Immigrant advocates, however, argue it could take up to five years in places
like New York.
The backlog is thought to be "a result of an inefficient, antiquated agency,
interference by Congress and a soaring number of citizenship applications that was
prompted by anti-immigrant sentiment and recent laws that cut benefits to noncitizens."
Now more applications are filed per year than were filed during the entire great wave of
immigration between 1911 and 1920. And the number is growing. A report of The
Citizenship Now Collaborative blames the INS and Congress for bickering while
applications mushroomed.
Immigrant advocates argue emergency measures must be taken to tackle the
problem. The executive director of the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los
Angeles said, " I just think the Government has^ompletely abandoned these people. You
know, if anybody else in the United States had to wait two years to get an ID or an
important piece of paper, it wouldn't be tolerated."
The INS and Congress have taken steps to reduce the waiting time. Four months
ago. Congress allotted a total of $211 million to modernize the citizenship operation, $14
million of which has been set aside to chip away at the backlog. The INS plans to reform
the system by hiring more workers, opening satellite offices, deploying vans, maintaining
citizenship centers, and buying computers and software to automate the process. INS
officials claim their plan will eliminate the backlog by the end of 1999.
The article quotes several immigrants fed up with the process and harmed by the
delays.
Waiting for Permanent Work Visas
"Sham System: Foreigners Seeking U.S. Work Visa Often Land in Hell Instead," by
Barry Newman; Wall Street Journal, 4/23/98.
Foreign workers, many of them highly skilled, have to wait two years or more for
bureaucracies to process their applications for permanent worker visas. The maximum
�number of green cards available annually to foreign workers, a limit set by Congress in
1990, has never been reached. The authof claims that inefficient policies at state and
federal labor departments result in a huge backlog in unresolved visa applications.
To sponsor a foreigner for permanent worker status, the employer must show that
no ' qualified American applied for the same job. It is up to state and federal labor
departments to determine the veracity of the employer's claim. Even if the employer is
unwilling to hire the American whom the labor department deems qualified, the foreign
worker cannot stay. The author claims that labor departments' biases for U.S. workers
result in lengthy, inconsistent, and unfair adjudications of permanent visa applications.
The article outlines the cases of several foreign workers caught in bureaucratic
limbo and details the shortfall of H-1B temporary work visas for college-educated
foreigners.
i
,,
Immigrants and Technology
•
"Use of Work Visas by Technology Companies Is Under Fire," by Jeri Clausing; New
York Times, 4/20/98.
The article describes the debate over the number of H-1B visas used each year by
technology companies to hire foreign workers. Sen. Abraham (R-MI) has introduced
legislation to increase the number. Opponents contend that many jobs given to foreigners
through the visas do not require advanced degrees or programming experience. They
argue that with a little training, Americans could do these same jobs. An INS report
showed that the companies applying for the most visas are using them for jobs that do not
necessarily require college-level math and science degrees.
But, a study by the Information Technology Association of America found close
to 350.000 IT job vacancies, and the Commerce Dept. estimated that the IT industry will
need an additional 1.3 million workers over the next decade. The GAO has questioned
those numbers.
•
"House Republican Wants Immigration Policy to Favor the Educated," by William
Branigin; Washington Post, 4/22/98.
Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Tex.), chairman of the House Judiciary immigration
subcommittee, wants to move the most educated applicants for visas to the head of the
line in order to ensure the U.S. has the high-skilled workers it will need in the 21st
century economy. Smith said 90 percent of future U.S. jobs will require higher
education. Smith's suggestions provoked a number of immigration advocates to respond.
The National Immigration Forum cited a 1997 Congressional Research Service report
which says that 50 percent of the jobs in the next decade will require a high school
education or less as opposed to the 10 percent figure Rep. Smith cited.
Several witnesses testified before the subcommittee on April 21 on immigration
and America's workforce for the 21st century. Some provided research supporting
Smith's claims. Alan Reynolds, of the Hudson Institute, said, "America must stop
recruiting workers for jobs that do not exist or exist only at the lowest wages. ... What is
needed is not another rousing defense of immigration in general, nor an equally
indiscriminate closing of the borders, but a serious, comprehensive reexamination of the
criteria and methods by which rights to U.S. residence have been regulated."
�Immigrants and Public Education
"Study Links Immigrants, Public School "White Flight'," by Haya El Nasser; USA
Today, 4/20/98.
A study funded by the Public Policy Institute of California found that as
immigrants entered public schools, native-bom students left for private schools.
Researchers believe resentment of bilingual education and prejudice against immigrants
caused parents to take their children out. They concluded, "Our public schools are
mainly going to be composed of immigrants and minority students, and we're going to
have less public support for public schools."
Supreme Court questions Citizenship Law
•
"Split Court Casts Doubt on a Citizenship Law," by Linda Greenhouse; New York Times.
4/23/98.
The case, Miller v. Albright, questioned the constitutionality of a citizenship law
that treats foreign-born illegitimate children differently depending on which parent is
American. The Court affirmed a lower court's ruling denying citizenship to the daughter
of a Filipino woman and American man because the father failed to assert paternity in
time for his daughter to be deemed a U.S. citizen. The paternity of the American father
must be established before the child turns 18. Had the parents' citizenships been
reversed, with the mother as the American citizen, no actions would be necessary to claim
U.S. citizenship for the child.
The Court rendered five separate opinions, splitting on various issues of the case
including the daughters grounds to stand to sue, differential treatment on the basis of sex.
and changing parental roles since the law was enacted in 1940.
New, Improved Green Card
•
"Green for Legal Immigrants, Not Forgers," by William Branigin; Washington Post,
4/22/98.
"INS Unveils High-Tech Green Card," by Bonnie Hayes; LA Times, 4/22/98.
The INS unveiled a new, high-tech, fraud-resistant green card yesterday. Officials
hope the new card will help eliminate counterfeit cards which can sell for as much as
$15,000. Immigrants' rights groups, however, fear the new cards may cause
discrimination since they spell out the holder's country of birth as opposed to encoding it.
"High-Tech 'Green Card' Debuts," by Sean Scully; Washington Times, 4/22/98.
Civil libertarians fear the new card is a test run for a national ID card for
American citizens. Steve Moore, of the Cato Institute, said "This is another step in the
direction of Big Brother."
Incidents
"Honduran Immigrants Wage Hunger Strike," by Pamela Constable; Washington Post,
4/24/98.
Five Honduran immigrants, supported by 15 other protesters, have been holding a
hunger strike to stop the deportation of Hondurans who fled illegally to the U.S. in the
�1980s. The U.S. government has granted amnesties to Salvadoran and Nicaraguan
refugees, but, according to the protesters, more than 6,000 Hondurans have been deported
in the past 15 months. "We are not demanding special privileges,"' said one protester.
"We are humbly asking for equality. The wars destabilized our country economically. If
I had to go back there, and earn $60 a month, how could I keep supporting my children
and my parents?"
Neither Congres:, nor the White House seems to support the Hondurans. Pres.
Clinton has said he will give them no special consideration because there was no
justification for them to leave their homeland. While a bill has been introduced to assist
the Hondurans. most members of Congress support the 1996 law which tried to curb
illegal immigration.
"Group Forced Illegal Aliens Into Prostitution, U.S. Says," by Mireya Navarro; New York
Times, 4/24/98.
"16 Charged with Forcing Mexicans Into Prostitution," by George Lardner, Jr.;
Washington Post, 4/24/98.
Federal prosecutors indicted 16 people for their leadership of a prostitution ring
that enslaved at least 20 women, some as young as 14. Ring leaders tempted the young
women from Mexico with job offers in landscaping, health care, and restaurants in the
U.S., but once here they were forced to work as prostitutes in migrant camps to pay off
their smuggling debts.
In light of this incident and recent high-profile cases such as the deaf Mexicans
forced to peddle trinkets in New York and the Thai women forced by armed guards to
work 20 hour shifts in a garment factory in LA, AG Reno created an interagency federal
task force to investigate modern-day slavery and worker exploitation.
"INS Official Indicted on Cocaine Charges," by Jerry Seper; Washington Times, 4/23/98.
A high-ranking INS official was indicted for aiding a drug smuggling operation
responsible for bringing over 66,000 pounds of.cocaine from Haiti into Miami from 1987
to 1997.
�The backlog is so great that ii has
created a secondary one — people
who have waited so long to have their
applications reviewed that their
criminal background checks have
expired after 1 months, forcing
5
them to have fingerprints retaken.
There are about half a million people in that situation in the six cities
with the heaviest flow of applicants:
Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Miami, Chicago and Newark.
Caught in the backlog are people
like Naufhad Ally, a -tf-year-old
mathematics teacher from Guyana
who works at Jamaica High School in
Queens. Mr Ally applied for citizenship in November 1995. He has been
A RCR BCLG
EOD AKO
T GT C IE S I
O E I ZNH
T P
SY IS 2 H
TM
E
A E C PROMISES ACTION
GNY
The Wait for Naturalization,
6 Months in 1996, Is Now
Three Times That Long
N
By MIRTA OJITO
More than two million immigrants
throughout the country are waiting
to become citizens of the United
States, the largest backlog of naturalization applications since the Federal Government began keeping
those records at the turn of the century •
The backlog means that for those
in the pipeline — legal residents of
the United States who, for the most
part, have already waited five years
for the right to apply — the waiting
time for citizenship is up to 1
8
months, immigration officials said.
Before the backlog started increasing in 1996, the normal waiting time
was 6 months.
Advocates for immigrants estimate that without emergency measures, the wait could be much longer
than 18 months in some places. In
New York, they say, it could take five
. years at the current pace of about
4,600 cases decided per month.
" I just think the Government has
completely abandoned these people,'' said Luke E. Williams, executive director ot the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles. "You know, if anybody else in
the United States had to wait two
years to get an ID or an important
piece of paper, it wouldn't be tolerated."
Immigration officials and advocates say the backlog is a result of an
inefficient, antiquated agency, interference by Congress and a soaring
number of citizenship applications
that was prompted by anti-immigrant sentiment and recent laws that
cut benefits to noncitizens.
For those eager to become United
States citizens, any delay is crucial.
It could mean the difference in keeping a job, receiving government
benefits or being able to bring siblings from abroad. And, of course,
without citizenship, immigrants cannot vote.
" I feel American, but I can't even
decide who represents me," said
Olga, 26, a Russian hairdresser who
has lived in Jackson Heights.
Queens, for 1 years and did not want
4
to reveal her last name. She filed her
citizenship application two years
ago. but with no word on its (ate, she
has decided to send another.
"How many times do I have to
show them how much I want to become an American citizen?" she
said.
Continued on Page A16
Continued From PageAl
interviewed by immigration officials
twice, and twice he has been told that
his file is lost. Mr. Ally has a temporary teaching license that expires in
August, and must become a citizen to
obtain a permanent one. "I'm desperate," he said. "If I lose my job, I
don't know what I'd do."
The growing backlog prompted the
Immigration and Naturalization
Service to ask Congress last year for
$150 million to modernize the entire
citizenship operation. Four months
ago, Congress granted that request
and approved an additional $61 million, releasing to the immigration
service a total of $211 million.
About $14 million has been earmarked to begin chipping away at
the backlog. Last month, retired immigration service officers and other
temporary workers were hired and
sent to Los Angeles, the city with the
worst backlog of applications in the
nation (405,000 as of Friday). New
York, with a current backlog of
282,000 applications, comes second.
Immigration officials said they were
ready to take similar measures in
other cities with heavy caseloads.
The rest of the money, immigration officials said, would be used to
open 129 offices where fingerprints
will be taken and written tests conducted, to deploy 44 vans to roam the
country taking applicants' fingerprints, to maintain four newly
opened centers that handle only citizenship applications, and to buy computers and software to fully automate a system in which some applications are still processed by hand.
With the help of an outside management firm hired last year, the
immigration service has also come
up with a blueprint for changes that
it says will eliminate the backlog by
the end of 1999
"There is a plan and a way tojseLIBereT' said Eric Andrus, an immigration service spokesman in Washington. "We just need time." Mr.
Andrus called the elimination of the
backlog "one of the agency's top
priorities."
But immigration lawyers and advocates for immigrants, some of
whom marched outside the immigration district offices in lower Manhattan last week to protest the backlog,
predict that the agency will be unable to meet its own deadline.
Mr. Williams of the Los Angeles
coalition chuckled when asked what
he thought of the agency's olans.
OO
Os
li)
o
O
04
a,
Q
o
1_-
�'Yes. yes. they announced the
changes a momh ago with a lot of
fanfare, he said. " B u t unless they
are ready to send a small a r m v of
people out here, it s not going to be
enough to make a noticeable dent "
Mr. W i l l i a m : s.^id there were
crates full of files in the hallwavs of
the district immigration office m Los
Angeles Even now. he added, his
clients were unable to get i m m i g r a tion officials to answer simple questions about missing forms or future
appointments
Angelica Salas. an administrator
who works with Mr. Williams, said
that despite the help Los Angeles
was receiving, the agency was as
disorganized as ever Recently, she
said, community organizations'were
handed a list that included 30 centers
in California where applicants could
get their fingerprints. When the i m migrants arrived at several of the
centers for fingerprinting, employees there told them thev had no idea
what they were talkmg'about.
Just five years ago, most i m m i grants were shunning citizenship.
That was before new Federal and
state laws that restricted benefits
like welfare for noncitizens and
threatened deportation. Now m o r e
applications are filed every year
than in the years f r o m 1911 to 1920,
when there was an unprecedented
wave of immigration f r o m Europe.
In 1996, 1.3 million applied for c i t i zenship, and the figure climbed to 1.5
m i l l i o n in 1997. Close to 2 m i l l i o n
applications are expected this year
" W e simply had a record number
of applications hit a 1950's sort of
system, totally unprepared to deal
w i t h that volume," said Andrew L.
Lluberes, an i m m i g r a t i o n service
spokesman in Washington.
A report released last week by The
Citizenship Now Collaborative, a national coalition of six i m m i g r a n t
rights groups, blames the I m m i g r a tion and Naturalization Service and
Congress for allowing citizenship applications to mushroom while the
two bickered about how best to run
the agency.
Congress has been p a r t i c u l a r l y
hard on the agency since 1996, when
it was discovered that an earlier
initiative to reduce the backlog had
resulted in sloppy work. Hundreds of
people with c r i m i n a l backgrounds
were granted citizenship Republicans accused the Clinton Administration of rushing the naturalization
process to gain votes for M r Clinton's 1996 re-election from i m m i grants, who are thought to largely
vote Democratic
The debate led Congress to delay
much-needed money for the i m m i gration service, and forced the agency to rush a series of measures to
placate Republicans in Congress.
I m m i g r a t i o n officials say the measures w i l l ultimately improve the system. Now, however, they are having
the opposite effect.
The w a i t i n g time in some cities
has been doubled by the mandated
measures, which include having two
people and a supervisor go over the
same citizenship application and
waiting to receive clearance f r o m
the Federal Bureau of Investigation
for each set of fingerprints (formerly, a lack of response f r o m the F.B.I,
was a sign of a clean criminal
record)
Congress
exaggerated
our
flaws." said an i m m i g r a t i o n official
in Washington who spoke on c^e condition of anonymity. They used a 50pound h a m m e r to hit a fly. Creating
the hammer and training people how
to use it made the backlog grow
wildly."
Margie McHugh. executive director of the New York I m m i g r a t i o n
Coalition, said neither Congress nor
the i m m i g r a t i o n service has realized
the impact of the new procedures,
i n the meantime, more and more
people have filed." she said " A t this
rate, the backlog will only continue to
grow and more and more people will
fall b e h i n d ^
The backlog has already affected
Sunny Chan, a 27-year-old radio operator f r o m China and aspiring journalist who thinks he was turned down
for a job in London because he did
not have a United States passpon.
" I was so embarrassed sitting
there." Mr. Chan of his job interview
" H o w could I explain to them who 1
was?" He has not heard from i m m i gration officials since he was interviewed in August of 1996. shortly
after he sent his application in. "1
have written letters, called many
times, even stood in line for four
hours," M r . Chan said. " T h e y tell me
there is nothing they can do and I
have to w a i t . "
CO
Os
Os
o
<
5PJ
<
Q
O
�Sham 5y5tem
Foreigners Seeking
U.S. Work VisasOften
Land in Hell Instead
The process is totallv artificial md
totally absurd,' says a New York !inm;gration lawyer who represents some big financial institutions. The employer pretends
the job is available to U.S. workers it s
almost nev«r the case If a sine'* tiwitf <<
•!
American applies, certification ;s denied.
But ;hat doesn t mean an Amencan ?e:s
'••rt A 'i.rc:?ner ,usifioesn; get lo iceep
his
job."
its all a sham, stfys Raymond
Uhalde at the Labor Department in Wash.ngton. Mr. Uhalde is an acting depuiy
assistant secretary, and running the sham
is his occupation. He thinks the system is
arcane. S does John Fraser. a deputy
o
administrator. "The law operates on a set
of assumptions about the way the world
Ms. Choo's Trying Odyssey works. ' he says. "The world doesn t
work that way."
America today is just as scthzophremc
By BAKKY NEWMAN
about handing jobs to skillful foreigners as
S t a f f R i p o ' l t r of T H E W A U . S T W E F T J O U K N J ^
it is about handing welfare to needy ones.
Looking for work in New York' Good Some couniries speak dryly of migrants or.
•i i;h diimonas" Here s a joo you might like guesiworkers passing through to plug odd
;o check out:
gaps in a labor force. America's lexicon
swings between emonve opposites: from
Jeuelry Diamond Cutter iManh): Cut,
mythical immigrant to perfidious alien.
ihape i polish dmmoTids. Hold stone againsl companies want the best and the
Here,
edge of revolung sau or lapidary slitter to
Drighiest wherever they're from: unions
:ui d slit sltmes. Apply abrasne compound moderately able local hires. Globalwant
i further shape stone. 2 i/rs eip. iO hrs.'ick. want a borderless free market for
ists
SiS.Whr. OTas needed at S2h.33>'hr. Send 2
labor; nationalists want Amencan
copies res to P.O.Box 03. SY. SY.
workers in American jobs.
On a practical plane, -.mmiiration's
Go ahead, .ipply Mnqr n!^ r
adver- labor wars boil down to fights about visas.
:.sers won ; even answer your letter. This Right now. it is a fight in Congress over
one will for sure. Not only that, if you know visas for foreigners with college degrees
anything at all about diamonds - if you've who work temporarily in the U.S. The law
ever seen a diamond - you'll get an inter- lets in 65,000 a year. Those in favor say it
view. It's guaranteed.
isn't enough: those against say it's too
One more thing is guaranteed, though: much. One step up. the fight is aboul
You won't get the job. You'll be rejected permanent work visas. U.S. employers,
because that ad is pro-forma. tailor-made say those against, play the system to let
for someone else- probably someone in the short-timers stay forever. The system, say
job already. Chances are you're ;in Ameri- those in favor, is su torpid n gives emcan. The other applicant, the one cutting ployers no choice.
diamonds now. is a foreigner - a would-be
Lost in this feuding are the foreigners
American currently tied up in an American themselves. The U.S. ushers them into
bureaucratic straitjacket Thai's pretty jobs, opens the door to permanent resimuch guaranteed, too.
dence, and frequently threatens to close u
The giveaway is the want ad's box on their fingers. Rising numbers of fornumber. Box 703 doesn't belong to a eigners now hold visas lhat wiil run out
company. It belongs to the New York before new ones come through. They stand
State Department of Labor. Every week, on the edge of illegality. Their stones, on
dozens of ads in New York newspapers the surface, don't pluck at the heartdirect resumes to Box 7 3 - ads for com- strings; these aren't stipe pickers or
0
puter analysts and accountants and gym- sweatshop slaves. Their companies and
nastics instructors, for podiatrists and lawyers often fight to have them stay, and
L'rdu calligraphers. Ads in papers around they often enough succeed. But for increasthe country direct scores more to the ing numbers of educated, middle-class
mail drops of other state labor depart- foreigners, taking a job in America has
ments. And each resume delivered be- become a descent into visa hell.
comes a prop in one of America's great Said's Story
immigration charades.
They grab (ive or six years of your
Want ads for jobs that aren't va- life." Said is saying. And then it's.
cant amount to a mixed-up feint in a Thank you very much - now you can
painfully mixed up game by which honest, leave.' "
well-off and capable foreigners gain the
He contemplates a plate of chicken
nght io work legally in the U.S. The law
Please Turn to Pnne A10. Column I
insists that an employer search for a
qualified American before hiring anybody
who isn't one. Americans who apply for the
jobs are duped, companies that offer the
jobs are duplicitous Bound to operate a
sysiem it hates, tne U.S. Department of
Labor responds with distrust and delay.
Labor and Business Clash
Over Limits; Bureaucrats
Drag Out the Process
1
r
P
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
THURSDAY. APRIL 23. 199S
�tenders at J lunch place in Jersey City. N.J . behind lt.<?
Statue of Liberty s back. Said ut sounds like sigh-eed)
doesn t want his last name in print. He works at a big
Amencan bank with strict rules against talking to the
press, and the loss of his job would, in effect, banish him
from this country. The bank has employed Said for five
years on a visa that can last no more than six. Two years
ago. it sponsored him for permanent residence, but the govemment has barely begun to ponder the application-anotherreasonnot to be critical in public.
. For Said and his family, the dock ticks louder and
louder.Tve done it all by the book." he says, his voice
dropping to a hiss. "I'm qualified. I'm what this country's
made of!" He is a 40-year-old in a fitted pin-stripe suit, his
hairfluffedand parted in the middle. He earns $130,000 a
year tending the mainframe computers of a^intemational
banking system. He is also an Iranian, and border crossings have never let him relax.
The son of a property broker, Said left Tehran in 1 7 to
94
study computing in Britain, married an English woman
and. in 1981. took her home. The mullahs hadrisen,war
was on with Iraq. Said worked in the gray economy, avoiding the draft, until the day his wife was arrested-stopped
with a car full of Western tapes. She flew back to the U.K.
He couldn't, not without military papers. He had to escape.
On a cold January night, he drove toward Turkey with a
guide from a Kurdish underground railroad. After three
nights trekking through snow on foot and horseback. Said
crossed the bonier to a Kurdish village in Turkey. Then the
Turks arrested him and threw him into jail with his guides.
"People helping me were beaten up in my presence," Said
says. "A person who met me . . . "
He stops. His eyes tear up. He changes the subject:
"America has this charisma. People think it's so beautiful.
Why not take the ones who will add to your wealth?" Then
he tries again: " I wasn't tortured. I saw them torture the
others. They had this mask . . . "
Bankers and traders yukking it up around him. Said
takes a long drink of his Coors Light.
It was 40 days before the British Embassy got him out of
Turkey. Back in Britain, his marriage couldn't survive it.
He took a refresher course in computing, moved to London,
and became a consultant. Married again, he applied for citizenship and went to work for an American bank. The
Home Office took years to decide he wasn't a terrorist and
grant him a British passport. Six months after it did, the
bank shipped him to the U.S.
"I was working on a system and the system was transferred." says Said. " I came with the system."
The assignment was supposed to last a year. He arrived
with his wife and four-year-old son on a temporary visaan H-1B. After a year, his tour was extended once, then
twice. You can t ask people with families to stay six more
months, another year,rentinghomes, leasing cars." Said
says. He had wandered in too many deserts. He wanted to
settle down. But two temporary years became three, and
three became four.
At last, the bank offered him what he needed: a permanent job in America. It would submit a job description to
the state and federal departments of labor-both get in on
the act-then advertise, interview candidates,rejectthem,
and hire Said. The bank submitted its forms in October
1995-and that is where the application stands. There has
been no progress.
Said has since bought a house in suburban New Jersey.
His son has started school and acquired an American accent. "My wife wants to stay,'' he says. "My son loves it."
But even if his case gains speed, his lawyer has explained,
Said isn't likely to get past all of America's gatekeepers
and have a permanent-residence visa-a green cardmuch before September 1999. He doesn't have a chance;
his permit will run out for good five months earlier.
What then?
"I'd have to leave my job," Said says. "What can I do if
not work? Rob people? Would I go iUegal again?" Thoughts
of Turkey and Iran make him choke once more. " I don't
know! I don't mind being checked, but somebody must tell
me. Can I stay? Yes or no!"
He drains his Coors and heads back to his American
job and his lengthening wait.
MEAMNGLESS LMTS .
In 1990, Congress set 140,000 as the maximum number of
green cards it would allow foreign workers in any year.
Stars of sports, the arts and academe, and expatriate managers, would get 40.000. The rest would go mostly to the
well-educated and highly skilled. For a country of 267 million, the number doesn't seem high. It comes to less than
Wc of all immigrants, most of whom get in because they
haverelativeshere. Since family members also need visas,
the actual number of workers can be half the limit or less.
Yet the 140.000 limit has never beenreached.In 1996, the
U.S. issued only 117,500 permanent work visas. The reason
isn't slack demand; lots of jobs chase lots of foreigners. It's
just that America can't decide if it wants them.
The merger of foreigners into the U.S. labor stream
starts with a big college welcome for tuition-bearing students. About 350,000 arrive every year, two-thirds from
Asia. The students carry visas that come with a useful extra: permission to devote one year after graduation to
"practical training" here. That means they can all go out
and get jobs.
"They're not, strictly speaking, trainees," says Mack
Mims, an immigration lawyer for Texas Instruments
Inc. in Dallas. "They're performing real work, using
their skills "-skills technology companies will kill to keep in America. All
"""
that takes, for starters, is a short hop
from a student visa to an H-1B.
The H-1B numbers game also started
in 1990, when Congress picked 65,000 as
the annual limit. The visarequiresa
bachelor's degree and an offer for a job
that fits it. A company has to pay what
the Department of Labor deems a fair
wage; it doesn't have to beat the bushes
for Americans to interview. The H-1B
was intended to be good in any field, not
as a stopgap for isolated U.S. labor
shortages. As managed, though, it
turned into a stopgap anyway.
Neither the unions nor the Clinton administration's Labor Department like
this visa. Since its kickoff, tales have
been told, many true, of foreigners
shipped in by "job shops" to undercut wages and push
Americans out of work. The tales tailed off with unemployment's decline, but the H-lB's disregard of home-grown talent still rankled the department. A 1 9 report by its inspec96
tor general called it little more than a "steppingstone to
permanent residence for students, relatives and friends. "
That is true often enough, but it hardly means companies enjoy going through the H-IB mill. Without a pressing
need for a particular individual, many wouldn't touch an H1B candidate today for any reason short of desperation.
"It's the cost and the effort." says the labor-relations
manager at a big New York book publisher. With no lack of
Americans eager to join her shop, she won't hire anyone
who walks in without a work visa, and not only because of
the paperwork. She also has to pay foreigners a "prevailing
wage" calculated by the Department of Labor-which pans
out as more than she pays her own Americans. And the foreigner's pay has to be posted for all the Americans to see.
"That we don't do." the manager says. "I know the culture of my company."
Something else her culture can't abide is a wait. Americans give two-weeks notice when they quit a job. It takes
six to get an H-LB. or it did until last summer: On Sept. 2,
the visa supply ran out. A booming computer industry had
met the desperation mandate. It was hiring foreigners like
mad. While politicians debated the existence of a high-tech
labor shortage, the foreigners, as usual, got speared. Thousands who had turned their lives inside out to accept Amer-
�Thousands of students already in jobs had to be fired.
That's what happened to San San Choo.
. CHOO'S ODYSSEY
She arrived from Malaysia in 1992. at age 19. to study
industrial engineering at the University of Arizona. Af;r graduating in 19%, she headed for Seattle in search j
J work. Ten companies turned her away. But in the
j
heart of Microsoft and Intel territory, a maker of labels, !
signs and decals-GM Nameplate-was, yes. desperate '
for a quality engineer. It took her on.
Ms. Choo began work in April 1997, sitting in a cubicle
off the factory floor, examining assembly-line rejects. Her
student visa had four months to run. As soon as the company knew she was good enough to keep on. it filed :u H-1B
application. August came, and Ms. Choo's student vSa expired. The H-1B didn't arrive. Legally, the company had no
choice. It let her go.
She bought a ticket and flew home to Malaysia. The wait
for her visa should have been brief, but then came the news
that 1997's H-1R reserve was gone. With thousands like her
around the world, Ms. Choo had to hang out, bunking with
fnends and relatives, until the new fiscal year dawned in
October, bringing its fresh stock of 65,000 visas.
The .American companies that had hired these people
kept projects on hold and desks empty. GM Nameplate got
a former manager to fill in. It was late October before Ms.
Choo reclaimed her cubicle. The company took her back,
but it wasn't happy.
Five weeks you can live with,'' says Heidi Hui. its human-resources director. "Three months is a different
story." On the other hand, if another Ms. Choo showed up
tomorrow, Ms. Hui would still be just as desperate and
would still give her an interview. "Why not?" she says.
'Don't you want the best talent you can get?"
WAR OF ATTIiniON
The answer, for employers, is usually yes. For bureaucrats who enforce the law. the answer is often no.
That's why the visa war between business and govemment won't end soon. Congress this spring may be moving
toward a compromise that would let in 30,000 extra temporary workers; without it, the visa reserve will dry up in
May-and the wait this year could be as long as five
months, not three. But the underlying question here is
about America's willingness to welcome elite foreigners
and let them stay for good.
The explosion in high-tech jobs is one reason for the H1B crush. A deeper reason is a go-slow in giving visas to the
workers companies want to hang on to. In 1995, the ritual
search-for Americans to fill jobs foreigners already occupy-was carried on by 800 state and federal bureaucrats
for S51 million. In 1997. 380 bureaucrats did it on a budget of
m million. Since 1995, the case backlog has grown from
40.000 to a projected 104,000 in 1998. Processing time has
stretched past two years in most places to more than four'
in Southern California.
Employers under pressure now to hire foreigners can't
afford to apply for permanent visas that won't be issued until four years from now. So they are stampeding after H-lBs
instead. While the permanent-visa delays persist, more foreigners Mil see rheir temporary visas expire before permanent ones materialize. And Americans will go on mailing in
resumes for jobs they'll never get.
Why has the Department of Labor gone on strike? "We
know their bias." says Jennifer Eisen. a Washington lobbyist for Intel Corp. "They protect Americans. The conflict is
built in." The bias, under pressure from organized labor,
favors training a national work force in the analytical jobs
that create today 's national wealth. Screening foreigners to
do the same jobs is hardly a top-drawer duty.
The department won't be that blunt. "We don't have an
ideology on this," says its official, Mr. Uhalde. So put it this
way: Silly rules beget silly bureaucracies.
Bright-purple vinyl covers the walls at the New York
State Labor Department in lower Manhattan. "We try to
be customer-friendly," regional director Ed Garvey says
in his cheery office. But doing the "alien labor certification" scutwork for the federal government leads more of-
"If the description isn't clear " she
says, "we send the application back "
ll™ ^
**& describes
40.000 jobs. If an emp1$er has submitted an odd description, alarm bells go
off. E it the resume of a specific fors
eiper? A job that requires a language
other than English, for instance, is suspect. "An engineer doesn't do marketing to a Greek-speaJang communitv not
normally," says Ms. Palmieri. "We
need a reason."
Lacking one. she will kick the application up to her federal cohorts who
will dwell on it and kick it down again
At last, the wording of a want ad will coagulate, and the ad will appear in a
.
newspaper. In time, resumes arrive and
the best one gets the official nod,right?Notright.The d l
1
1 S£"
a n d
he
V C ^m e S
O
l o o k s m
reqUire
1 1 1 0r
even
a
that
"0 1e em d 10anv capan
6
S rf?
^
" P ^
wouldn t hire that person to sweep the floor
Ms. Palmieri explains: "Our standard is the minimum
W e g 0 b y y 0 U r a b s o , u t e
S
w
^-bottom basis for
hmng. We screen the resumes. We send them to the employer. He givesreasonsfor rejecting each one. If we disagree, we wnte an assessment and it goes to the feds If
they agree with us. the employer can go to the Board of
Alien Certification Appeals."
Among the resumes, of course, is that of the foreigner
applying for his own job, whose H-1B is fading away "Ultimate y, says Ms. Palmieri of cases that go on and on
the alien s time runs out and he has to go home"
On the way to the door, she pauses to riff through a new
application she spots on top of a cabinet. It's for a buildingmanager mamtenance supemsor. "Two jobs in one. Ms
1
8
me they
re
1
0 m a k ea
r ^ SWe Kfind?out when we get to it. Next year,So
' ^
od
case. S II ' * .
I guess."
INDIAN TROUBLES
X
r
n db e y 0 n d ,
m o r e
forei
hv S£ ! ^ n
gners kept dangling
SP ?tr ,n ' P
i l l ^ coming to the end of
their H-lB ropes, even if the U.S. hands more temporaiy
visas to new foreigners. For many who finally triumph in
getting their own jobs, however, more fun awaits-especially if they come from China or India.
Purvi Shah comes from India. She has joumeved from
the heat and dust of Bombay to the malls and sports bare of
Stamford. Conn. She is slightly built. 32, and rhe S95 000-ayear technical manager of Warrantech: it sells extended
warranties on anything to anybody. "We have to program
all that," Ms. Shah says.
In a bar on the ground floor of Warrantech's mirroredglass building, she has ordered the "time-crunch lunch "
Ms. Shah has been crunching time in Amenca since 1991
first farmed out by an Indian Job shop" as a computer
programmer in New York. New Jersey and Texas, and then
as a full-timer in Stamford.
"It was supposed to be short-term-six months." she
says. "After a year, I said, 'Do I really want to go back"""
She sailed along on an H-lB that would last until September 1998. In February 1996, Warrantech geared up to get
her a permanent visa. Amazingly, it went like a dream
Connecticut turned out to have one of the land's smoothest
labor bureaucracies. It mailed Ms. Shah's acceptance in
August 1996. Then her momentum died. • I waited for a
form." Ms. Shah says. Tn 1997. it came. Then it needed approval. For that. I've been waiting ever since "
D e
a r t m e n t
w
K
�Acceptance by the Labor Department. Ms. Shah
learned, didn t give Warrantech therightto hire her after
all. It gave it the nght to petition the Immigration and Naturalization Servict for therightto hire her. That normally
takes a few months. But Ms. Shah comes from India, a big
country with a U.S. unmigration quota for smart people
with job offers of about 20,003 a year. The queue is so long'
that the State Department's consuls in India are currently
dealing with people who applied for permanent Amencan
jobs no later than the spring of 1995. Ms. Shah applied in
1996. Her H-lB runs out Sept. 1. The consuls won't reach
her name in time. It's hopeless.
Ms. Shah picks at her pasta.
"All I know is it's because of quotas. Something about
too many applicants. My company Vrishes it could do something. They have so much work and I know a lot. They can
depend on me. But right now I have to make plans. Where
do 1 go? I could look in Canada or the U.K. I m pretty sure
they d give me a work permit. If I get this green card,
great. If not, well, there are other countries. .
Will Pum Shah be Amenca's loss? The high-tech industry would think so. If its employers had their way. the flux
of foreign workers would breathe in time with the economy: when labor was short, the nation's gatekeepers would
go on vacation. That solution doesn t appeal to those who
speak for American labor; they would swing open the gates
only on a legal guarantee that no Amencan would be displaced and no foreigner disadvantaged.
Our stand is the same one companies take when they
face dumped goods from overseas," says Paul Kostek, president of the Institute of ElectricaJ'wd Electronics Engineers. If compames are bnnging in people from overseas,
we see a need for limits, just as companies want tariffs to
protect their markets."'
But the trouble with speaking of labor as a global ware,
to be shackled or freely traded, is that immigrants aren't
soybeans. People who move from country to country fall in
love, get mamed, have children. For many who come to
work-and live-in America, the immigration system is a
cruel joke. But the joke is also on the system. George and
Julia Zhao know the punch line.
STUCK IN THE SYSTEM
He comes from China, she from Taiwan. He studied
American literature, worked at China's foreign ministry
and enrolled, in 1990. at Miami's Florida International University for a doctorate in international relations. She studied occupational therapy, worked in Taipei, and, in 1992.
enrolled for a master's at the same school. They met, married. And then the system snared them.
" I came to get my degree," says Ms. Zhao, who is 32
now and sull in Miami. "Fortunately or unfortunately, I fell
in love with George." Mr. Zhao is 34, and he now lives in
Buffalo, N.Y. "We're stuck." he says. "We've been separated over a year. Time is life!"
Why would newlyweds live apart? Here's why:
In 1994, Ms. Zhao graduated and went to work at a nursing home in a Miami district of derelict factories. She got
her temporary visa, and her company promptly applied to
make her permanent. All went well: not a soul applied for
her job. Labor Department approval came last year. But
Ms. Zhao is a health worker, and that spells grief.
The 19% immigration law calls for new tests to make
sure foreigners in the health business know what they're
doing. With fine English and an American degree, Ms.
Zhao would pass her test easily-if there were a test. But
there isn't. Govemment and professional pooh-bahs haven't
written it yet, and apparently may not for years. Ms. Zhao
is left in an immigrant's limbo all her own.
Before envisioning any of this, Mr. Zhao got into the
University of Buffalo law school. He assumed his wife could
follow, but her H-lB has just two years left and she can't
switch jobs now without going back to the Department of
Labor's square one. She is, in effect, an occupational therapist indentured in Miami.
"Julia Howe?" says the receptionist when a visitor
asks for her at the home's front desk. People in wheelchairs fill a cinder-block corridor. Ms. Zhao approaches
through a crowd of nurses, the one Asian among them,
smiling in a white smoq)!. " I teach residents how to go
home." she says. "To comb hair, get dressed." In a
therapy room, a few old people are trying to loosen their
joints while Ms. Zhao's assistants fill in Medicaid
claims. A man rolls his chair toward her. He is missing
a foot. She tells him. "This afternoon we are making a
sandwich together. You will go home next week."
" I hate going home." he says. " I ain't going home."
She says. "How are your eyes today?"
He turns his chair and rolls away
In a while, she is telling a roomful of nurses about using splints, and about documenting claims for splints.
"I'm confused." a nurse says.
"What do you do then?' Ms. Zhao asks.
" I go crazy by myself," says the nurse.
Ms. Zhao knows the feeling, too. Later, in a quiet
therapy room, she says: "I'm trapped here. This job
doesn't make me happy. I'm separated from my husband. If you are apart, what can happen? More complications? Divorce?"
What, then, does she imagine herself doing if this tnal
ever ends-if, at last, she has a green card in her pocket
and the right to be hired to do the job she already has? The
answer is no secret: A third of the foreigners awarded permanent work visas, the Labor Department has found, leave
their devoted employers and their hard-won jobs within a
year. Ms. Zhao may not wait that long. 1 hope I can go live
with George," she says. "Have a baby, a real family. Once
I get my visa. I want to be with George."
�.a
.8
By JERI CLAUSING
•WASHINGTON, April 19 - As the information technology industry lobbies Congress to let more high-skilled loreign workers enter the country, new immigration
figures indicate that the companies applying for the most visas are using them for
the kind of joDs that critics say man-;
Americans could easily be trained to perform.
Figures recently Riven tn Congress bv
the Immigration and Naturalization Service ihoy. thut the 10 companies using the
most visas last year all provide contract
labor and services — jobs like computer
and software installation and maintenance
that critics contend do not necessarily require college-level math and science degrees.
industry lobbyists say the shortage of high-tech workers is so acute
that failing to raise the cap could
threaten one of the most vital parts
of the nation's booming economy.
Companies unable to (ill crucial positions in this country, they say, will
have no choice but to send more
sophisticated technology projects
overseas.
.The American information technology industry has 346.000 job openings — more than enough to go
around
for tnn.i^n
cr
I
e
1
O
cr
1
if
3
worker* .mil
Americans alike, said Harris Miller,
presidenl of the Inform.innn Technology Associauon of Amnuu. :i
Washington trade group.
Complicating the debate are some
seemingly contradictory trends, as
some key pans of the industry —
including personal computer makers
and chip companies — are grappling
The designation Hl-B is used for work with cyclical softening of their marvisas intended for hard-to-fill jobs. Many kets
technology companies say they need to
Two weeks n?n. for example. [ti
import more workers under the Hl-B pro- Intel Corporation playoil .i lend rule
gram because of a shortage of technically
in releasing an industry study that
proficient domestic workers to fill crucial contends there is a dire shortage of
electrical engineering and product devel- skilled technology workers. By last
opment jobs - positions that often require week, the company was announcing
master's or even doctorate degrees.
plans to cut some 3.000 jobs, mainly
through attrition, m response to
And yet. the company that imported the weakening demand for us micromost foreign labor lasl year under the HI- processors
B program is the Masiech Systems CorpoBut the kinds of jobs going dark
ration, a Pittsburgh companv that received and the kinds going begging are not
visas ;or 1.733 employees - or about 80 of the same skill level, according to
percent of its domestic work force — to Tracy Koon, an Intel spokeswoman.
bring in software programmers with only Tlie company is always on the lookbachelor's degrees.
out for the type of highly skilled
"This is not brain surgery," Representa- employees who receive most of its
tive Ron Klink. a Pennsylvania Democrat Hl-B visas. At Intel, about 3 percent
said of the jobs being filled by foreign of a work force of 67.000 people have
workers at companies like Mastech. been hired via Hl-B visas, and nearly
80 percent of the immigrants hold
"These jobs do require some skill and
master's degrees or doctorates, Ms.
intellect. But Amencan workers can be
Koon said.
trained to taJce these jobs "
Two other Silicon Valley advoMr. Klink. a member ot the House Comcates for the Senate bill, including
merce Committee, requested a recent
the National Semiconductor CorpoGeneral Accounting Office review that
ration and Varian Associates Inc.,
questioned the extent of the shortage of
have frozen their work forces at curtechnology workers.
rent levels.
He and other critics want Congress to
Varian Associates, which is based
hold the line on the number of visas rather
in Palo Alto. Calif, is a maker of
than adopt a proposal by Senator Spencer
laboratory insirumems. medical
Abraham, a Michigan Republican, that
equipment and semiconductor manufacturing equipment It has only 30
— Continued on Page 10
Hl-B visa holders among its 7,000
employees and is not currently seekConnnued From First Business Page
ing to add any new high-skill positions. Nevertheless, Varian wants
would raise the number of Hl-B viihe immigration cap raised.
sas to 95,000 from 65.000 American
"We don't know when the crunch is
industry, they argue, is exaggerating
going to come; it's so cyclical." said
the dearth of qualified labor market
Ernest M. Felago. Vanan's vice
to import foreign workers who are
presidenl of human resources. "Our
willing to work for lower pay and
only point is thai it's another source
who take jobs from Amencans.
of labor, so why dry it up?"
Supponers of the Abraham bill,
National Semiconductor, also a
which is scheduled for a Senate vote
chip maker, said that 55 of the 450
early next month, say the current
technical people It has hired this
ceiling will be reached in May. four
year required Hl-B visas. Even
months before the end of the Federal
though the company has'imposed a
fiscal year and leaving many crucial
temporary hiring freeze. National
technology projects at risk.
Semiconductor, like Varian. wants
No comparable House legislation
the visa limit raised to be assured of
has yet been introduced. But the
having access to the best talent from
House Judiciary Committee's subwhere ever and whenever necessary
committee on immigration is holding
"We would probably support laka hearing on Tuesday And the chairman. Lamar Smith, a Texas Republican, said he hoped to have a bill
offered within a week and passed by
the full House by the end of the
month.
MONDAY. F K I L » . « '
A
8
ing the lid olf altogether, but that's
pretty radical at this point." said
Tom Wulf. director of staffing for
National Semiconductor.
A problem with even the current
caps, according te conpames which
seek the highest-skilled foreign
workers, is that too many of the Hl-B
visas are being used to fill jobs that
do not require searching overseas
for candidates.
"They should be hiring double-E
people nm] people in product development.'' Mr Wulf said, using an
industry abbreviation tor electrical
engineers ' Otherwise,' he said
[hey shouldn't be allowed to use the
visas '
But Mastech. (or one, makes no
apologies for using che visas or for
bringing in such a high proportion of
immigrant labor. Masiech began as
a high-tech personnel service but has
expanded into helping companies design, install and update office computer systems
"The whole market has grown so
fast and the talent keeps declining,"
said Chuck Rusdill. investor relations director for Mastech. He said
the company has been forced to dip
into the [oreign labor pool for even
bachelor-degree holders, not to pay
lower wages but because of the dwindling number of American computer
science graduates
Mastech said that most of its Hl-B
workers arrive with a bachelor's degree in computer science and three
to five years of work experience. But
Mr Klink said thai many of the jobs
at Mastech and companies like it do
not require math or science degrees.
Programming, he contended is a
skill that many underemployed
Americans can easily be trained to
do.
During the 1993 and 1994 votes on
free-trade treaties, "we were being
told that as we entered the new information age, our workers were going
to be training for new information
technology jobs," Mr. Klink said
"Now, only four years later, we're
being told we don't have enough people, our people aren't trainable."
As the debate rages, even basic
data are being questioned about the
extent of the job opportunites in information technology. In addition io
the the Information Technology Association of America study that
found 346,000 job vacancies, the Commerce Department has estimated
that the information technology industry will need an additional 13
million workers over the next decade.
But the recent General Accounting
Office review questioned the validity
of those numbers and the methods
used for calculating them.
And while the industry points to
figures showing wages in information technology are as much as 64
percent higher than the national average, critics say a rather modest
wage growth in the field does not
bear out claims of a labor crisis.
Norm Matloff, a computer science
professor at the University of Califomia-Davis, said that Norm Matloff
said that Bureau of Labor Statistics
indicate salaries for computer programmers rose 7 percent last year
— not a rate that would indicate
employers are desperate for new labor, he said.
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louse Republican Wants Immigration Policy to Favor the Educated
grants, US. immigration policy serves primarily to increase the number of US. residents who lack even a higltechool degree,"
A key House Republican moved yesterday Alan Reynolds, director of ecooomic research
to reopen a debate oa te^l immigration, at the Hudson Institute, told the panel
citing research that indicates US. policy is "America must stop recruiting workers for
feOing to meet the nation's need far skilled jobs that do not exist or exist only at the
lowest wages."
workers in the 21st century.
At a hearing of the House Judiciary
Smith said that while 90 percent of future
immigration subcommittee. Rep. Lamar S. US. jobs will require higher education, more
Smith (R-Tex.), the panel's chairman, point- than 40 percent of immigrants now lack even
ed tofindingsby three prominent researchers a high school diploma. "Our economic engine
in callingforchanges in the way the United will sputter without a steady supply of
States admits legal immigrants. Smith said he ever-morehighly-educated workers," he said.
plans to introduce legislation that would
His proposal, which may be attached to
move applicants with the most education to legislation that would increase the number of
the head of the Kr* as a means of ensuring temporary visas availableforforeignhighthat the changing VS. economy gets the tech workers, immediately came under attack
hitfvaldUed workers it needs.
from immigration advocates and ethnic
Instead of providing key industries with groups. They called the idea of setting
large numbers of highly educated immi- educational standards for wouUhe immiBy WILLIAM BRANIGIN
WashingtuH Po$t Staff Vriler
pants 'anti-famay" and a violation of longstanding American traditions.
The National Immigration Forum, an advocacy group, disputed Smith's projection of
the nation's future labor force needs, saying a
1997 Congressional Research Service report
shows that half the jobs in Oie next decade
will require a high school education or less.
The prospect of reopening a debate on any
aspect of legal immigration is anathema to
immigrants' rights advocates, who joined
with the business oommunity two years ago
in a successful campaign to stripreformsof
the system from a major immigratioo bill.
Ultimately, the biDfocusedmainly on illegal
uiiuugrahoiL
In a statement and a letter to Republican
kadets in the House and Senate, the forum
and a ooaKtioo ofreligiousand ethnic groups
called Smith's proposal for educational priorities a "poison piT and urged the leadership to
WEDNESDAY, A P R I L
22,1998
rein Smith in orriskdriving immigrant voters
away from the GOP.
In testimony before the subcommittee
yesterday, however, researchers George J.
Boijas of Harvard University, Georges Vernez of the RAND Corp. and Reynolds criticized policies on legal immigration as failing
to meet US. national interests.
fat California. Vemez said, the benefits of
immigration still slightly outweigh the costs,
but the costs are increasing amid a "widening
&p between the needs of the state's economy
and the skill levels of incoming immigrants."
In addition, "increasing numbers of lowskilled immigrants are competing with native
and fordgD-bom workers for low-skilled jobs,
a sector that has not grown in the last 30
years," he said.
Vemez recommended reducing legal immigratioo bom its current level of more than
900,000 a year to a "more moderaterange"of
between 300,000 and 800.000 a year.
Reynolds said that since immigration accounted for half of new additions to the labor
force in Oie decade's first half, "the average
skill level of US. workers, productivity and
real wages may be diluted in the future if too
many immigrants bring below-average skills
to the job." Under law, he said, the education
or skifl of legal immigrants now "is almost 90
percent a matter of random luck." because
two-thirds are admitted because they have
family members here; most of the rest are
refugees, asylum seekers or winners of a
"diversity visa" lottery.
"What is needed," he said, "is not another
rousing defense of immigration in general,
nor an equally indiscriminate closing of the
borders, but a serious, comprehensive reexamination of the criteria and methods by
which rights to US. residence have been
regulated."
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Study links immigrants, public school 'white flight
By Haya F l Nasser
USA TOUAY
An inllux ol i m m i g r a n l
schoolchildren appears lo have
created a "while fllghl" I r o m
public schools, according lo a
study l h a l raises concerns over
lunding lor public education
and ihe (ulure o l race relations
in Ihe USA
Kor every lour immigranls
who enrolled in public schools
I r o m 19811 lo 1990. slightly
more l h a n one U S - b o r n siudeni left lor private school,
says Ihe study paid lor by Hie
Public Policy Instilule o l California, a nonprollt, independent think lank.
High school sludenis were
nuisl likely lo leave.
While Ihe researchers did
noi inlerview parents, Ihey believe Ihe movement is roofed
in resenlmenl o l bilingual educulion and prejudice against
immigrants
"While native-born are leaving public schools due lo i m m i grauon. There is a big, strong
correlation," says Robed Fairlie, a University o l Calllornia
Sama Cruz professor and co-auIhor o l Ihe study
•• The areas lhal were receiving a lot o l immigranls o l
s c h o o l age t e n d e d l o h a v e
more outllows from public
schools inlo private schools."
S( hools."
In New York, lor example.
Ihe i m m i g r a n l share o l Ihe
overall school-age populalion
went I r o m 8% lo IIW Irom
1980 lo 1990 Thai growth coin
cided w i l h a j u m p in Ihe per
c e n l a g e o l U.S.-born high
schoolers enrolled in private
schools, I r o m 14 7% to 16 8%
Ihe sludy did mil explore
reasons lor Ihe fllghl Ilul l air
lie speculates lhal Americans
w o r r y lhal schools w u h a lol o l
immigranls spend nioney on
bilingual e d u u i l i o n ai Ihe expense o l Ihe educalion of nalive born children
The study looked al pnvale
school e n r o l l m e n l and Ihe
number o l school-age i m m i
grants in 132 o l Ihe largest mel
ropolilan areas.
The researchers concluded,
"Our public schools are mainly
going lo be composed o l i m m i
grants and minority students,
and we're going lo have less
public s u p p o n lor public
The study comes Iwo months
before a key relerenilum on bi
lingual educalion Cahlornians
are lo vole in June on a ban o l
b i l i n g u a l e d u c a t i o n in Ihe
slate's p u b l i c schools P o l l s
show overwhelming suppon
l l i o m a s Saenz, r e g i o n a l
counsel for Ihe Mexican American Legal Defense and I d u r a liunal Fund in Los Angeles,
<
finds Ihe report depressing " I l
raises serious concetns aboul
segregation in education and
aboul racial inleraclion gener
ally"
Michael ( asserly. execulive
director o l Ihe ( ( H i n d i o l Ihe
Greal City Schools, soys it's importanl lor public st'h-..>ls to relain a level o l diversity and a
strong polilieal and lax base
He says the fllghl could create
"political and linancial isolation lor public school systems."
Casserly says inlolerance is
at Ihe heart of Uie movement
"People invent all lypes of
codes lor Iheir decisions, bul i l
lhal's nol al ihe hear) o l i l , I
don'l know whal i s "
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�Also today, the Court ruled unani
mously that the Federal courts had
Jurisdiction to resolve disputes between states and treasure finders
over rights lo sunken ships discovered in state waters.
The decision, California v. Deep
Sea Research. No. 96-1400, senl back
lo the Federal courts in California a
dispute over ownership of the Broth
er Jonathan, a gold-laden ship that
sunk off California in 1865 and that
was discovered and claimed by
treasure hunters in 1993. California
had claimed constitutional immunity
from the suit brought by the finders
to establish title.
The main question remaining in
the case is whether, as a legal mailer, the wreck was abandoned. If so,
under a Federal law, the Abandoned
Shipwreck Act, the state lakes title
and is obliged to protect the site.
Split Court Casts Doubt on a Citizenship Law
3
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By LINDA GREENHOUSE
WASHINGTON, April 22 — A
splintered Supreme Court today cast
serious constitutional doubt on a provision of Federal Immigration law
that treats the citizenship of foreignborn illegitimate children differently, depending on whether their fathers or their mothers were American citizens.
But two of the five Justices who
thought the law was unconstitutional
also thought the issue had not been
properly raised In this case.
As a result the Court affirmed, by
a 6-to-3 vote but without a majority
opinion, a lower court's ruling denying citizenship to a woman bom in
the Philippines whose mother Is a
Filipino and whose father is a former
United States serviceman who did
not acknowledge his paternity until ;.
after his daughter turned 21, In 1992.
Under the challenged law, had the
citizenship of the unmarried parents
been reversed, with the mother the
American citizen, the mother would
not have had to take any affirmative
steps to enable her foreign-born child
to be deemed a United States citizen
at the moment of birth.
The validity of that distinction between mothers and fathers was the
question before the Court, but It was
only one of the Issues that split Ihe
Justices, who produced five separate
opinions totaling 74 pages. The Court
divided as follows:
Two Justices, John Paul Stevens
and Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist — an unusual combination of
one of the most liberal and one of the
most conservative members of the
Court — found the distinction reason-
able and "well supported by valid
governmental Interests," as Justice
Stevens wrote.
He said that while the mother's
relationship to the child was "immediately obvious" at birth, an unmarried father's relationship "may often
be undisclosed and unrecorded In
any contemporary public record."
Two other Justices, Antonin Scalia
and Clarence Thomas, said the
daughter's lawsuit should have been
dismissed because the courts had no
Challenging a rule
on citizenship that
treats unwed parents
differently.
power to grant citizenship on terms
other than those specified by Congress.
Two other Justices. Sandra Day
O'Connor and Anthony M. Kennedy,
said that while the law was almost
certainly unconstitutional when analyzed under the "heightened scrutiny" that applies differential treatment on the basis of sex, the victim
of the discrimination was not the
daughter, Lorelyn Penero Miller, but
her American father, Charlie Miller.
It was the father's right to transmit his American citizenship to a
child on the same basis as a mother
would have. Justice O'Connor said,
adding that It was the sex of the
parent and not the child lhat made
the difference under the law. Ms.
Miller did not have legal standing to
raise her father's sex discrimination
claim, justice O'Connor said.
The remaining three Jusl ices,
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G
Breyer and David H. Souter, said
that the law was unconstitutional and
that Ms. Miller was entitled to assert
both her father's rights and her own,
as a victim of discrimination "solely
on the ground of the parent's gender," as Justice Breyer wrote. He
said the law, which dates lo 1940, was
based on outmoded sex stereotypes
about parental roles.
"What sense does It make" Justice
Breyer asked, to treat parents differently "In today's world, where paternity can readily be proved and where
women and men both are likely to
earn a living in the workplace?"
Justice Ginsburg noted in her dissenting opinion lhat an earlier version of the law, enacted in 1934. had
treated parents impartially. Congress is "positioned to restore that
Impartiality before the century is
out," she said in an unusually direct
appeal for legislative action. Under
the law's current version, the paternity of the American father must be
established before the child turns 18.
The decision, Miller v Albright,
No. 96-1060, affirmed a 1996 ruling by
the United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit.
The ruling may make little practical
difference to Ms. Miller, now 27
years old, who has married an American citizen and is a legal resitlem ol
the United States.
�Greenfor Legal Immigrants, Not Forgers
With Hidden Devices, INS's New Identification Card Should Counter Counterfeiters
fyWlLUAM
BlANICIN
Vashington Pott Staff WnM
The Immigration and Naturalization Service unveiled its latest hightech, fraud-resistant "green card"
yesterday and began mailing the first 50,000 to new
Ie0il iiiuiiigrants.
For thefirsttimein more than 30 years, the card
denoting US. permanent immigrant status actually is
green—at least in part—thanks to a stripe on the back
that bean its new official name: "permanent resident
card." Previous versions, officially called "aben registration receipt cards," tanged from pale blue to
pinkish.
For the INS, however, byfarthe most important
aspects are security features, some of them secret, that
make the card difficult to counterfeit These include
embedded digital images, multifaoeted holograms,
"laser etching* and the "nucroprinting" of portraits of
the country's 42 presidents plus theflagsof the 50
states.
There also is an optical stripe on the back of the
card that contains the holder's digitally encoded
photo,fingerprintsand biographical information, cards will not be required to surrender them immediwhich can be read only by a special INS scanner.
ately, but will be issued new cards as their current
The card, issued as evidence of authorization to live ones expire. Cards issued since 1989 are valid for 10
and work in the United States, "is now one of years. Several hundred thousand cards issued earlier
have no expiration date.
A new high-tech card was necessary, the INS said,
because of widespread documentfraud.Counterfeiters have produced hundreds of thousands, if not
millions, of fake green cards to allow illegal immigrants to obtain jobs here, according to INS officials.
Some of the better ones sell for as much as $15,000,
they said
Immigrants' rights groups have expressed concern
Commissioner Doris M. Meissner on the new cards.
lhat die new card spells out the holder's country of
Uie most sophisticated, counterfeit-resistant docu- birth on the front instead of numerically coding it as
ments produced by the federal government," the previous versions did. The groups charged that this
agency said in a statement Officials said the laser- could leadtodiscrimination by employers.
Distribution of the new cards was delayed for three
etched photo cannot be altered.
The new cardrepresents"a major milestone in INS months because of what the INS described as "quality
efforts to combat documentfraudand assist employ- control problems" in manufacturing them. The probers in identifying valid cards more easily," said INS lems have beenfixed,die agency said. It spent $38
Commissioner Doris M. Meissner.
million developing the new cards, which cost $12 each
The estimated 10 million holders of the old green to produce, about die same as the old cards.
"A major milestone in INS
efforts to combat document
fraud and assist employers."
�$ " i , jocil-Town Hall gathenng ' The only way we have been
\%fap
doors open is that our creditors have been good
y'aot to foreclose."
against President Clinton.
In separatefriend-of-the-courtbnefs supporting EUerth, Uie
administration and Rutherford urged Uie justices to take a strong stand
against sexual harassment in Uie workplace andtorule clearly that a
f
supervisor may not demand sexfroma subordinate.
Unveili High-Tech Green Card By Bonnie Hayes (c) 1998,
And, in an ironic twist for Clinton, a victory by his administration's
Angelei Times
lawyers in this week's case may revive Jone«' lawsuit against the
It's being called the '' high-tech green card." a piece of plastic
president.
packed with dozens of counterfeiting defense measures including
There is no legitimate reason for a supervisor to demand sexual
individual pinhead-sized portraits of all 42 U S presidents ..that
favors." Uie administration says A supervisor's "extortionate demand"
federal officials say make it virtually impossible to duplicate, even lor for sex violates federal civilrightslaw even if the woman worker
the mostresourcefulfraudulentdocument suppliers
refuses and afterward suffers no job detriment," Uie administration's
"This card blows away the California driver's license, which has
lawyers mamtam
always been regarded as a pretty sexy document technology wise."
Rutherford agrees with the need for zero-tolerance policy.'' A
said Virginia Kice, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Immigration and
supervisory employee should (not) be entitled to engage in egregious
Naturalization Service office in Laguna Niguel, Calif It makes that
harassment of an employee," regardless of the impact on her job, its
thing look like a stone tablet."
lawyers'say.
Thefirstbatch of the new permanent resident alien cards, which are
By coincidence, this issue was m die national spoUight three weeks
being produced in Laguna Niguel and St Albans. Vt, were mailed
ago when U S District Judge Susan Webber Wright threw out the
Tuesday to about 50,000 people whose current cards are approaching
Jones lawsuit before trial. Because Uie former Arkansas state clerk
the 10-year expiration mark.
had no evidence that she had suffered a '' tangible job detriment" for
At least 4 million California residents hold the cards, cominonh
refusing Clinton's alleged advances, she had no case, Wnght ruled
known as green cards, INS officials said
A federal judge m Chicago took Uie same view of EUerth's case.
Over the next decade, the new green cards will replace the 10
Because she had no evidence that Slowik retaliated against her for
million cards issued since 1989, when INS officials last made changes refusing his advances, he dismissed her claim before trial.
and security upgrades to reduce mass counterfeiting of tlie document
This is Uie real story in sexual harassment law, that many judges
Fake green cards are sold for $35 to $15.000 depending on the
sei a very high barrier for plaintiffs to get over," said David B.
quahty, officials said About 5 million illegal immigrants are believed Oppenheimer, an expert on harassment law at Golden Gate University
to be living in the United Sutes.
Law School in San Francisco.
The market for these cards is fierce." said Bill Strassberger. an
During oral arguments Wednesday, a Clinton administration lawyer
INS spokesman.
will join EUerth's attorney in urging die Supreme Court to send her
I'm not going to say no one will ever be able to replicate these
case to a jury
cards, because of course we knowfromhistory that if it can be done.
The stakes in the case go far beyond Jones and Ellerth. The ruling,
Oiey will find a way," INS Deputy Commissioner Mary Ann Wyrsh
expected by July, will have an impact both on workers who suffer
said during Tuesday's unveiling of the high-tech green card in
harassment on the job and on Amencan businesses, which could be
Washington.'' But we are significantly ahead of the game at this pouit forced to pay liability judgments.
SignificanUy."
Women's rights advocates fear that, if Uie high court sides with
Forging the new cards wdl be too expensive, she said, even for
Burlington, it will encourage even more judges to dismiss sexual
members of sophisticated crime syndicates who have capitalized on
harassment claims before trial.
the production of expensive, high-quality iUegal documents That
Lawyers for Burlington, joined by Uie U.S. Chamber of Commerce,
alone will severely hamper lower-level counterfeiting rings, she said
say that it is unfair to hold companies automatically liable for
The old paper green cards are easily forged by lifting the laminate,
harassment by their supervisors.
altering the information and photograph and then laminating the card
Slowik's harassment amounted to nothing more than'' an empty
again, Kice said. The new cards are hard plastic designed to fall apart threat that (did) not result in any job detriment" to EUerth. Uie
if the laminated cover is tampered with.
company argues. The company says that Slowik is still employed in
More security features mcluding microscopic drawings of all 50
Uie same position, despite EUerth's swom deposition detailing the
state flags, a dozen holograms, laser etching and a digital color
pattern of harassment
photograph of the holder and his or herfingerprinthave been added
In her complaint, EUerth cites 130 examples in which Slowik
to the new card as well
commented on her body, asked about her sex life, touched her knees,
An optical memory stnpe on Uie back of Uie card will enable it tn be
told gross jokes and asked her on Uie phone what she was wearing.
scanned into computers at border crossings and by INS officials
When she complained to another manager, she wastoldto ignore him.
during inspections.
When she sued, U.S. District Judge Ruben Castillo granted a
By this fall, INS sites in Nebraska and Kentucky will also begin
summary judgment for Burlington. EUerth's claimed harassment was
producing Uie new cards, allowing full production of Uie estunated 1.2 not sufficiently severe to be considered a "hostile environment," nor
miUion green cards issued annually. Current green card holders do not did her job status suffer enough to prove a quid pro quo harassment,
need toreplacetheir cards until they expire
he concluded.
The 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, on an 8-3 vote,
revived EUerth's case and said that Slowik's harassment and veiled
CasetoAddress Basic Dispute io Sexual Harasiment Law
threats, if true, violated Uie law. When Burlington appealed, the
(Washn) By David G. Savage (c) 1998, Los Angeles Times
Supreme Court agreedtohear Uie casetosenle Uie split among Uie
WASHINGTON '' You know, Kim. I could make your life very
lower courts.
hard or very easy at Burlington."
The division of opinion is apparent even among the lawyers who
Ted Slowik, a vice president of Burlington Industries, already had
work for Clmton.
made life miserable for Kimberly Ellerth, his newly hired young
His official lawyers at Uie Justice Department and Uie U.S. Equal
merchandising assistant, with insistent comments about her legs, her
Employment Opportunity Commission adhere to an expansive view of
skirts and her sex life. Now. as they were leaving a hotel lounge
the law.
together after a long business day, he made one of what Ellerth called
Robert S. Bennett, Uie president's private lawyer,tookUie more
hisrepeatedsuggestions that sex with him would advance her career
restrictive view in his successful bid to have Uie Jones case dismissed.
After 14 months, she quit and sued Uie textile manufacturer in
Since Jones could not show that her job suffered after she rebuffed
federal coun
Clinton's alleged advances, she had no case, Bennett said.
Her case goes before Uie Supreme Court Wednesday to resolve a
Last week, Jones announced that she would appeal her case to Uie
fundamental dispute over die law of sexual harassment. Is it illegal for 8th U S. Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis
a supervisortodemand sex from a subordinate or must die harassed
subordinate also prove that she suffered a specific ' job detriment" a
demotion or a failure to gam a promotion for refusing her boss's
advances?
EUerth's case achieves Uie remarkable feat of bringing together the
Clinton administration and the Rutherford Institute. Uie conservative
group that underwrote Paula Corbin Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit
o u r
�High-tech 'green card' debuts
Uses holograms,
electronic data
By Sean Scully
TUE WASHINGTON TIMES
In an effort to cut j f f the
thriving black market in illegal
documents, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service yesterday
introduced the new, improved
"green card."
The new S38 million high-tech
wonder uses holograms, embedded photographs, thumbprints,
and a wealth of electronic data to
make it easier for employers and
law enforcement officers to tell
whether an immigrant is entitled
to live and work in the United
States.
"We have — trust me — raised
the bar for counterfeiters," Deputy
INS Commissioner Mary Ann
Wyrsch said at a Washington press
conference.
Without a green card, an immigrant may not take a job in the
United States There are about 10
million of the old cards out there,
and the INS will replace them as
they expire. At that rate, it will take
about 10 years to phase in the new
documents.
The new green card — which
hasn't been green since 1964 —
has a variety of difficult-to-duplicate features, such as holograms of
the INS logo, the Statue of Liberty,
and a map of the United Sutes.
It also features microscopic
laser-etched portraits of all 42
presidents of the United States, l b
the naked eye, the portraits look
like a row of tiny blotches.
Civil libertarians, meanwhile,
are concerned about the card, saying it could be a test run for a national ID card for American citizens
"I think it is something that
really plays into Americans' worst
fears." said Steve Moore, an analyst for the libertarian Cato Institute.
The new green card features a
data strip on the back, made of a
material similar to a compact disc.
The INS can electronically encode
information about the immigrant,
including the thumbprint and picture from the front, on the data
strip.
But there is plenty of room for
other data on the strip. Mr. Moore
and others worry that this kind of
system could be used to record and
track all sons of personal data
about American citizens.
"This is another step in the direction of Big Brother," he said.
But Ms. Wyrsch insists this is
just a way to keep ahead of counterfeiters, who have figured out
how to duplicate the old green card
— which is actually pink. Ms.
Wyrsch said copies sell for as little
as $3S and as much as $15,000. The
INS has no idea how many of the
estimated 5 million iUegal immigrants in the United States have
the fake cards
The new cards are not "counterfeit-proof," she conceded, but they
would be very difficult and expensive to fake properly.
And the INS can, using a special
scanner, read the information on
the data strip, making sure it
matches the picture and thumb-
"41
print on the front.
Employers will not be expected
to use the scanner in trying to detect fake documents, Ms. Wyrsch
said.
The INS sent out the first 50,000
of the cards yesterday, but they
have a long way to go. Production
problems delayed the new cards
for months, creating a backlog of
80,000 people waiting for green
cards. It will take the rest of the
summer to work off the remaining
backlog, Ms Wyrsch said.
And cards issued before 1989
have no expiration date. The INS
has not decided how to replace
those cards. Agency officials concede they don't even know how
many of those are still in circulation. The agency issued an estimated 800,000 cards before 1989
but has not kept track of their fates
Immigrant-rights groups are
not pleased with the new cards,
which identify the nationality of
the immigrant. Older cards identified the nationality only by a numerical code. The groups worry
that identifying national origin
could compound the stigma that
many immigrants already feel.
The green card grew out of the
Alien Registration Act passed on
the eve of World War II, requiring
all foreigners to register with the
government. Until 1964, the card
was, in fact, green. The INS
changed the card's colors several
times, but the name stuck.
The new card is mostly white,
but the INS made a small concession to the color tradition on the
new card, putting a small green
stripe on the back, right above the
presidential miniportraits.
Investigators testify fraud
in SSI is near $4 billion
'i
By Cheryl Wetzstein
THE WASHING!
TON TIMES
Fraud in one of the federal government's biggest welfare programs is approaching $4 billion,
investigators told a House subcommittee hearing yesterday.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is able to recover about
IS percent of the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) checks it erroneously sends recipients, said
Cynthia Fagnoni, a top General Accounting Office official
But already S1.8 billion has been
"written off" and without significant reforms, the SSI program
"wiUremainopen to those who beheve they can manipulate the program without penalty," she told the
House Ways and Means subcommittee on human resources.
Current "overpayments" — SSI
checks that are either for the
wrong amount or sent to recipients
who aren't eligible for the benefits
— have reached $2.6 billion. Miss
Fagnoni added.
"That makes almost $4 biUion in
overpayments that will simply
vanish, as if into a black hole," said
Rep. E. Clay Shaw Jr., Florida Republican and chairman of the
panel.
The House subcommittee is preparing a bill to counter fraud in the
Sfje HJasfjingtmt ( ut s
T te
WEDNESDAY; APRIL 22, 1998
SSI program, a $27 billion-a-year
program that sends monthly
checks of as much as $484 to more
than 6 million low-income blind,
disabled and elderly persons.
The House bill is likely to address areas of cheating as outlined
by the SSA's Office of the Inspector
General, which are:
• Internal corruption, such as
SSA employees selling Social Security numbers or otherwise helping create false SSI cases for their
own benefit.
• Dishonest welfare and disability service providers, such as doctors who, for a kickback, falsify
medical conditions so people can
apply for SSI.
• Residency or income fraud, in
which recipients collect benefits
even though they hve outside the
United States or they hide income
and assets that would disqualify
them from the program.
John D. Dyer, a deputy commissioner of the SSA, said the agency
was acting to ensure that "only
those who are truly eligible" enroll
on SSI and that overpayments and
errors are reduced, especially
through electronic data collection.
Just this year, he said, the SSA
has been able to coUect $18.4 million by intercepting tax refunds of
recipients who had been overpaid.
�Honduran Immigrants Wage Hunger Strike
By PAMELA CONSTABLK
Wtuhinftmi fn.,:
.[JWriter
Five immigrants from Honduras, lying under a
huge Honduran dag and sipping only water and
Gatorade, have been holding a hunger strike in
front of the White House since Monday—and say
they wont eat until the govenunent stops deporting illegal tmmigranLs back to Honduras.
The protesters, who be&n their hunger strike in
Miami last month andflewto Washington to draw
greater attention, have been fasting in Lafayette
Square to dramatize the plight of 80,000 Hondurans who fled to the United States in Ute 1980s
because of conflicts in neighboring countries.
The demonstrators, one of whom was admitted
to George Washington Hospital Center yesterday
after suffering convulsions on his 30th day of
tasting, are demanding that Honduran refugees be
given permission to stay in this country even if they
ille&illy immigrated.
The VS. govenunent has granted a series of
amnesties to iUe&l Salvadoran immigrants, and
last year Congress offered them lenient conditions
ior becoming permanent residents. Lawmakers did
even more for Nicaraguan refugees, offering them
automatic residency if they came here before 1995.
In contrast, the protester) said, more than 6,000
Hondurans have been deported in the past 15
months.
"We are not demanding special privileges. We
are humbly asking for equality," said Nestor Mejia,
35, a Honduran welder from Miami, who was
among 15 protesters supporting the tasters. "The
wars destabilized our country economically. If I
had to go back there, and eam $60 a month, how
could I keep supporting my children and my
parents?"
Trinidad Guifarro, 61, who has been fasting for.
17 days, said Hondurans were America's allies,
who "gave our territory to fight communism, and
we suffered the consequences of the Cold War."
During the 1980s. Honduras was used by the
U.S. military as a staging ground for guerrillas
fighting a leftist regime in Nicaragua. Honduras
Cristobal Avila, left,
is comforted by
litis A. Cortes after
a fellow protester,
Heriberto Galea,
collapsed in
Lafayette Square
after 30 days of a
hunger strike.
Galea was admitted
toC
Washington
Hospital Center and
was in stable
condition Ust
> HIIU « «»
• J W WK
AII UM
U-
also received thousands of refugees from El
played an accordion and sang in Spanish, lamentSalvador when Washington backed a military
ing Washington's treatment of refugees.
campaign there apinst leftist rebels.
"We cannot complete the solution for Central
But President Clinton has said his adminisAmericans without including Hondurans," Gutration will give no special consideration to the
tierrez said, adding thai he hoped to negotiate an
Hondurans, telling their supporters in Congress in
agreement with Republicans, including Smith, who
a recent letter that "there was no dvil war or
agreed lo support residency for Nicaraguan refuwidespread violence" to justify their decision to
gees.
leave their homeland.
Unlike Uie Nicaraguans, who have presented a
Proposed legislation to help the Hondurans
united front on this issue for years, the Hondurans
become permanent US. residents faces an uphill
began pressing Iheir case only several months ago.
battle in Congress, where most members support- Moreover, the different Honduran advocacy
ed a 1996 law aimed at curbing illegal immigration. groups have feuded over personal and political
differences, and no local Honduran groups have
"Even the Clinton administration has refused to
turned out to support the Miami protesters.
allow illegal aliens from Honduras to remain in the
United States," Rep. Lamar S. Smith (R-Tex ).
FOR MODE INFORMATION
chief architect of the 1996 law. said yesterday.
"Clearly they should be returned home."
To read a Post Magazine story on the difficulties
Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IU.), who has intro- facingarea immigrant cummunities, clkk mi Ihe
duced a bill to assist Uie Hondurans, visited Ihe
above symbol on the front page of The Post's Web
hunger strikers yesterday while other protesters
siteat unvw.wushingtonpost.com
0
�Group Forced Illegal Aliens
Into Prostitution, U.S. Says
By MIREYA NAVARRO
MIAMI. April 23 — The young
women were lured from Mexico with
offers of jobs in landscaping, health
care, housecleaning and restaurants.
But in a case of modem-day slavery
one Federal official called "a chilling
reminder of prior centuries," they
were forced to work as prostitutes in
agricultural migrant camps in Florida and South Carolina, and sometimes were raped, beaten and forced
to have abortions, according to a'
Federal indictment.
In a 52-count indictment released
today by the United States Attorney's office here, Federal prosecutors have charged 16 people, 6 of
them from the same family and all
but one illegal aliens, with running a
prostitution ring that enslaved at
least 20 women over 18 months, with
some of the women as young as 14.
The defendants, eight of whom remain at large, were charged with
civil rights and immigration violations as well as extortion and involuntary servitude.
Federal charges of involuntary
servitude are relatively rare — Justice Depanment officials say they
have brought 10 such cases involving
150 victims over the last three years.
But groups that help abused workers
say the crime is widespread but difficult to uncover because it takes place
behind closed doors and the victims
are often cut off by language and
cultural barriers.
Several high-profile cases in recent years have heightened awareness of the problem, including one
involving dozens of deaf Mexican immigrants who were forced to peddle
trinkets in the subways and streets
of New York, and another involving
more than 70 Thai women who were
held in a squalid garment factory
ringed with barbed wire in Los Angeles, some for as long as seven years.
Today, Attorney General Janet
Reno announced the creation of a
Federal task force headed by the
Acting Assistant Attorney General
for Civil Rights and the SoUcitor of
the Labor Depanment to investigate
and prosecute modern-day slavery
and worker exploitation.
"The allegations are shocking and
unconscionable," Bill Lann Lee, the
Acting Assistant Attorney General
who is co-chairman of the new task
force, said of the latest case. " I wish
I could report that the allegations In
today's indictment are an aberration. I can't."
Between 1996 and last February,
the indictment said, members of the
Cadena family from Veracruz, Mexico, smuggled the women mto Texas
and put them in safe houses until
they could take them to Florida and
South Carolina. There, prosecutors
say, the women were forced to work
as prostitutes in brothels in a dozen
rural areas to pay their smuggling
debts of up to {2,000 each. Sometimes
the brothels were nothing more than
trailers set down in the migrant
camps in cities like Tampa. Orlando
and Fort Myers in Florida and Lake
City and John's Island in South Carolina, according to the Govemment.
The indictment outlines a brutal
operation that used recruiters to find
the women and brothel operators
known as "ticketeros" forced them
to work six days a week under the
threat of violence and for little pay.
Federal officials said the women
were paid $3 for each sexual act but
the "ticketeros" charged S20.
Those who tried to escape were
tracked down and brought back and
beaten and raped, the indictment
said. One woman was locked in a
closet for 15 days, officials said.
Some women who became pregnant
were forced to have abortions and to
QO
Luring women into
the United States,
then enslaving them.
o
return to work within weeks. One
pregnant women was kicked in the
abdomen and had a miscarriage, the
indictment said.
The victims, who are expected to
testify at trial, have been granted
temporary legal status for one year.
Justice Depanment officials said
they are working with social service
agencies in South Florida to shelter
the women and find them employment. Lawyers for the victims, who
now range In age from 15 to 41, said
today that the women were all from
Veracruz and most did not speak
English. The lawyers refused to identify the housing provided for them
but said some had already found
other work.
"They are really fragile," said Rosario Lozada Schlrer. a lawyer with
the nonprofit Florida Immigrant Advocacy Center, which Is representing
14 of the women. "The younger ones
have not even realized what has happened to them."
Those indicted from the Cadena
family were Rogeno Cadena, Juan
Luis Cadena-Sosa, Carmen Cadena,
Abel Cadena-Sosa, Hugo CadenaSosa and Rafael Alberto CadenaSosa. They and 10 accused associates
face up to life in prison if convicted of
all charges.
tc
<
i
<
Q
K
�BrazU Reels
After Deaths
Of 2 Leaders
By DANIELA HART
Special to Tht %'ashingion Post
s
ii- lihl1 r l l S I i l r i
•2
*n%t?ii-ti
SAO PAULO, Brazil April 23—
The sudden deaths of two top
political leaders in a 48-hour period this week has shaken Brazil,
raising doubts about the future of
economic reforms and sending the
stock market into an immediate
decline.
Communications Minister Sergio Roberto Vieira da Motta and
Luis Eduardo Magalhaes, the government's point man in the lower
house of Congress, were key figures in President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's privatization and
refonn program and were two of
his closestfriendsand allies.
Motta. 57, who died Sunday of a
pulmonary infection following various health problems, organized
the privatization of Brazil's state
telecommunications system, Telebras.
Magalhaes, 43, who died Tuesday of a heart attack, was widely
regarded as the most promising
politician of his generation and a
likely presidential candidate in
2002. His ability to conduct negotiations aooes the political spectrum was considered a key element
in getting support for constitutional reforms to streamline Brazil's
huge public-sector work force.
As stunned politicians and business leaders lined up at Magalhaes's burial ceremony—for many
mourners, the second in two
days—a stunned nation wondered
if the government's modernization
program and tbe opening of the
economy will suffer with the loss of
two of their most pivotal defenders.
Reflecting the uncertainty created by the two men's deaths, the
Sao Paolo stock exchange fell 2.7
percent on Wednesday and another 1.1 percent today.
Cardoso vowed that the telecommunications privatization process will go ahead as planned,
asserting there are other capable
administrators C assume a job for
o
which Motta had laid a strong
foundation.
More difficult, analysts said, will
be to matching Motta s political
skills in convincing friends and
opponents to vote with the government for major reforms.
A major test of Cardoso's constitutional charges will be next week,
when Congress holds a second
hearing of proposed pension reform.
The legislation would establish
a minimum age for retirement, a
maximum value for pension benefits and the end of special retirement rights for pubhc employees,
and is viewed by the government
as vital to reducing Brazil's massive budget deficit of nearly $30
billion.
Cardoso, who cut short an official visit to Spain to be at Magalhaes's funeral, appealed to congressmen to speed voting on the
reforms as a tribute to the men
who had committed themselves to
that cause.
An unexpected side effect of the
political tragedy has been a nationwide rush to medical clinics for
checkups—particularly among
young executives, who are notoriously un-health conscious and
highly stressed.
Magalhaes, while showing no
outward signs of ill health, was a
chain smoker and workaholic with
high cholesterol Cardiologists and
doctors specializing in antismoking treatments have been inundated with rails.
JlKtoostiinQton})05t
FRIDAY, APRIL
24,1998
�INS official indicted
on cocaine charges
Linked to ex-Haitian military leader
By Jerry Seper
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
A high-ranking U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service official was indicted yesterday by a
federal grand jury in Florida on
charges he helped Haitian smugglers route thousands of kilos of
cocaine through Miami International Airport.
INS Inspector Joel G. Audain,
38, was named on multiple counts
of violating federal narcotics and
money-laundering laws. He is accused of helping the Francois/
Beaudouin drug organization —
with ties to the former de facto
leaders of Haiti—smuggle narcotics undetected through the Miami
airport.
Mr. Audain is charged in the
same indictment with 11 other codefendants, including Joseph Michel Francois, who was the military leader of Haiti from 1991 to
1994 and police chief in Port au
Prince. He remains a fugitive from
Justice in Honduras.
The investigation, which covered 29 months, was handled by
the Justice Department's Inspector General's Office, the U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration, the
U.S. Customs Service, the Internal
Revenue Service and Florida law
enforcement officials.
Assistant Inspector General
Thomas J. Bondurant, who heads
the office's investigations division,
said Mr. Audain compromised his
official position by assisting drug
dealers in their efforts to smuggle
•narcotics through the Miami airport. He said the INS official
amassed "considerable wealth"
from the activity, which he used to
buy property through domestic
and offshore bank accounts.
Mr. Bondurant said the investigation targeted Colombian nar-
cotics cartels that used the political and military institutions in
Haiti from 1987 to 1994 to ship cocaine and heroin into the United
States. He said the Francois/
Beaudouin organization was responsible for bringing over 30,000
kilos of cocaine or 66,000 pounds
— into this country through Haiti
from 1987 to 1997.
He said Joseph Michel Francois
was the central figure in the suspected plot, whose central purpose
was to use Haiti as a transshipment point for narcotics. The
indictment said Francois was
trusted to courier millions of dollars in illicit profits from the
Medellin, Baranquilla and Cali
cartels in Columbia to pay off the
military for use of a private airstrip; supervised offloading operations; and arranged for storage
facilities and the transfer of the
drugs to vessels and aircraft.
Francois led a military coup that
ousted Haiti's first freely elected
president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide,
in 1991. He was one of three dictators who ruled the Caribbean nation until 20,000 U.S. troops restored Mr. Aristide to power in
1994. While he was imprisoned in
Honduras in March last year after
the United States indicted him in
connection with the drugs scheme,
he was released in July when Honduras denied a U.S. request for his
extradition.
U.S. Attorney Thomas E. Scon in
Miami said Mr. Audain used his
position with the INS to "release
sensitive and confidential criminal
intelligence information to warn
co-conspirators and assist them in
evading justice."
INS Director Robert Wallis said
the Miami office was "cooperating
with the investigation and fully
supports this effort to preserve the
integrity of the federal system."
Os
Os
��Portland State University Pamphlet Review
The Curriculum and PSU's academic transformation
•
PSU is currently undergoing a transformation of their mission and curriculum to promote
increased student success. This revolution in learning brought about several new
initiatives including a new emphasis on "incorporating service learning throughout the
curriculum." (Transforming the Academy)
•
This transformation has also resulted in the development of the University Studies
Program, an interdisciplinary course of study with inquiry-based classes. The program
emphasizes four essential competencies: communication, critical thinking, diversity and
multiculturalism, and ethical issues and social responsibility. An example course in the
Freshman Inquiry is "The Making of a Pluralistic Society: Who We Are and How We
Came to Be." (Transforming the Academy)
•
The University Studies Program culminate with the Senior Capstone Course where
student teams conduct a community-based project throughout the course of two or more
terms. For example, Lida O'Donnell, an International Relations major, coordinated
several capstones with Sponsors Organized to assist Refugees (SOAR). Through this
organization, students helped refugees settling in the Portland area by providing them
with support and information. ("Capstone Courses")
1992 addition of Doctoral degree in Social Work and Social Research
•
1996 addition of undergraduate degree in Community Development
•
1996 addition of the Social Work Research Development Center ("Creating the Urban
University: 1990-1997)
The Multicultural Resource Center (MCRQ of Portland
The MCRC, located on the PSU campus in the Office of International Affairs, is a nonprofit educational organization founded in 1987 that seeks to provide schools and communities
with the resources necessary for promoting multicultural understanding and awareness.
Individual committees within this organization work on a variety of issues, for example, holding
workshops on cultural awareness and equity, linking immigrant families with American families
to help in the acculturation process, and connecting children with other children around the world
through UNICEF and refugee organizations. MCRC has a nice web site detailing their mission
and goals, their resources available to the Portland area, and their programs:
http://www.geocities.com/collegepark/library/73378 The site is also mentioned on the White
House's One America Practicing Promises page.
Diversity in the Student Body
•
Minority students: 18% of undergraduates
10.9% of graduates
•
International students: 5% of student body (packet titled "Portland State University)
•
PSU supports a variety of student cultural associations for international and minority
students. (Packet titled "PSU Office of Student Development: Advisors and
Organizations)
�PSU factoids
•
About 84% of students are Oregon residents. 90% of these Oregon residents are from
Clackamas, Columbia, Marion, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties.
•
In the past three years, Internet access and use has increased among students by about
700%.
•
Recent surveys indicate that 84% of PSU graduates (from both the undergraduate and
graduate schools) are employed in Oregon and 90% in the Portland metropolitan area.
•
The Higher Education Efficiency Act of 1995 (found under Title IV of the 1995 Budget
Reconciliation bill sponsored by Rep. Kasich.) has saved PSU an annual average of
$579,000.
PSU Human Interest Stories
In 1996, James Lealand Smith decided to pursue his degree at PSU as a non-traditionally
aged student. He had already been a successful business owner after taking over a machine shop
at the age of 28 where he had worked since the age of 13. After retiring from this job, he became
a bush pilot in Alaska and earned two commendations for his rescue efforts. He also owned a
manufacturing business in California and attended college part-time. After his children were
grown, Smith decided to enroll in PSU, with the intention of later becoming a physician's
assistant. He once said, "Getting this diploma is important to me. Besides the personal
satisfaction of it, I want to set an example to my children and leave a legacy of higher education
to my grandchildren."
After being diagnosed with inoperable cancer in February of 1997, Smith persisted in this
goal, often forced to sit through class with an oxygen tank and limit his pain medication so he
could drive to class. His wife Yvonne said once, "Finishing his degree has been his reason for
getting out of bed."
Smith was awarded his degree at a personal graduation ceremony at his home on
December 3, 1997. He died two months later on March 12, 1998 at the age of 51. He would
have participated in the June commencement ceremonies.
�The Capstone Courses
Portland State University requires its students to become active within the community
through volunteer work in order to enhance their ability to communicate and interact with diverse
populations, as well as to further their capacity to think critically about the social, cultural,
economic and envrironmental issues facing our society. Community-University partnerships
play a significant role in the mission of the school as the culminating educational experience for
students which is part of the general education curriculum. The project is designed to build
cooperative learning groups among students from multiple disciplines to give them an
opportunity to give back to the community. The Capstone projects strive to incorporate an
awareness of diverse issues which play a key role in the university, the community, the lives of
Oregon's population and the nation. The Capstone has three primary objectives:
1. To allow students to apply their area(s) of expertise to real issues and problems;
2. To give students experience working in an interdisciplinary team context; and
3. To empower students to become actively engaged in their community.
Several Capstones have been developed involving issues facing immigrants, refugees and
minorities. Past groups have addressed topics including changing laws of immigration, health,
safety, education, work and cultural issues and immigrant concepts of citizenship.
Refugee/Immigrant Consortium Capstones
Seanna Kerrigan, Capstone Coordinator, (503) 725-5642
UNST 421, CRN 82183,
Global Portland: IRCO (International Refugee Center of Oregon)
Francis Wambalaba, (503) 725-5083
This Capstone works with IRCO a community-based non-profit organization that
provides assistance to about 1,000 - 1,300 refugees, immigrants, and other economically
disadvantaged people per year. The goal of the course is to expose students to the perspective of
the immigrant, design and evaluate scholarly objectives, and to serve the community by
providing services to augment the IRCO staff resources.
UNST 421, CRN 63024
Global Portland: SOAR (Sponsors Organized to Assist Refugees)
Lida O'Donnell, (503) 725-4195
This Capstone provides students with multi-dimensional opportunities to experience
other cultures within Portland. Students collaborate in a team environment and meet with
refugees associated with SOAR. As the team assesses the refugees' needs, they design a
program to address the specific cultural and social needs and later evaluate the impact on the
community and refugee.
O'Donnell also coordinated a capstone that focused on the refugee resettlement process in
Portland. Students helped resettle refugee families by providing necessary information for
relocation and developed a manual containing social service agencies for refugee use.
�UNST 421, CRN 64245
Involvement with Hispanic Community
George Cabello (503) 725-5291
Capstone students work with pupils at the Donald E. Long School to provide a positive
learning opportunity for students being held in close custody, or residing in a residential
treatment program with in the Multnomah County Juvenile Justice Complex.
UNST 421, CRN 64249
Us and Them: A History of Intolerance in America
Beth Grodd, (503) 725-3521
Students explore events in history when intolerance arouse from the fear and suspicion of
ordinary people. Students engage in collaborated work throughout the course which culminates
in "A Tolerance Fair" presented at Portland area schools.
��64
ft
12.
The Mayflower Compact
1
The voyagers on tbe Mayflower were carried by wind and wave to a point — within tbe
curve of tbe present Cape Cod — that was north of tbe Virginia Company's jurisdiction.
Finding themselves thus outside tbe authority of their original patent, and hoping to
arrest mutinous talk among some of tbe passengers, a compact was drawn up and signed
ty forty-one men aboard tbe ship, on November II, 1620. By tbe terms of this, tbe
so-called Mayflower Compact, tbe Pilgrims agreed to govern themselves until tbey could
arrange for a charter of their own , tbey were never able to arrange for such a charter,
and tbe Compact remained in force until their colony at Plymouth was absorbed in
that of Massachusetts Bay in 1691. In fact, however, tbe Virginia. Charter had been
amended earlier m 1620 so as to allow for greater local autonomy, and had tbe Pilgrims
landed at their original destination, tbey could still have formed their own government,
as long as it was consonant with tbe laws of England. Tbe original Compact has been
lost, and historians are forced to rely for its wording on Mourt 's Relation (1622), wbicb
is the earliest source of tbe text reprinted here.
Source:
Tbe lournal of tbe Pilgrims at Plymouth in New England, in 1620, etc.. etc..
George B Cheever. ed.. 2nd eJition. New York. 1849. pp J0-J1
THIS DAY, before we came to harbor, observing some not well affected to unity and
concord, but gave some appearance of faction, it was thought good there should be
an association and agreement that we
should combine together in one body, and
to submit to such government and governors as we should by common consent
agree to make and choose, and set our
hands to this that follows word for word.
In the name of God, Amen. We
whose names are underwritten, the loyal
subjects of our dread sovereign lord,
King James, by the grace of God, of
Great Britain. France, and Ireland, King,
Defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken for the glory of
God, and advancement of the Christian
faith and honor of our king and country,
a vovage to plant the first colony in the
nortnem parts of Virginia, do by these
present, solemnly and mutually, in the
presence of God and one of another,
covenant and combine ourselves together
into a civil body politic, for our better
ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and bv virtue
hereof to enact, constitute, and frame
such just and equal laws, ordinances,
acts, constitutions, offices from time to
time as shall be thought most meet and
convenient for the general good of the
colony; unto which we promise all due
submission and obedience. In witness
whereof we have hereunder subscribed
our names. Cape Cod, 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord. King James, of England,
France, and Ireland 18, and of Scotland
54. Anno Domini 1620.
fi-
'.*r
�U.S. Department of Juatke
ACT SHEET
12/1/97
How to Apply for Citizenship
Who Is Eligible
To be eligible for citizenship, individuflls must:
• Be 18 or older;
• Have lived as a Legal Permanent ReRdent (LPR) in tke United States for at least
5 years, or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen;
» Be of good moral character;
• Be aide to speak, write and undens^B^i English. (There are exemptions for LPRs
over 50 who meet long-term residency requirements, for certain people with
disabilities, and certain members oi the military); and
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of U.S. history and civics.
New Application Procedures
STEPl:
Fill Out an N-400 Applieatkm
All those eligible must request a Form. N-400 from the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, which applicants can receive by:
• Calling 1-800-870-3676;
• Ordering on the Internet at www.ins-usdoj.gov; or
• Requesting a form at your local INS office.
STEPl:
Send in the Applieatkm
Once the form is completed, the appligptf Bends it with a $£5 application fee (check
or money order) to INS. In contrast to past procedures, the applicant does not include a
fingerprint card with the application.
STEPS:
Have Fingerprints Taken
Each applicant will receive a letter from INS specifying a period of time and an ENS
location where the applicant should report to have his or her fingerprints taken. The
applicant must bring the notice to the INS fingerprint facility, along with valid
identification. Once the applicant's fingerprints are taken, INS submits them to the FBI
for processing.
Prepared by the Office af Public Affairs (202) 514-2648
Internet: xmvw.ins.usdoj.gov
�How to Apply for Citizenship
Page 2
By the end of 1997, INS will have new fingerprint centers opened in six major
metropolitan areas across the country—Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Chicago,
Newark, and New York. These centers will strictly handle fingerprint functions, will be
located near public transportation, and will maintain evening and weekend hours.
In addition, to ensure customer service across the country, INS will operate mobile
fingerprint units in areas where the number of potential applicants does not warrant a
permanent center. The agency also will work with local communities to arrange stops
for homebound applicants, those in nursing homes, and others with spedal needs,
STEP 4;
Go to an Interview
Each applicant will receive a letter from INS that schedules an interview with an INS
officer, which is conducted to determine if the applicant is eligible for naturalization.
During the interview, the INS officer will explain the nature of the interview and that it
is being conducted under oath. In addition, the officer will test the applicant's
understanding of English and knowledge of U.S. history and government. If the
applicant is exempt from any of the requirements, the INS officer will not go through
these tests. Finally, the officer may ask any additional questions relating to the
applicant's eligibility for citizenship.
STEPS:
Wait for a Decision
INS will inform the applicant of its decision either at the end of the interview or by
mail soon after the interview is completed.
STEP 6:
Take the Citizenship Oath
Once approved for citizenship, all applicants must participate in an oath ceremony
and swear allegiance to the United States. At the end of the ceremony, all new citizens
are presented with a naturalization certificate.
For More Information
To get more information about immigration, naturalization and other benefits:
•
Contact an Information Officer at your local INS district office;
•
Call the toll-free "Ask Immigration" line at 1-800-375-5283; or
•
Check the INS Internet web site (www.ins.usdoj.gov).
�" I AM AN AMERICAN DAY"
Attachments:
•
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, A Greeting to New Citizens on " I Am an American
Day," May 16, 1940.
•
Judge Learned Hand, "The Spirit of Liberty," remarks at " I Am an American Day"
celebration in New York's Central Park on May 21, 1944.
Representative Hatton Sumners (TX), Remarks at I Am an American program at
Hollywood, May 19, 1940.
•
Radio Program Under Auspices of I Am an American Citizenship Foundation, April 6,
1940
" I Am an American" celebrations welcomed young Americans, who recently reached
voting age, and immigrants, who Had recently been naturalized, into American citizenship with
civic lessons and ceremony. Before the movement took national form in 1940, there were
Citizenship Day celebrations in various states. Many regions claimed credit for " I Am an
American Day." I will not try to sort out competing claims but will provide some background
history to show the widespread popularity and purpose behind this civic holiday.
The Americanization League of America held a rally of citizens on November 7, 1931.
There were Citizenship Day celebrations in New York City in 1939 and 1940. The meeting in
1940 was sponsored by the New York Journal-American. In 1938, citizens of Manitowoc
County, Wisconsin, led by Judge Albert Schmidt, began organizing "a well-planned course of
study by qualified instructors for those who arrived at the age of 21 during the past year for each
town, village, and city ward in the county, with appropriate spiritual services in all the churches,
and impressive and dramatic public induction ceremonies . . . preceded by a colorful parade." In
1938, the Hearst Corp. started an " I Am an American Day" parade in.Baltimore to honor the
Constitution. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was the first grand marshal. The American Legion, at its
national convention in Chicago in 1939, adopted a resolution calling for an annual national
observance of Citizenship Day.
An I Am An American citizenship celebration was held in L.A.'s Hollywood Bowl on
June 12, 1939. Fifteen thousand people attended, 5,000 of whom had justj-pached the age of 21.
The panegyric, as the I Am An American Citizenship Foundation liked to call it, was broadcast
over NBC radio. Soon after, "induction ceremonies" were held in New York, San Francisco, and
many other cities. The Citizenship Foundation, founded by Ben Neal, was proud of its
nonpartisan, nonpolitical, and nonsectarian sponsorship. Dr. Neal's foundation is probably
responsible for pushing plans for a national holiday through Congress.
On May 3, 1940 President Roosevelt signed House Joint Resolution 437, authorizing the
President "to proclaim I Am An American Day for the recognition, observance, and
commemoration of American citizenship." The primary purpose of the joint resolution was to
"emphasize the privileges and responsibilities of being an American citizen."
In May 1943, one million people went to Central Park in New York for an " I Am an
American Day" demonstration. Vice President Henry Wallace said that Americanism, in its
deepest meaning, stands for "the freedom and the welfare and the brotherhood of the plain people
of the world, wherever they are." At the following year's celebration, on May 21, 1944, Judge
Learned Hand delivered his famous address, "The Spirit of Liberty," and presided over a
�naturalization ceremony for 150,000 new citizens.
Note: President Clinton cited Judge Hand's speech on May 13, 1994 when he announced his nomination of
Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court. Clinton said, "Five decades ago, Judge Learned Hand defined the spirit of
liberty as the spirit which seeks to understand the minds of other men and women, the spirit which weighs their
interests alongside its own bias, the spirit which lies hidden in the aspirations of us all."
" I Am an American Day" celebrations have not completely disappeared. In the fall of
1994, citizens of Lantana, Florida held a parade, including voter registration drives. The
Baltimore area parade, founded in 1938, has marched as recently as 1994, although it was moved
to Dundalk because of a lack of funds. And in the summer of 1997, the National Security
Agency held its first " I Am an American Day" as part of its efforts to improve minority relations.
Interesting Remarks regarding I Am an American Day:
•
Senator Rush Holt (WV) spoke at a Citizenship Day celebration in New York in 1939
and in 1940. On June 2, 1940 Sen. Holt said:
"When you achieve citizenship, you become a partner in the biggest and most important
business in the world; that is, the Government of the United States of America. You have
become a stockholder in a mutual society. It gives you privileges and calls upon you to exercise
your rights. We have great problems to solve in America today. . . .
"It was not a bright future for those who came to this country when it was first founded,
but they took off their coats, got to work, and established the foundations for our great
Government. You may say they had new frontiers. They did have, but we have new lands to
explore, lands of science, lands of education, lands of tomorrow's future. America is not
through."
Representative Jennings Randolph (WV) said on June 22, 1940:
"Every citizen, native-born or naturalized, should be proud to say ' I am an American' and
happy to shoulder the responsibility of preserving the blessings of peace and liberty that it
entails. . . . We should always keep in mind those unforgettable words of George Washington,
who said: 'Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has the right to
concentrate your affections.'"
The following were referenced in Congressional debates on " I Am an American Day":
•
The " I Am an American" Creed, written by Ben Neal, founder of the I Am an American
Citizenship Foundation:
1 am an American!
The Golden Rule is my rule!
In humility and with gratitude
I acknowledge my undying debt
To the founding fathers
Who left me a priceless heritage
Which now is my responsibility.
�With steadfast loyalty,
I will uphold the Constitution
And the Bill of Rights.
I will treasure my birthright
Of American ideals:
I will place moral integrity
Above worldly possessions.
Problems of interest to my country
Shall be of interest to me!
1 will count my right of suffrage
To be a sacred trust.
And I will diligently strive
To prove worthy of that trust.
I will give my full support
To upright public servants.
But those with unclean hands
I will firmly oppose.
Each obligation that comes to me,
As a true American,
I will discharge with honor!
My heart is in America,
And America is in my heart!
I am an American!
Preamble of the constitution of the American Legion:
For God and country, we associate ourselves together for the following purposes: To uphold and defend
the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a 100-percent
Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of
individual obligation to the community, State, and Nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the
masses; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our
devotion to mutual helpfulness.
•
American's Creed, written by William Tyler Page:
1 believe in the United States of America as a govemment of the people, by the people, for the people;
whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign nation of
many sovereign States; a perfect Union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality,
justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes.
I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to
respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.
•
Dedication of senior Boy Scouts:
I will work for America and will guard our heritage ~ its liberties and responsibilities — realizing that the
privileges we enjoy today have come as a result of the hard work, sacrifice, faith, and clear thinking of our
forefathers, and I will do all in my power to transmit our America, reinforced, to the next generation.
�Daniel Webster, at the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument on June 17, 1843 said,
"Thank God --1 - I - also am an American."
" I Am An American," a poem by Frank Mullen of Hyde Park, MA:
I am an American and I'm proud to say,
"Tis the greatest blessing in the world today."
To man, it gives freedom and an equal right,
Since the date of its birth, in the Concord fight.
I am an American, and forever will be
Against all the influences, from o'er the sea.
Where justice is bared, by dictators' skill,
Who dream only of slaughter, and new ways to kill.
To be an American, I'm sure it's safe to say,
'Tis an appealing wish of all, in the world today.
Here, in peace we live with our neighbors and God,
And the envy of the world is the American sod.
As a Nation we're ready and willing to fight
For justice and freedom and democracy's right.
The flag of our Nation will always be true,
To the ideals that gave us the red, white, and blue.
�r
Am an American Day"
47 C A Greeting to New Citizens on " I Am an
American Day." May 16, 1940
My dear Madam Secretary:
I T GIVES me real pleasure to join in the observance of " I Am An
American Day." which has been set aside as a public occasion
for the recognition of all who. by coming of age. or naturalization, are attaining the status of citizenship.
Great responsibility rests upon those born here, who are
reaching their majority and also upon those born in other lands
who, as new citizens, are taking the oath of allegiance to the
United States. Now, they must be prepared to share with millions
of their fellow citizens in the responsibilities and duties which
are those of all patriotic and home-loving Americans.
It will be their responsibility and their duty always to think
first of America and at the same time to think in terms of humanity. This nation was created to insure the things that unite
and to eliminate the things that divide. It will continue to be
a land of opportunity for native-born and foreign-born citizens.
It will continue to offer them the hope, liberty and justice which
have always prevailed in this great democracy of ours.
I join with citizens everywhere in welcoming the more than
two million American-born boys and girls reaching the age of
twenty-one this year, and also additional thousands of foreign
born becoming citizens by adoption. In return for the rights and
responsibilities of citizenship, I am sure they will, for all the
years of their lives, perform the high patriotic and American
duty of supporting their Government at all times in keeping
with its principles, traditions and ideals as a democracy.
Very sincerely yours,
The Honorable,
Frances Perkins,
Secretary of Labor,
Washington, D. C.
•97
1
�LEARNED H A N D •
,A:.
61
constitute the greatest sixth column in history. They have the will to destroy the Nazi gangsters. . . .
We will help brave England drive back the hordes from hell who besiege
her. and then we will join for the destruction of savage and bloodthirsty
dictators everywhere. But we must be firm and decisive. We must know
our will and make it felt. And we must hurry. •
if-
JUDGE
t for
f the
THE
LEARNED
SPIRIT
HAND
EVOKES
OF L I B E R T Y
ilas
'TH E spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it is right. . . . "
ith
the
lay
ises
sof
vill
no.'ri, 'ge
dy
ve
d.
I N F L U E N T I A L J U R I S T with the unlikely but appropriate name
Learned Hand served as presiding judge of the Second Circuit Court of
Appeals from 1939 to 1951, and as senior judge for a decade after. Though
never appoiited to the Supreme Court, he was able, through his two thousand decisions, to uphold the liberty of the individual and to show that the
written and the spoken word did not need the most august forum to have
an impact on the law.
Toward the end of World War II, Judge Hand spoke at an " I Am an
American Day" ceremony in New York City's Central Park. Instead of a
rousing, patriotic address, he delivered a thoughtful credo that profoundly
moved the audience; when his "Spirit of Liberty" speech was widely reprinted, the judge took care to add a footnote crediting historian H. G.
Wells for a thought on which he bottomed the line about how Jesus
"taught mankind a lesson it has never learned, but has never quite forgot-
THE
�62
C
MEMORIALS
AND PATRIOTIC
SPEECHES
ten"; the Wells phrasing was "whose pitiless and difficult doctrine of
self-abandonment and self-forgetfulness we can neither disregard nor yet
bring ourselves to obey." Such scrupulous attribution of an idea is rare, but
it was charaAeristic of Judge Hand, who was careful about not stealing
anything.
The following year, on May 20, 1945, he spoke again at the same occasion. The two talks fit together nicely in reverse order, and I've taken the
libeny of so arranging them; the 1944 section begins, "We have gathered
here to affirm a faith. . . ."
•
c
•
W
e meet once more to attest our loyalty, and pledge our allegiance. . . . As we renew our mutual fealty, it is fitting that we
should pause, and seek to take account of the meaning of our
cost and suffering. Was not the issue this: whether mankind should be
divided between those who command and those who serve; between those
who use others at their will and those who must submit; whether the
measure of a man's power to shape his own destiny should be the force at
his disposal? Our nation was founded upon an answer to those questions,
and we have fought this war to make good that answer. For ourselves and
for the present, we are safe; our immediate peril is past. But for how long
are we safe, and how far have we removed our peril? If our nation could
not itself exist half slave and half free, are we sure that it can exist in a
world half slave and half free? Is the same conflict less irrepressible when
worldwide than it was eighty years ago when it was only nationwide?
Right knows no boundaries, and justice no frontiers; the brotherhood of
man is not a domestic institution.
No. our job will not end with the sound of the guns. Even in our own
interest we must have an eye to the interests of others; a nation which lives
only to itself will in the end perish; false to the faith, it will shrivel and
pass to that oblivion which is its proper receptacle. We may not stop until
we have done our part to fashion a world in which there shall be some
share of fellowship; which shall be better than a den of thieves. Let us not
disguise the difficulties; and. above all, let us not content ourselves with
noble aspirations, counsels of perfection, and self-righteous advice to others. We s^all need the wisdom of the serpent; we shall have to be content
with short steps; we shall be obliged to give and take: we shall face the
strongest passions of mankind—our own not the least; ind in the end we
shall have fabricated an imperfect instrument. But we shall not have
wholly failed; we shall have gone forward, if we bring to our task a pure
and chastened sp
generosity, fortim
tory of man hasju
hope or limitless d
worth the trial. ..
We have gathere
common convictio
ica as the land ofo
same. For this rea?
group, a group of i
brave the dangers a
that nerved us. or
liberty—freedom fi
selves. This we thi
winning. What do
often wonder whei
tions. upon laws,
these are false hop<
dies there, no con;
flo law, no court c;
nojlonstitution, nc
miit lie in the hea
dleS will; it is not
and leads straight
check upon their 1
possession of only
What, then, is tl
my own faith. The
is right; the spirit
minds of other m<
weighs their inter,
remembers that m
liberty is the spirit
kind that lesson it
there may be a kin;
by side with the gr
which has never b
_?*cept as the con;
«fi>iritofthat Amei
ills. aU; in the spiri
foment fighting
�LEARNED H A N D •
doctrine of
ard nor yet
is rare, but
ot stealing
>ame occa• taken the
e gathered
• our alleig that we
ing of our
hould be
?en those
ed\e
e.
it
uestions.
•Ives and
IOW long
m could
.ist in a
e when
nwide?
vood of
jr own
:h lives
vel and
>p until
e some
us not
•s with
to othontent
ice the
nd we
t have
a pu-
63
and chastened spirit, patience, understanding, sympathy, forbearance,
generosity, fortitude, and. above all, an inflexible determination. The history of man has just begun: in the aeons which lie before him lie limitless
hope or limitless despair. The choice is his; the present choice is ours: it is
worth the trial. . . .
We have gathered here to affirm a faith, a faith in a common purpose, a
common conviction, a common devotion. Some of us have chosen America as the land of our adoption; the rest have come from those who did the
same. For this reason we have some right to consider ourselves a picked
group, a group of those who had the courage to break from the past and
brave the dangers and the loneliness of a strange land. What was the object
that nerved us, or those who went before us. to this choice? We sought
liberty—freedom from oppression, freedom from want, freedom to be ourselves. This we then sought; this we now believe that we are by way of
winning. What do we mean when we say that first of all we seek liberty? I
often wonder whether we do not rest our hopes too much upon constitutions, upon laws, and upon courts. These are false hopes; believe me,
these are false hopes. Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women; when it
dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it; no constitution,
no law. no court can even do much to help it. While it lies there, it needs
no constitution, no law, no court to save it. And what is this liberty which
must lie in the hearts of men and women? It is not the ruthless, the unbridled will; it is not freedom to do as one likes. That is the denial of liberty,
and leads straight to its overthrow. A society in which men recognize no
check upon their freedom soon becomes a society where freedom is the
possession of only a savage few—as we have learned to our sorrow.
What, then, is the spirit of liberty? I cannot define it; I can only tell you
my own faith. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it
is right; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which seeks to understand the
minds of other men and women,- the spirit of liberty is the spirit which
weighs thpir interests alongside its own without bias; the spirit of liberty
remembers that not even a sparrow falls to earth unheeded; the spirit of
liberty is the spirit of him who, near two thousand years ago, taught mankind that lesson it has never learned, but has never quite forgotten—that
there may be a kingdom where the least shall be heard and considered side
by side with the greatest. And now in that spirit, that spirit of an America
which has never been, and which'may never be—nay, which never will be
except as the conscience and courage of Americans create it—yet in the
spirit of that America which lies hidden in some form in the aspirations of
us all; in the spirit of that America for which our young men are at this
moment fighting and dying; in that spirit of liberty and of America so
�6 4
^
M EMOR I
AND
P A I' R ; o r [ C
b P E t iJ H E b
prosperous, and safe, and contented, we shall have failed to grasp its
meaning, and shall have been truant to its promise, except as we strive to
make it a signal, a beacon, a standard, to which the best hopes of mankind
will ever turn? In confidence that you share that belief. I now ask you to
raise your IjBnds and repeat with me this pledge:
m his customar
World a vision
the teaching am
bic words forpe,
ment . eace un
prayer of thanks;
and mother, wh<
million peoplename with their
the Rhine to the
cause—they wer
their own, ora v<
nobody, came to
deprofundis. fron
He called that
said the second w
attack and unifies
became a state.
/ pledge bllegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands—one nation, indivisible, with libeny and justice for
all •
UNDERGROUND
MENACHEM
HIS
FIGHTER
BEGIN
GROUP'S
PLEDGES
ALLEGIANCE
TO
THE NEWBORN
OF
STATE
ISRAEL
Quickly! Our nation has no time! Bring in hundreds of thousands. . . .
We are now in the midst of a war for survival; and our tomorrow and theirs
depend on the quickest concentration of our nation's exiles."
'QUICKLY!
a Polish-bom Holocaust survivor, served as head
of Israel's main opposition party until 1977, when he became prime minister; he shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 with President Anwar elSadat of Egypt as a result of their peace accords. At the White House
ceremony with President Carter on March 26, 1979, Begin began to speak
MENACHEM BEGIN,
In his youth, tl
emblem of the Ii
-with the legend
Ujrismg could Je
. ^On May 14, 1
lelders in the Ha
ment. The next ni
secret radio stati<
stage-fright. I wa
from which the v
every town and vi
me. . . . My comn
had listened in t(
helped to hearten
o
o
•
A
fter ma
and mo
sor stan
^ Prayer in their ht
fathers and our foi
r^ttessing that they
�r
^ r r i ^ N m - Y r u Ltit. LuSuKJiiSION AL RECORD
n r . put o u : f r o m S.ir.v.i Fo cr A l b u q w r q u e courthouse. We
ise'.p ycu people :t:l we car. to n s i u for ireeciom.
District 19: Notice on Fryer relief for Navajo tribe. A t r u c k load
of relief stuff w i l l be issued
Fryer order these relief stuff f r o m
Kansas warehouse—150.000 pounds of relief stuff, such as flour,
coffee, sugar, beans, cornmeal. B power. These stuff w i l l be issued
to those who are under starvation. These relief to be hauled western side of Black M o u n t a i n and M o u n t Taylor districts and other
places were it's needed. The relief stuff above hauled before
snowfall.
District 20: Fryer stated t h a t radio system was improving on the
reservation.
F i f t y thousand Navajos took Interested i n radio
system.
District 21: Navajo stated not half don't know a n y t h i n g about
radio. Some never seen these radio yet.
District 22: 10,000 horses have been destroyed on southwestern of
the reservation. Obey the regulation on stock reduction more and
horse w i l l not pay Navajo bill.
District 23: Hashtlishml Nez stated he was clear an acre of land
to p u t some crop for himself. He thought he was doing something
to support himself and his f a n u l y , and so Supervisors came along
and told h i m he done wrong and was against the law cf Taylor
Grazing Act. and so he stated he is i n Jail for 12 months.
District 24: Fred Kebeto Districts. States when he made a visit
to Washington. D. C , w i t h J. C. Morgan, the Congress made some
prove t h a t we had our rights to keep our stocks and we suppose
to get our 6 agency back on the reservation, and other things
were promise. I am very glad to hear that you all working for our
tribe. Thanks.
District 25: Coyote Spring News. A Navajo stated he had his
daughter herding his sheep. She has been gone a l l day. and missed
the girl coming home w i t h the sheep. So the Navajo went and
look f o r the sheep and he track the sheep copy mile away and he
know who took the sheep. I t was the Government stock m a n
t h a t took the sheep and he p u t the sheep i n the corral. The
next m o r n i n g he went to get his sheep and Government m e n
offer h i m $10 and he can get his sheep out of the corral. His
brother had his sheep w i t h h i m . so his brother get his sheep
back. The sheep got i n t o a fence pasture t h a t was the reason
why.
He was n o t i f y before about getting his sheep In that
pasture. The Government men gave the Navajo sheep and so
they send a sheriff f r o m St. Johns and had h i m arrest and was
put In Jail f o r 35 days.
District 26: A supervisor stated they w i l l be p u t In court I n
Santa Fe If they don't accept this branding on I n d i a n horses.
District 27: Two Navajo boys was p u t i n Jail f o r some reason,
under 12 years and 13 years of age.
District 28: Navajo pupils t h a t were married 2 years ago were enrolled i n relief record.
So the supervisor Issue some relief stuff to these fellows and
he orders t h e m they w i l l worked 2',4 days f o r their relief stuff
and they w i l l pay f o r t h e m .
The meeting took place January 8, 1940. Number of Navajo
.ttend the meet were 384 Navajos.
W i l l have a meeting at Pueblo Altro January 18-19-20, 2 days,
and 4 other meeting they w i l l have on southwestern reservation.
The Navajo Indians are becoming more and more dissatisfied w i t h
the Federal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of their lives, habits, and reservation.
The latest complaint Is against having one central agency at W i n dow Rock, Ariz. The Indians want to r e t u r n to the system t h a t
gave them separate agencies i n six Jurisdictions w i t h i n the boundary
of the reservation. Navajos In the n o r t h e r n half of the reservation
have always complained about Window Rock being so f a r away. To
the Indians. Window Rock Is a fabled city, inhabited not w i t h fairies
but w i t h "Maitso." Few are the Indians In the n o r t h e r n half of
the reservation who have visited the Navajo Agency In Window Rock,
but they learned of Its working when agents came along and reduced
their herds and took their ponies. This Is done to conserve the
range, the theory being t h a t the grass w i l l grow "heap b i g " If the
range Is not overstocked, but no provision is made to get water on
the range. The Navajo r a i n dance w i l l take care of that. No doubt
much good w i l l come f r o m the soil-conservation work, but this work
Is l i m i t e d to soil-erosion control and grazing control, which places
the benefits i n the f u t u r e . No immediate relief f o r the Navajo today
Is forthcoming, since the action tends to add to the Navajo's troubles
of everyday life. He Is suffering m u c h f o r the benefit of f u t u r e
generations. His trade has been stolen by the white commerclalizers: his herds are reduced to below a make-living standard; his
pony, legal tender, has gone t h r o u g h the reduction plant. The Jobs
that are r i g h t f u l l y his are given to the white men; the money t h a t
should be spent to ease his suffering Is represented I n traveling
caravans, large a d m i n i s t r a t i o n buildings, hundreds of bales of
mimeograph paper, typewriters, stenographers, and p u b l i c i t y
workers.
A common-sense plan to rehabilitate the Navajo would develop
the natural resources of Navajo land—timber, o i l . m i n i n g , water,
and irrigation—and thus b r i n g about a self-supporting program.
The Navaio set-up. past and present, has made white men n c h and
the Navajos poor. (George B. Bowra i n the Aztec IndependehtReview, Aztec, N . Mex., January 19, 1940.)
Responsibilities of Citizenship
E X T E N S I O N OF R E M A R K S
OF
HON. HATTON W. J3UMNERS
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 22, 1940
ADDRESS BT HON. HATTON W. SUMNERS, OF TEXAS
Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. M r . Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I submit for Inclusion,
therein a copy of an address delivered'by me on the 19tff
of this month as a part of the I Am an American program at
Hollywocd. I n this connection I want to congratulate and
thank this community and many others in the country for
this timely patriotic service to the country. One of the most
hope-inspiring things which I have observed in a long time
was this group of American citizens not only attending to a
local civic duty but giving their time and money to stimulate a
Nation-wide interest in really getting on the job as American
citizens in doing a most urgently necessary thing.
The address follows:
:
Citizens of America, newly come to that privilege and to that
responsibility, we welcome you and declare w i t h you I n the spirit
of dedication and high unyielding purpose, " I am an American."
I f we are to survive as a democracy, the serious, solemn, sacred
obligation and the all b u t divine privilege of American citizenship
must come soon w i t h i n the conscious realization of our people.
You come to governmental responsibility w i t h many Inherited
domestic difficulties In what may prove to be f o r the whole world
the most tragic epoch of the ages. Things long established are
being shaken to their foundations. The d i n of battle, the cry of
the vanquished, the crash of democracies greet you today as you
come to the threshold of governmental responsibility. Upon you
as Americans, not upon agents of government, depend the mightiest
Issues of history.
You have a great o p p o r t u n i t y . Y o u are called to responsibility,
challenged by a responsibility greater t h a n t h a t which i n a thousand years has come to test the fiber and make i t possible for a
generation—your generation—to tower above a l l Its fellows as they
pass again I n review before the historian, who must now rewrite
the history of the world. I use no figures of speech. I declare i
the solemn, challenging t r u t h t h a t either you w i l l be the greatest j
generation t h a t has lived on t h i s earth I n a thousand years, demon- j
stratlng your greatness by the greatest achievement which In that 3
time has adorned the history of the world, or you w i l l by your ^
f a i l u r e to measure up to the challenge of your difficulties go down :
I n defeat, carrying w i t h you the wreckage of what w i l l probably]
for a long t i m e be the last of the remaining great popular gov-1
ernments of the earth. W i l l you do that? The answer is. " I a m i
an American." The battle cry Is, " I am an American." B u t the)
answer Is not I n the waving of flags, the saluting of flags, t h e ]
singing of anthems, the reciting of creeds.
.S
They have their place, b u t they warn us of the danger of o u r j
patriotism becoming ritualistic. Patriotism w i t h o u t works, U k a ^
f a i t h w i t h o u t works. Is dead. I t is good to honor those who have a
served their country well, b u t we honor them best not by worship- ^
ing at their shrines b u t by emulating their example w i t h a patriotism of flesh and blood, w i l l i n g to work at governing, willing to sacriflce, to suffer that the things In govemment for which they sacrl- j j
flced and suffered may live. I t does not matter how o f t e n we salute j
the flag and sing the national anthem. Whenever the governmental i
capacity of a people operating a system of popular government!
becomes less and remains less for a considerable period of time t ^ |
their governmental difflcultles, the f o r m of their government
t j
change.
This is a challenging thought, a challenging f a c t : May I give JTOUl
my conclusion based on the facts which I have got as near W t u i
sources as It has been possible f o r me to approach'' Except by con-l
quest, no people privileged to govern themselves ever lost that P"".^!
lege u n t i l they had first lost their capacity f o r self-government. WJJ
people who failed to use their capacity f o r self-government wens
ever able to retain I t . No people who had lost their P
LjJ'j
govern themselves were ever able to remain free. I am vl'•"•J
no idle words; I am declaring the solemn warning truths of " ' " " J g y
t h a t when any people become so Inefficient governmentally i n p
portion to their governmental difficulties t h a t they c a n n o t ^
business of government, government of necessity turns f r o m
and lays its hand on a Mussolini, a Hitler, or a Stalin to do Its
b a
m
c a
a c l t
i
u
�APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
m
• Governments are no more accidents t h a n worlds and trees and
human beings are accidents. The fact t h a t there shall be gov' ernment Is fixed by nature i n h u m a n necessity. H u m a n beings
have a choice, but the only choice they have is which of two great
systems of government they w i l l have. I t Is either some f o r m of
totalitarian government f u n c t i o n i n g f r o m the top downward, or a
government by the people w h i c h by its nature f u n c t i o n s f r o m the
people upward. One is directed by men who believe t h a t m i g h t is
right; the other Is guided by principles which are fixed i n the
economy of nature.
Human wisdom unaided Is not wise enough to operate such a
system of government. Confused and muddled by the false belief
that men, some h u m a n beings i n conventions, I n a creative sense
gave to us our system of government, we have been looking to no
higher a u t h o r i t y t h a n h u m a n wisdom to guide us I n Its operation.
Each of the basic provisions of our c o n s t i t u t i o n originated out of
necessity, and was tested by the experience of a people peculiarly
gifted w i t h the genius of self-government long before our constitutional conventions undertook the task of our w r i t t e n c o n s t i t u tional constructions. I f we are to emerge f r o m the diCiculties
that now endanger us. we must r i d our minds of the silly, historically Incorrect, h u m a n l y Impossible mythological tales about
some supermen having created for us our C o n s t i t u t i o n and system
of government; and. instead of such tales, w h i c h have crowded
out the t r u t h , and w h i c h are as impossible of h u m a n accomplishment as the tales of the Grecian gods, we must realize the t r u t h
about our C o n s t i t u t i o n .
The C o n s t i t u t i o n of a popular government comes f r o m the same
source t h a t the c o n s t i t u t i o n of your physical body comes f r o m , the
same source t h a t a tree comes f r o m . No political pl'ilosopher or
constitutional convention I n a creative sense ever fashioned the
constitution of a l i v i n g government. Constitutions of popular
governments are l i v i n g things; they must be rooted i n the governmental concepts of a people whose governmental capacity is able to
sustain them, or they wither and die as a p l a n t withers and dies
rooted In a soil which does not sustain i t .
We live i n a universe of n a t u r a l law governing everything f r o m
the smallest atom to the greatest systems of worlds. I n this u n i verse of law there is a live God, a great intelligence, a great power.
I say In a l l reverence He Is the Big Boss. We may be His copartners,
if we w i l l , b u t we m u s t work I n obedience to His law. Only i n the
field of government do h u m a n beings now Ignore this fact, and i n
the field of government Is the one outstanding f a i l u r e of t h i s age.
We have the choice aided by the guidance of great principles
which govern governments, of governing ourselves or being driven
by the lash of oppression to the discharge of a neglected d u t y . This
Is the f u n d a m e n t a l law I would impress. People learn to govern
by governing. They retain the ability to govern by using i t . They
loee the a b i l i t y to govern by not using i t . They acquire the greater
ability to meet the greater problems of tomorrow only by using the
ability today possessed to meet the problems of today.
The difficulties of popular government, like a l l other difliculties,
have been provided f o r the development of people. Nature has no
disposition to avoid difficulties f o r people. I t creates them. The
development of people is the central objective of nature. D i f f l c u l tles are the gymnastic paraphernalia provided for t h a t development.
We know by our own experience and observation t h a t no Individual
was ever greater t h a n his difficulties. No victory was ever greater
than the battle f o u g h t to w i n i t . The greatest epochs of the world
are those In which peoples w i t h a purpose which would not yield,
w i t h a courage w h i c h sustained, f o u g h t their way through the
greatest difficulties of time. The history of the world is b u t a record
of difficulties overcome. Being on top of the h i l l is not i m p o r t a n t
i n the scheme of nature. Had i t been so, we would have all been
created on the top of the h i l l . C l i m b i n g the h i l l and gaining the
strength f r o m the c l i m b i n g Is what is important, instead of s i t t i n g
down at the foot of the h i l l because I t Is steep and rugged and lett i n g the muscles grow flabby. I t Is a law. a universal law, and
therein lies the philosophy of self-government.
Progress is slow. Progrese Is u p h i l l . Progress Is difficult. Progress
Is the road cf struggle and of strength; along that road hes the
t h r i l l of victory, the fitness to live. We are getting soft i n America.
We want the easy way, the fast way. B u t the easy way, the fast
way, is the road d o w n h i l l . I t is the road of retreat. I t may be
alluring, but i t is the lure of death. Study your own life. Examine
history.
When some difficulty comes to our communities, to the smaller
units of government, to our States, w h i c h f u n c t i o n largely t h r o u g h
smaller units, where the people choose their chief officers and have
the o p p o r t u n i t y to control, where the individual's voice may be
heard and his influence felt.—instead of grappling w i t h t h a t difficulty and adding thereby to our governmental capacity by the use
of the capacity which we possess, we cry out for a supergoTernment
to come i n and do the Job for us. As a result we not only f a i l to
receive the increased capacity to govern which nature gives as a
reward to those who use the capacity already possessed, b u t we lose
capacity. Nature takes f r o m us the capacity which we f a i l to use.
I t is the law of l i f e . Let the greatest athlete go to bed and cease
to use his muscles; the strength i n his muscles w i l l not rematn.
Let any self-governing people s h i f t their governmental recponsiblllties away f r o m themselves and, i n proportion as they do, the
strength to govern departs.
Basically considered, f r o m the disregard of these f u n d a m e n t a l
facts, great laws of Nature which govern, n o t . only i n government
3139
but everywhere, w h i c h determine sound policy, w h i c h l i m i t h u m a n discretion, w h i c h fix the program f o r the development and
preservation of governmental capacity of the people, f r o m t h a t
disregard, basically considered, our m a j o r governmental d i f f i culties and dangers have come. T h a t is m y Judgment. I have
examined the facts. I have been trained I n the school of practical experience. I have subjected t h a t Judgment to every test
to w h i c h experience has t a u g h t me to subject Judgment before
yielding to its guidance. I give i t to you f o r whatever I t may be
worth.
"Lord God of Hosts, be w i t h us yet, lest we forget" t h a t we live
In a world of universal law. t h a t we talk t h r o u g h the air, fly
t h r o u g h the air, and do a l l the other w o n d e r f u l things of t h i s
complex age because we have discovered and are obedient to
n a t u r a l law, lest we forget t h a t long ago great thinkers, practical
people who had searched the mysteries of l i f e declared as a discovered fact t h a t "there Is a God who presides over the destiny
of nations." Young men and women, and those f r o m other lands,
coming to governmental responsibility, let me impress t h a t government is not the one hiatus i n Nature where there is no governing n a t u r a l law. There is no hiatus i n a l l the universe. Only
by obedience to t h a t law can h u m a n beings now operate and
preserve I n this complex scientific age a great system of popular
government, such as we have.
"Lord God of Hosts, be w i t h us yet, lest we forget, lest we
forget."
Cherries and the Tariff
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FRANK E. HOOK
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday. May 21, 1940
E D I T O R I A L FROM T H E GRAND RAPIDS (MICH.) PRESS
Mr. HOOK. Mr. Speaker, there has been much loose talk
going on with regard to the reciprocal-trade agreements,
foreign competition, and higher costs under the Wages and
Hours Act. I do not know whether it is because of ignorance
of the facts or deliberate attempts to mislead the public, and
I care not. Such talk should stop.
Recently my good friend and. colleague from Michigan
[Mr. ENGEL] made a speech with regard.to what he claimed
was wrong with legislation concerning the cherry industry.
He claimed foreign competition occasioned by a lower tariff
and higher costs under the Wage and Hour Act was ruining
the cherry industry. The facts do not justify such remarks.
Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I include
an editorial from the Grand Rapids Press of Grand Rapids,
Mich., and no one can accuse the Grand Rapids Press of
being either New Deal or Democratic, entitled "Cherries and
the Tariff."
The editorial is as follows:
[From the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Press]
CHERRIES AND THE TARIFF
Michigan cherry growers, who produce about o n e - f o u r t h of the
total cherry crop i n the United States, probably were greatly interested i n a recent House speech by Representative ALBERT J. ENGEL,
of Muskegon, regarding their Industry. ENGEL told his colleagues
that Michigan growers are being crushed between foreign competit i o n occasioned by a lower tariff and higher costs under the Wages
and Hours Act.
There is undoubted Justification f o r the complaints concerning
the Wages and Hours Act as i t applies to the processing of cherries,
but his charges against the tariff gave rise to suspicion that ENGEL
was merely following what seems to be the routine custom of so
many Republicans these days of blaming all the ills of the country
on the reciprocal-trade policy.
ENGEL declared, i t will be recalled, that Michigan cherry growers
developed a maraschino cherry w i t h the aid of a protective tariff,
reduced Imports f r o m 22.000.000 pounds to a few thousand pounds
a year. Then, he added, the State Department, "over our repeated
protests." made a reciprocal-trade agreement w i t h France reducing
the tariff on maraschino cherries 20 percent, w i t h the result t h a t
"we are now receiving importations of cherries n o t f r o m France b u t
f r o m I t a l y under the most-favcred-nation clause."
"Farm prices were forced down as low as 1 ; to 2 cents a pound,
and the growers have been producing cherries at a loss for some
time," ENGEL declared, placing the onus on the current trade policy.
1
�1963
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
H i e y attempt to pro^e deeply into fltrv.res on such coints as n u m Iter of members connected, amount of energy purchased at wholesale and sold at retail, operating expenses, rates, revenues, and
related items. Since all R. E. A. financed systems are still i n an
eirly developmental stage, i t is perfectly natural t h a t any showing
some of you could make oa such reports would be less favorable
than i t would t e after your electric system had been i n operation
for a reasonable period.
To the foes of r u r a l electrification every figure is a weacon to
be turned against ycu and against the whole rural-electrification
program. We have tried not alone to respect the rights of the
borrowers b u t to m i n i m i z e the exposure of the young cooperatives and other systems to the hostile attacks of those who would
like to scuttle t h e m .
However, the idea t h a t there is l i t t l e cr no evidence publicly
available t h a t the loans made by R. E. A. are sound is u t t e r l y
erroneous and h a r m f u l . There is plenty of evidence p o m t i n g to
the soundness of these loans. Some of i t has already been made
available to everybody, and I t is supplemented extensively i n this
memorandum.
The hearings of t h e House Appropriations Committee a few
months ago contain considerable Information on the payments
and some defaults of nearly 100 R. E. A. borrowers. Moreover, we
Included I n the A n n u a l Report of 1939 a bread and easily understandable summary of financial progress and outlook. This appears
on pages 124-135 of the report. I n brief, i t makes the f o l l o w i n g
major points:
Not one dollar of the loans advanced up to December 1. 1939—
t o t a l i n g over $176,000.000—had been charged off by R. E. A. or
transferred t o an Inactive account, although In financial experience
generally such charge-offs are quite common.
No losses have been experienced on any loans, and there have
been no foreclosures.
Twenty-seven Installments of Interest and principal on o u t standing loans remained unpaid on June 30, 19.39, and were thereby
defaulted. Under a u t h o r i t y of section 12 of the Rural Electrificat i o n Act of 1936, the Administrator is granting these borrowers
extensions of t i m e to pay interest and principal. The total of such
defaulted payments on June 30, 1939, was $65,616.30.
Eleven, borrowers shewed up so well i n point of revenues t h a t
they were able to make substantial payments of Interest and p r i n cipal i n advance of the date due. Such advance payments made
or about to be made up to December 1, 1939, totaled $79,594.70.
On R. E. A.'s w i r i n g and p l u m b i n g Installation loan contracts,
under which $2,114,315 had been advanced up to December 1, 1939,
collections showed less t h a n 1 percent delinquencies. No extensions of time had been granted on any such loans, t h o u g h f u l l
interest and principal payments begin 6 months after the date of
the note.
Since the annual report was published I have been able to bring
'hese two items up to date f o r January 1. 1940. By t h a t date adince payments of Interest and principal made f r o m operating
.'venues amounted to $140,643. T h a t Is an excellent showing. I t
is pretty generally conceded t h a t all rural electric enterprises,
whether public, private, or cooperative, require a period of growth
of perhaps as m u c h as 5 years before they attain their f u l l development. The reasons why they need this period for development, and
the increasing use of electricity and increasing revenues t h a t may
be anticipated d u r i n g the early years, are f u l l y discussed on pages
126-129 and 132-133 of the annual report. Here, i n considering
the showing made thus f a r by R. E. A. borrowers, I simply want to
point out t h a t not one of the systems financed by R. E. A. has been
energized for so long a time as 5 years.
Installments In arrears on January 1, 1940, totaled $56,765. This
figure represents current delinquencies. Some defaulted payments
reported earlier i n the annual report have since been made up by
the borrowers. Others are not included Ln the new t o t a l because of
a rescheduling of the terms of payment to the 25-year basis authorized under the R u r a l Electrification Act of 1938 and proved up by
experience.
I n the early days the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of R. E. A. set terms for the
beginning of repayment of interest and principal on a very rigorous
basis—too rigorous, as experience has shown, especially i n view of
the need, already mentioned, f o r a development period. On these
earlier loans a 20-year m a x i m u m repayment period was provided
for i n the loan contracts, and. as experience demonstrated, w i t h
payments of Interest and principal scheduled to begin long before
anything approaching f u l l development of the systems could
possibly have'taken place.
The Rural Electrification A c t of 1936 was drawn w i t h a clear
recognition of the need f o r allowing for I n i t i a l growth, and accordingly authorized the use of a 25-year m a x i m u m repayment
period. A l l revisions of loan terms t h a t have been or are being
made, have been kept w i t h i n the terms of the 25-year schedule,
as was stated i n the A n n u a l Report. On many loans the 20-year
terms have been retained, even though they appear generally less
appropriate because thus f a r at least there has been no need to
change them.
Locking at the question f r o m another point of view, you w i l l be
interested i n the results of a check we made recently of operating
conditions f c r all systems i n one State. I t showed that In December 1939 the systems as a group were operating so successfully
that after payins all operating costs. Including an allowance f o r
taxes and depreciation, they s t i l l had net operating revenues, or
surplus, sumcic-nt to cover all current interest renuircmonts two
and one-third times. One system showed net operaiics revenues
f o u r times as great as the interest requirements.
Ceital.i'.y these figures seem to Indicate t h a t by and larrte these
R. E. A. loans w i l l be. as they are intended to be. self-'.iq-.udar'n,
I t is true that a lot cf hard work w i l l be needed to make and I-.eep
t h e m self-liquidating. B u t t h a t has never been any secret; R. E A
oiEcials. f o r example, have said i t over and over again, to you i n d
tc others. Pretty largely that hard worl: is up to ycu. Meanwhile the trends of use and revenue are upward, and that ^ mora
significant Just now t h a n any of the figures.
BARRY
SLATTERY,
Administrator.
Radio Program Under Iflspicea of I Am arc
Aibeifcan
% i Foundation,;
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON.
HARRY R. SHEPPARD
IN
HOUSE
OF CALIFORNIA :
THE
Tuesday,
OF
REPRESENTATIVES
April
9,1940
PROGRAM OVER N . B . C. NETWORK O N APRIL 6, 1940
Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my
remarks in the RECORD, I include the following radio program
over the blue transcontinental network, from the National
Broadcasting Co.'s studios, Washington, D. C, April 6, 1940:
DORIAN S T . GEORGE. From Washington the National Broadcasting
Co. presents a program under the auspices of the I A m An American
Citizenship Foundation. This group alms to acquaint Americans
w i t h the benefits they derive f r o m their American citizenship. Tha
first speaker we hear t h i s evening Is Leo Spencer, director of publio
relations f o r the f o u n d a t i o n .
LEO S. SPENCER. Ladies and gentlemen and distinguished visitors
In the studio. I t is my pleasure to Introduce M r . Edward Arnold,
vice president of the Screen Actors' G u i l d of America, who Is In
Washington on a mission which I am sure appeals to a l l the people
of our Nation. Mr Arnold.
EDWARD ARNOLD. I t happens t h a t i n my profession I have made
quite a number of appearances before the microphone. However,
I should like to make this definite statement: I have never entered
a broadcasting studio w } t o ^ ^ e a ^ r .fa^Jieg. o i . happuiess than is
mine tonight. Ben N ^ l S a j ^ ^ S i ' t o WapiUngtfln b^cftUAe of OUT interest I n t f i e Hcrti» }oiKreBWut!ISn t o authorize the President t o
Issue, » fireolam»tlon w t t l n g artde a day to recognize and to honor
21-year-old Americans and naturalized citizens of the U n i t e d States.
The House b i l l has passed by unanimous vote and the Senate Judiciary Committee has favorably reported the resolution. There
seems to be not the smallest doubt b u t t h a t t h i s resolution will
pass the Senate d u r i n g the coming week. T t w flrst I A m J t o J t o e r i can dtlzenahlp celebration ( « rauMgyrtc. a r t o & i t t S R f v t a helA
1st BaUywoirt B o w r « i J t m ? I 3 l i & " ^ ^ ^
persons
Joined to t f i t o p a t r i o t i c ralljri B;000 OT w t o o n f l l a a - J i i s t Hrached the
age at St. I t was a t h r i l l i n g and Inspiring occasion, as the assembled hundreds of boys and girls f r o m the high schools finished the
song I Am A n American and as the 5.000 come-ofiiage.^tisena
finished the.pledge of. good citizenship w i t h the words, ' ^ ' W a r t Is
I n America and Amerfea is I n m y heart. I A m A n AmeHcah.H I
d o n t believe there was an Individual I n the bowl who d i d not reel
that this occasion was a high light i n his or her l i f e as a free-born
American citizen. A n d I am also s i « e t h a t the thousands who
listened to the broadcast m e r N . B . Q? f e l t the same Inspiration.
The success of the Hollywood Bowl celebration Is known In every
State I n the Union. Quickly thereafter i n d u c t i o n ceremonies were
held I n New York. San Francisco, and In many other cities. And
new, as a result of the citizenship resolution before Congress, these
various dates w i l l be u n i f i e d and one grand celebration w i l l take
place i n every city and I n every c o m m u n i t y of this great land or
ours. J o i n i n g w i t h us today are two great lawmakers, one a leading Democrat and the other a leading Republican. I t Is my pleasure
and ^ ^ j j u r a H n a s s W Introduce the Hoaonrable J O H N MCCORUACK,
0(HigvwS^wn^m^rUasaachusetts. Congressman MCCORMACK.
JOHN'
MlckJoaMACK I am an American. This movement
sponsored by the Citizenship Foundation is to encourage the
f o r m a t i o n of community-wide groups of local sponsors, i n d i v i d uals, and organizations to encourage a l l citizens, particularly
those arriving at 21 years of age, and recently naturalized citizens to realize the great benefits of our i n s t i t u t i o n s of government, and their responsibility I n preserving and strengthening
our i n s t i t u t i o n s for our o w n generation, and f o r those of generations yet unborn.
J
J
i
�APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
- T Am an American. What a world of meaning that phrase
fcos to all of us who love our country, who believe In the great
truths upon which it is based and for which i t stands. Two
thousand and more years ago the proudest statement that one who
lived in those days could make was " I am a Roman citizen." The
croudest statement from the angle of being a citizen of any country
that one can make today Is. " I am an American citizen."
You and I , who are citizens of our great country, ought to feel
proud of our citizenship In this great democracy, and In our
rlKht to sav, " I Am an American citizen." What does it mean?
It means that we are citizens of a country that is the greatest
democracy and most powerful nation In the world today; a
nation based upon equity and Justice for all; a country of honor
among the other nations of the world. Back of that phrase,
••I Am an American" stands the history and traditions of our
countrv, the efforts of the early Colonial days, the battle for
independence of the Revolutionary War, and the reasons therefor, the Constitution of the United States, the Civil War, the
World War, and other conflicts in which we have been engaged,
the great progress we have made as a nation, growing from the
weakest nation in the worid at the time of its inception, to the
most powerful in the world today. That history, that tradition,
that growth have been brought about through the efforts of
individual Americans of past generations. Our institutions will
be preserved and strengthened only through the efforts of each
Individual American. This Is your Government and my Government, and its strength, stability, and growth depend upon
each Individual, the manner In which we assume our duties
and responsibilities as citizens. Ours is a great heritage, transmitted to us by past generations of Americans, and It Is our
duty to preserve the same. The strength of America Is the
strength of you and me as individuals in our love of our country,
In the fearless manner In which we perform our duties as
American citizens in the preservation of our Institutions against
attack from within and from without, and the equally fearless
manner In which we meet the trying problems that confront us
of this generation. We must bear In mind, trying as our
problems are today, that past generations of Americans had their
serious problems, and they met them as history records in the
best interests of our country. What past generations of Americans have done, we of this generation can also do, and we will
do it. This generation of Americans will not be recorded in our
history as failures. You and I are human agencies through
which our Government and what it stands for pass from the
last generation through us to the next generation. I repeat, and
emphasize as strongly as I can, the strength In and success of our
beloved country depend upon you and me as individual Americans.
I Am an American. What further does that assertion stand
for? It stands for a country In which personal liberty Is guaranteed to each and everyone of us by the Constitution, and that even
Government, itself cannot impair or abridge those guaranties. I t
means that you and I are citizens of a country that guarantees as
a right, not by sufferance or will of a dictator, "freedom of religious conscience"; freedom cf speech and of the press; of the
heme and the family life being protected and held sacred against
attack from any source; of the right of peaceful assembly; of the
right cf petition to our public officials; of the right of a trial by
Jury; of the protection of ownership of property against seizure
except by due process of law; and of the other great human rights
set forth in the Constitution, and guaranteed to each and every
one of us. I t means a "Government of laws, and not of men." I t
means equality of opportunity under the lav/. I t means the right
cf vou and me to go to the church that our conscience dictates
us io attend. I t means a Government that recognizes the omnipotence of God; that all power comes from God Himself, and not
from man. Power, whether financial, political or otherwise. Is a
trust to be exercised for our fellowmen and the general welfare of
our Nation.
As we view conditions in other countries where totalitarian or
dictatorial regimes exist, we realize and appreciate more thoroughly
what it means to be an American citizen. There are those here and
abroad who would like to Impose upon our people such a vicious
and destructive government; who would substitute man for God
as the origin and source of all power; who would destroy the efforts
cf mankind for countless generations in Its efforts toward individual liberty. A movement cf this kind is an effective means of
combating such influences. I t Is educational and constructive.
Local communities, through public-spirited citizens and crganizations. religious, patriotic, charitable, educational, business, and
otherwise should cooperate. Mr. Arnold, whom millions of Americans admire in his portrayal of life on the screen, Is devoting his
time untiringly to this great movement. I Am an American. He
is to be congratulated. He and the organization I am an American
Citizenship Foundation should be supported.
As a result cf their activities and efforts, a bill has be^n introduced In Congress, House Joint Resolution 437, authorizing the
Preildent to proclaim citizenship day for the recognition, observance,
and commemoration of American citizenship setting aside Flag Day,
June 14, as Citizenship Day as a public occasion for the. recognition
of all who, by coming of age or naturalization, have attained the
status of citizenship. That resolution has been reported favorably
by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. I t should be passed.
In the time allotted to me, I must, of necessity, be brief. The
public-spirited efforts of Mr. Arnold and his associates should be
supported by all Americans. I t is a pleasure for me to speak on
LXXXVI—App
124
1967
this program with Mr. Arnold and my distinguished friend and
colleague, Congressman BARTON, of New York. I t Is through efforts
cf this kind, supported by public-spirited persons and organizations
in local communities that will effectively combat the subversive
forces that are working from within and from without, and at the
same time rekindle in our conscious minds the full force and meaning of our ability to assert " I Am an American citizen."
EDWARD ARNOLD. I am grateful to Congressman MCCORMACK. both
for his eloquence and for his sincerity. And now we will have one
more bit of evidence of the nonpartisan character of the I Am an
American movement. FoUowing the last speaker, a prominent
Democrat, we now present a leading Republican, the Honorable
BRUCE BARTON, Congressman from New York. Congressman BARTON.
Congressman BARTON: DO we Americans really care about our
country?
A startling answer to that question appears In a little book Just
published by Prof. James Kerr Pollock, of the University of
Michigan.
He analyzed the voting behavior of the citizens of Ann Arbor,
Mich., over a period of 8 years, In which there were 24 elections.
Ann Arbor is a small city of high cultural advantages, the home
of the university. I t is a city with no palaces and no slums, with
only a small percentage of foreign born—a typical middle-class
town, representing all that we like to think of as best In American
tradition and life.
What happened In these 24 elections? Of the qualified voters,
only about 1 in 3 took the trouble to vote.
The percentage was higher in Presidential election years, when
two out of three of the eligible citizens went to the polls. But in
some of the local elections the vote dropped to less than 25 percent. Generally the men did a little better than the women, and
voters between the ages of 50 and 60 did twice as well as those
between the ages of 21 and 30. We seem somehow to have failed
to impress upon our young people how precious is the right which
their country confers on them when they reach the age of 21.
Democracy is not an easy form of government. I t Is the hardest
of all forms to preserve and make work. I t will not run itself.
I t requires Intelligent Interest, loving care, and a certain amount
of self-sacrifice on the part cf us all.
Surely these are a small price to pay for the precious right of
free speech, free press, free education, and free worship—for the
high position given to women under free Institutions, and the
freedom of all men and women to live and work where and how
they please.
For these rights our fathers were willing-If need be to die, and
other men across the seas are willingly offering up their lives today.
Let us prove to ourselves and all the world, by our voting record
this fall, that we are not unmindful of our splendid heritage.
Where great gifts are bestowed, great responsibilities are likewise
Imposed. On every American, young or old, is laid the injunction
of the sacred Scriptures: "For unto whomsoever much is given, of
him shall much be required."
EDWARD ARNOLD. Thank ycu, sir. My brief contact in Washington with Congressman BARTON has made It easy to understand
why he. like the Congressman from Massachusetts, is so well
beloved on Capitol Hill. Yesterday afternoon Ben Neal and I had
the pleasure of presenting a framed copy of the I Am an American creed, though Gen. Edwin Watson, to the President of the
United States at the White House. The recitation of this creed
is the climax of all our celebrations. We are fortunate indeed
tonight to be able to close this .prosram with 1
,.
,
.
_,
JFfen'Heil.*
fore I read the creed, I should like to illustrate the
nonpartisan, nonpolitical, and nonsectarian manner In which the
I Am an American citizenship movement is sponsored. Other
cities and communities are invited to form sponsor groups along
The church group Includes Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Church
Federation of Los Angeles, Jewish Community Council, and University df Religious Conference.
Political parties are represented by Democratic County Central
Committee, Republican County Central Commiltee, Young Democratic Clubs of California, and Young Republicans of California.
Organized workers are represented by the central labor council
and organized employers by Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.
In addition the following city and county-wide organizations
make a total of 34 groups of sponsors: Board of educaticn: board
cf supervisors; Boy Scouts of America; California Congress, parents
and teachers; California Federation of Women's Clubs; county
council, American Legion; county council, Veterans of Foreign
Wars; Girl Scouts of America; Hollywood Post, No. 43; Lcs
Angeies City Council; Los Angeles Junior Chamber of Commerce;
Los Angeles Youth Commission; Loyola University; Marlborough
School for Girls: Motion Picture Producers Association; Musicians
Post, No. 474; Musicians Union. Local 47, A. F. of M.; Native Sons
of the Golden West; seventeenth district, American Legion; twentyfourth district, American Legion; University of California at Los
Angeles; University of Southern California; Young Men's Christiaa
Association; Young Women's Christian Association.
These public celebrations in honor of new citizens were originally conceived as belonging to all of our young citizens who believe in upholding the flag regardless of whether they are liberal
�19GS
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
or consorvatlre. regardless of political or rebeious differences. To
reach its destined effectiveness, i t must always remain so.
And now the pledge of citizenship, the I A m an American creed:
" I am an American!
Tlie Golden Rule is my rule!
I n h u m i l i t y and w i t h gratitude
I acl'.nowledge my u n d y i n g debt
To the f o u n d i n g fathers
Who l e f t me a priceless heritage
W h i c h now is my responsibility.
W i t h steadfast loyalty,
I w i l l u p h o l d the C o n s t i t u t i o n
And the B i l l of Rights.
I w i l l treasure my b i r t h r i g h t
Of American Ideals:
I w i l l place moral integrity
Above worldly possessions.
Problems of interest to my country
Shall be of Interest to me!
I w i l l count my r i g h t of suffrage
To be a sacred trust.
And I w i l l diligently strive
To prove worthy of that trust.
I w i l l give my f u l l support
To u p r i g h t public servants,
But those w i t h unclean hands,
I w i l l firmly oppose.
Each obligation t h a t comes to me
As a true American.
I w i l l discharge w i t h honor I
My hsart Is i n America
And America is i n my heart I
I am an American!"
IN THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 9,1940
We were fac-;d w i t h much the same problem i n the davs when
music and voices were recorded on both cylinders ar.d disks. I n
the end disks won. I t would be absurd to argue, as Mr. Fly does,
that the owners of cylinder machines could s t i l l be entertained.
They could not hear most of the great artists and orchestras, for
which reason Edison, who had clung to the cylinder, decided to
change his whole system of recording. The public d i d not complain. And so i t was w i t h radio. No one expects the television
sets that are now ready to meet f u t u r e requirements. I t would bo
strange indeed if a branch of electrical engineering which has been
the subject of so m u c h research ever reached a point of stagnat i o n . Progress, the f r u i t of research, inevitably Implies the fluidity
that Mr. Fly fears.
Television has engaged inventors ever since the IDSO's. For 12
years images h i v e teen t r a n s m i t t e d experimentally. D u r i n g t h a t
time $9,250,000 has been spent by one company alone, not only i n
developing suitable t r a n s m i t t i n g and receiving apparatus but i n
discovering acceptable program material. A t least 15 fixed and
portable relay stations were licensed f o r experimental operation.
Every promising experiment was made w i t h different lengths of
waves and types of equipment. No fewer t h a n 8 types of commercial receivers and an u n k n o w n number of home-made types
were tested. Some 70.000 individual postcard comments on programs were studied. Never was an art so t h c r c u g h l y explored
before I t was launched as television.
I t must not be forgotten that, as we know I t . television embodies
the ingenuity not only of American b u t of French. English, and
German engineers w i t h w h o m our laboratories have been exchanging discoveries. T h a t the solution of the television problem
reached here and abroad Is essentially t h e same i n principle is
significant. W h a t we have, then, represents a consensus of worldwide engineering doctrine. I t seems l i t t l e short of presumptuous
on the part of the Federal Communications Division to oppose
its own views to those of experts. I f Interference of Government
w i t h technical television progress Is to be tolerated, no manufacturer can b u i l d f o r the f u t u r e . Why not restrain the I n t r o d u c t i o n
of synthetic wool made f r o m m i l k because already there Is the
possibility t h a t I t may be made f r o m something else? Why not
check the makers of 1,500 plastics because something better Is i n
the offing?
Apart f r o m these considerations the Commission's procedure la
ominous, because i t involves the assertion of the r i g h t to determine what Is a f a i r charge f o r a television program. Here Is tho
flrst step toward the regulation of a m e d i u m of expression as
if I t were a public u t i l i t y . By Implication the Commission may
examine books I n order t o flx charges. I f t h i s principle is cqrrect, then no publisher of a periodical may establish advertising
rates w i t h o u t fear of correction. Nor w i l l capital be encouraged
to invest In companies t h a t make television apparatus. The rate
of a new invention's evolution may be retarded and even arrested.
No one questions t h a t a type of electrical communication which
makes heavy demands on the ether, already overcrowded, must be
supervised by some governmental body. B u t w h a t television particularly needs Just now is not tyrannous restraint b u t guidance
and aid.
E D I T O R I A L FROM T H E NEW YORK TIMES
Control of the Oil Industry in California
DORIAN S T . GEORGE. Y O U have heard a program presented tinder
the auspices of the I A m an American Citizenship Foundation.
Heard this evening were the m o t i o n - p i c t u r e star, Edward Arnold;
Representative J o h n W. McCormack, of Massachusetts; Bruce Barton. Representative of New York; Ben E. Neal, president of the
I A m an American Citizenship Fcundatlon; and Leo Spencer,
director of p u b l i c relations f o r the f o u n d a t i o n .
H a m s t r i n g i n g Television
E X T E N S I O N OF R E M A R K S
OF
HON. SOL BLOOM
OF NEW YORK
Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the RECOKD, I include the following editorial from
the New York Times of April 8, 1940, entitled "Hamstringing
Television":
[From the New Y o r k Times of A p r i l 8, 1D40]
HAMSTRINGING TELEVISION
Exercising what looks suspiciously like a personal quasl-offlclal
right of eminent domain over broadcasting time, Mr. James L. Fly
warns the radio public against buying television receivers and
attempts to Justify what Is actually a threat of the Federal Communications Commission, of w h i c h he is chairman, to control the
free development cf a new art. As matters stand, the Commission
authorized the transmission of commercial television programs on
September 1, 1940, the advertiser to pay a f a i r but otherwise indeterminate charge not f o r time but f o r entertainment and sales talk.
This permission Is v i r t u a l l y rescinded while new hearings are held
to settle technical and economic questions. Meanwhile television
broadcasters mark time, and confidence In the q u a l i t y of television
receivers, now ready f o r the market, is rudely shaken.
The reason f o r t h i s extraordinary vacillation is t o be f o u n d i n
what Mr. F l y calls "tbe fluid state of the art." meaning that television is s t i l l so subject to radical technical change that receivers
bought today may be useless next year. I f this principle is sound,
the Government m i g h t well restrain publishers f r o m selling new
textbooks on v i t a m i n s and hormones, cosmic rays, and atomic
physics, f o r the simple reason t h a t any discussion cf recent progress
in the n a t u r a l sciences Is outdated even while i t is on the press.Mr. Fly's argument t h a t the purchaser of an automobile or a camera
always has something t h a t he can use, even though i t may soon
be outmoded, whereas a television set may be no good at all next
year, will not w i t h s t a n d scrutiny. I t Is true t h a t our present
receivers are designed f o r t r a n s m i t t e d 441-line Images. B u t the
441-line receivers w i l l work w i t h 400-llne transmission, though not
w i t h the same q u a l i t y of detaU. They are gcod f o r SOO-line images.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HARRY R. SHEPPARD
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 9,1940
Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. Speaker and Members of the House,
there has been so much discussion by and between some
departments of Government and interests in California pertaining to the control of the oil industry of that State that
I feel it is now time that the Members of this House be kept
posted on this issue.
Originally, we had the so-called Nye bill which, in general,
proposed to take over the submerged coastal lands of the
State of California which were accorded to the State at the
time the State became a part of the Union. Originally, the
Nye bill was all-inclusive in its application to coastal properties and then we suddenly found that it had been amended
to incorporate the State of California exclusively. This bill,
however, has not reached the floor of the House yet.
Then the next thing that we found pertaining to the oil
industry in the State of California was last year there was
proposed in California what was known as the Atkinson bill,
and, surprisingly, we found our Navy breaking into politics in
the State of California, contrary to all regulations and legal
authority. The Atkinson bill was defeated in California with
a tremendous majority, definitely indicating that the citizens
�U.S. Department of Justice
Immigration & Naturalization Service
Many filing fees have been changed. Please review the list to determine
the fee for the application you are filing. Applications received with the
wrong fee will be returned unprocessed.
THE CHARGE FOR RETURNED CHECKS IS NOW $30.00.
1-17
1-90
1-129
I-129F
1-130
1-131
1-140
1-191
1-192
1-193
1-212
$140.00
75.00
8
75.00
80.00
70.00
75.00
90.00
90.00
95.00
95.00
1-246
1-485
1-526
1-539
155.00
**
155.00
75^
t(plus 10.00 per coapplicam)
1-600
I-600A
1-601
1-612
Motion to reopen and reconsider
155.00
155.00
95.00
95.00
1-751
1-817
N-300
N-400
N-410
N^55
N-470
N-565
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N-643
N-644
80.00
80.00
75.00
95.00
50.00
90.00
115.00
65.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
110.00
*I'129 (Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker)
Petition with unnamed beneficiaries
$75.00 per petition
Petition with named beneficiaries
base fee of $75.00 plus either:
-$10.00 per worker if requesting consulate or port of entry
notification for visa issuance or admisssion.
-$80.00 per worker if requesting a change of status.
-$50.00 per worker if requesting an extension of stay.
If filing extension of stay or change of status for 1 worker,
dependents may be included for $10.00 per dependent.
**l-485 (Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status)
$100.00 if applicant is under 14 years of age
$130.00 if applicant is 14 years of age or over.
ER-721 EFC
08/96 3230
Please turn over
�Important Document Information
The Immigration and Naturalization Service has
changed the policy requiring submission of original
documents or certified copies of documents with applications
and petitions.
You may now submit ordinary legible photocopies of
the original documents required, including Naturalization
Certificates and Alien Registration Cards. Please submit
copies of both sides of documents. You may be required to
present the original documents during any subsequent
contacts with the Service.
The following statement must be signed and dated by
either the applicant, the petitioner, or the attorney, and
submitted with each petition and/or application.
"Copies of documents submitted are exact photocopies of
unaltered original documents and I understand that I may be
required to submit original documents to an Immigration or
Consular official at a later date."
Signature:
Typed or Printed Name:
Date:
ER-750 EFC
06/95 3230
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PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVE
�U.S. Department of Justice
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Fingerprint Instructions for All Immigration Benefit Applicants
For all INS benefits applications requiring an FD-258 fingerprint check filed with the INS
on or after March 29, 1998:
1. Do not submit a completed fingerprint card (FD-258) with your application. Your
application will be accepted without the fingerprint card attached. If you submit a
completed fingerprint card with your application on or after March 29, 1998, the card
will be rejected and you will be scheduled to befingerprintedby the INS.
2. Do submit $25 in addition to the application fee, payable to the INS, with your
application. This charge will cover the cost for you to befingerprintedby the INS.
3. After INS receives your application, the INS will provide you with an appointment
letter with the location of the nearest LNS authorized fingerprint site. Please read the
instructions in the appointment letter, and take it to the INS authorizedfingerprintsite
when you go to your fingerprint appointment.
Exceptions:
•
Applicants and petitioners residing abroad who are fingerprinted at a United States
consular or military installation abroad do not need to befingerprintedby the INS and
are exempt from the $25 fingerprint fee. These applicants and petitioners must file
their completed card at the time their application or petition is filed.
Individuals filing Form 1-589, "Application for Asylum and for Withholding of
Removal," 1-817 "Application for Voluntary Departure," 1-821 "Application for
Temporary Protected Status," 1-600 "Immigrant Petition for Orphan (Adoption)," or
I-600A "Advance Processing; Immigrant Petition for Orphan (Adoption)" are entitled
to special exceptions to the above requirements. Please see the special instructions
accompanying these forms for details.
FC-022 (General)
04/98
�U.S. Department of Justice
OMB # 1115-0009
Application for Naturalization
Immigration and Naturalization Service
INSTRUCTIONS
Purpose of This Form.
This form is for use to apply to become a naturalized
citizen of the United States.
Who May File.
You may apply for naturalization if:
•
you have been a lawful permanent resident for five
years;
• you have been a lawful permanent resident for three
years, have been married to a United States citizen for
those three years, and continue to be married to that
U.S. citizen;
•
you are the lawful permanent resident child of United
States citizen parents; or
•
you have qualifying military service.
Children under 18 may automatically become citizens
when their parents naturalize. You may inquire at your
local Service office for further information. If you do not
meet the qualifications listed above but believe that you
are eligible for naturalization, you may inquire at your
local Service office for additional information.
leneral Instructions.
ease answer all questions by typing or clearly printing in
olack ink. Indicate that an item is not applicable with
"N/A". If an answer is "none," write "none". If you need
extra space to answer any item, attach a sheet of paper
with your name and your alien registration number ( A # ) ,
if any, and indicate the number of the item.
Every application must be properly signed and filed with
the correct fee. If you are under 18 years of age, your
parent or guardian must sign the application.
If you wish to be called for your examination at the same
time as another person who is also applying for
naturalization, make your request on a separate cover
sheet. Be sure to give the name and alien registration
number of that person.
Initial Evidence Requirements.
You must file your application with
evidence:
the following
A copy of your alien registration card.
Photographs. You must submit two color photographs of
yourself taken within 30 days of this application. These
photos must be glossy, unretouched and unmounted, and
have a white background. Dimension of the face should
about 1 inch from chin to top of hair. Face should be
frontal view of right side with right ear visible. Using
pencil or felt pen, lightly print name and A # , if any, on
the back of each photo. This requirement may be waived
by the Service if you can establish that you are confined
because of age or physical infirmity.
Form N-400 (Rev. 07/17/91)N / (Rev. 05/8/96)Y Fee change only
Fingerprints. If you are between the ages of 14 and 75,
you must submit your fingerprints on Form FD-258. Fill
out the form and write your Alien Registration Number in
the space marked "Your No. OCA" or "Miscellaneous No.
MNU". Take the chart and these instructions to a police
station, sheriff's office or an office of this Service, or other
reputable person or organization for fingerprinting. (You
should contact the police or sheriff's office before going
there since some of these offices do not take fingerprints
for other government agencies.) You must sign the chart
in the presence of the person taking your fingerprints and
have that person sign his/her name, title, and the date in
the space provided. Do not bend, fold, or crease the
fingerprint chart.
U.S. Military Service. If you have ever served in the
Armed Forces of the United States at any time, you must
submit a completed Form G-325B. If your application is
based on your military service you must also submit Form
N-426, "Request for Certification of Military or Naval
Service."
Application for Child.
If this application is for a
permanent resident child of U.S. citizen parents, you must
also submit copies of the child's birth certificate, the
parents' marriage certificate, and evidence of the parents'
U.S. citizenship. If the parents are divorced, you must
also submit the divorce decree and evidence that the
citizen parent has legal custody of the child.
Where to File.
File this application at the local Service office having
jurisdiction over your place of residence.
Fee.
The fee for this application is $95.00. The fee must be
submitted in the exact amount. It cannot be refunded. DO
NOT MAIL CASH.
All checks and money orders must be drawn on a bank or
other institution located in the United States and must be
payable in United States currency. The check or money
order should be made payable to the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, except that:
• If you live in Guam, and are filing this application in
Guam, make your check or money order payable to
the "Treasurer, Guam."
• If you live in the Virgin Islands, and are filing this
application in the Virgin Islands, make your check or
money order payable to the "Commissioner of
Finance of the Virgin Islands."
Checks are accepted subject to collection. An uncollected
check will render the application and any document issued
invalid. A charge of $5.00 will be imposed if a check in
payment of a fee is not honored by the bank on which it is
drawn.
�Processing Information.
Reiection. Any application that is not signed or is not
accompanied by the proper fee will be rejected with a
notice that the application is deficient. You may correct
the deticiency and resubmit the application. However, an
application is not considered properly filed until it is
accepted by the Service.
Requests for more information. We may request more
information or evidence. We may also request that you
submit the originals of any copy. We will return these
originals when they are no longer required.
Interview.
After you file your application, you will be
notified to appear at a Service office to be examined under
oath or affirmation. This interview may not be waived. If
you are an adult, you must show that you have a
knowledge and understanding of the history, principles,
and form of government of the United States. There is no
exemption from this requirement.
You will also be examined on your ability to read, write,
and speak English. If on the date of your examination you
are more than 50 years of age and have been a lawful
permanent resident for 20 years or more, or you are 55
years of age and have been a lawful permanent resident
'or at least 15 years, you will be exempt from the English
nguage requirements of the law. If you are exempt, you
,nay take the examination in any language you wish.
Oath of Allegiance. If your application is approved, you
will be required to take the following oath of allegiance to
the United States in order to become a citizen:
"/ hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely
renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any
foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, of whom or
which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I
will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the
United States of America against all enemies, foreign and
domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States
when
required
by the law; that I will
perform
noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United
States when required by the law; that I will perform work
of national importance
under civilian direction
when
required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely
without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so
help me God."
If you cannot promise to bear arms or perform
noncombatant service because of religious training and
belief, you may omit those statements when taking the
oath. "Religious training and belief" means a person's
belief in relation to a Supreme Being involving duties
superior to those arising from any human relation, but
does not include essentially political, sociological, or
philosophical views or merely a personal moral code.
Oath ceremony. You may choose to have the oath of
allegiance administered in a ceremony conducted by the
Service or request to be scheduled for an oath ceremony
in a court that has jurisdiction over the applicant's place of
residence. At the time of your examination you will be
asked to elect either form of ceremony. You will become
a citizen on the date of the oath ceremony and the
Attorney General will issue a Certificate of Naturalization
as evidence of United States citizenship.
If you wish to change your name as part of the
naturalization process, you will have to take the oath in
court.
Penalties.
If you knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal a material
fact or submit a false document with this request, we will
deny the benefit you are filing for, and may deny any other
immigration benefit.
In addition, you will face severe
penalties provided by law, and may be subject to criminal
prosecution.
Privacy Act Notice.
We ask for the information on this form, and associated
evidence, to determine if you have established eligibility
for the immigration benefit you are filing for. Our legal
right to ask for this information is in 8 USC 1439, 1440,
1443, 1445, 1446, and 1452. We may provide this
information to other government agencies.
Failure to
provide this information, and any requested evidence, may
delay a final decision or result in denial of your request.
Paperwork Reduction Act Notice.
We try to create forms and instructions that are accurate,
can be easily understood, and which impose the least
possible burden on you to provide us with information.
Often this is difficult because some immigration laws are
very complex. Accordingly, the reporting burden for this
collection of information is computed as follows:
(1)
learning about the law and f o r m , 20 m i n u t e s ; (2)
completing the form, 25 minutes; and (3) assembling and
filing the application (includes statutory required interview
and travel time, after filing of application), 3 hours and 35
minutes, for an estimated average of 4 hours and 20
minutes per response. If you have comments regarding
the accuracy of this estimate, or suggestions for making
this form simpler, you can write to both the Immigration
and Naturalization Service, 425 I Street, N.W., Room
5304, Washington, D C 20536; and the Office of
Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project,
OMB No. 1115-0009, Washington, D.C. 20503.
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of DocumenU, Mail Stop: SSOP, Waahington, DC 20402-9328
�U.S. Department of Justice
Immigration and Naturalization Service
O M B #1115-0009
Application for Naturalization
START HERE - Please Type or Print
irt 1.
FOR INS U S E ONLY
Information about you.
Family
Name
Middle
Initial
Given
Name
U.S. M a i l i n g A d d r e s s
Receipt
RiMurncd
Care ol
Rusutiinilted
Apt.
Slroet Number
and Name
County
City
ZIP
Code
Slate
Date ol Birlh
(month/day/year)
Counlry
ol Birlh
Social
Security #
Reloc Senl
A
Relix: Rec'd
Part 2.
Basis for Eligibility {check one).
a.
•
I have been a permanent resident tor at least live (5) years
b.
•
I have been a permanent resident (or at least three (3) years and have been married lo a
c.
•
d.
•
•
United Stales Citizen for those three years.
Applicant
Interviewed
I am a permanenl resident child of United Slates citizen paroul(s)
I am applying on the basis of qualifying military service in tlie Armed Forces of the U S
_L
and have attached completed Forms N-426 and G-325B
c.
•
Other. (Please specify section of law)
At interview
.
• request n a t u r a l i z a t i o n ceremony a t court
Part 3.
Additional information about you.
Remarks
Port admitted with an immmiyrani visa or INS Office
where granted adjustrnuni of stalus.
J a t e you became a [wrmanent
resident (month/day/year)
Cilizenship
Name on alien registration card (if diHerent than in Pan 1)
Other names used since you became a permanent resident (mcludiny maiden name)
Sex
8
Height
Male
Female
Marital Slalus:
£
•
Divorced
Widowed
Single
Married
• N o DYes.
Can you speak, read and write English ?
Action
A b s e n c e s f r o m t h e U.S.:
Have you been absent from the U.S. since becoming a permanent resident?
•
No QYes.
If you answered " Y e s " , complete Ihe following, Begin with your tnosl recent absence If you
need more room to explain Ihe reason lor an absence or to list more Irips, continue on separate
paper.
Date left U.S.
Dale returned
Did absence last
6 monlhs or more?
•
Yos
•
No
Yes
•
No
•
Yos
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
Reason tor trip
No
•
Form N-400 (Rev 07/17/91 )N
•
•
-
Yes
Destination
Continued on back.
•
To Be Completed by
Attorney or Rapresentat/ve, it any
Fill in box if G-2B is attached to represent
II ie applicant
IVOLAG*
ATTY S t a t e L i c e n s e #
�Part
f
4. Information about your residences and employment.
List your addresses during the last (ive (5) years or since you became a permanenl resident, whichever is loss Begin with your current address. If you need
more space, continue on separate paper:
Dates (month/day/year)
Street Number and Name, City, Stale, Country, and Zip Code
From
B.
To
List your employers during the last (ive (5) years. List your present or mosl recent employer first. II none, wnle "None". II you need more space, continue
on separate paper.
Employer's Address
Employer's Name
Dales Employed (monlh/day/year)
Slieel Name and Number - City, Slale and ZIP Code
Part
A.
Occupation/position
To
From
5. Information about your marital history.
Total number of times you have been married
. K you are now married, complete Ihe lollowmy regarding your husband or wile.
Family name
Middle initial
Given name
Address
Date ol birth
(month/day/year)
Country of birth
Social
Security*
A# (il
Citizenship
Immigration status
applicable)
(II nol a U S. citizen)
Naturalization (If applicable)
(month/day/year)
Place
(City, State)
If you have ever previously been married or if your current spouse has been previously married, please provide Ihe following on separate paper: Name ol prior
spouse, date ol marriage, date marriage ended, how marriage ended and immigration status ol prior spouse.
Part
B.
6. Information about your children.
Total Number ol Children
. Complete the lollowmg information lor each ol your children II ihe i lnlil lives witti you, stale "with me" in the
address column; otherwise give city/state/counlry ol child's current rusiclunce. If deceased, wnle "deceased' m itu; address column
If you need more
space, conlmue on separate paper.
Full name of child
F o r m N-40() (Rt;v
07/17'9l)N
Date of birth
Country ol birlh
Citizenship
Continued on next page
A - Numtjui
Address
�Continued on back
Part 7. Additional eligibility factors.
ase answer each of the following questions. II your answer is "Yes", explain on a separate paper.
1.
Are you now, or have you ever been a member ol, or in any way connected or associated with the Communist Party, or ever
knowingly aided or supported the Communist Party directly, or indirectly through anolher organizaiion. group or person, or ever
advocated, taught, believed in, or knowingly supported or furthered the mteresls of communism?
2.
During the period March 23, 1933 to May 8, 1945, did you serve in, or were you in any way affiliated with, either directly or
indirectly, any military unit, paramilitary unit, police unit, self-defense unit, vigilanle unit, citizen unit ol the Nazi parly or SS,
government agency or office, extermination camp, concentration camp, prisoner of war camp, prison, labor camp, detention camp
or transit camp, under the control or affiliated with:
a.
b.
The Nazi Government of Germany?
Any government in any area occupied by, allied with, or established with the assistance or cooperation ol, ihe Nazi
Government of Germany?
3.
Have you at any time, anywhere, ever ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in Ihe persecution ol any fierson
because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion?
4.
5.
Have you ever left Uie United Slates to avoid being drafted into the U S Armed Forces?
Have you ever failed lo comply with Selective Service laws?
If you have registered under the Selective Service laws, complete the lollowmy mformalion:
Selective Service Number:
Date Registered:
II you registered before 1978, also provide the following:
Classilication:
Local Board Number:
Did you ever apply for exemption from military service because ol alienage, conscientious objections or other reasons?
Have you ever deserted from the military, air or naval forces of Ihe United Stales?
6.
7.
8.
9.
Since becoming a permanent resident, have you ever failed to file a federal income lax return ?
Since becoming a permanent resident. have you filed a federal income tax return as a nonresident or (ailed lo file a federal return
because you considered yourself lo be a nonresident?
- Are deportation proceedings pending against you, or have you ever been deported, or ordered deported, or have you ever applied
lor suspension of deportation?
11. Have you ever claimed in writing, or in any way, lo be a Uniled Slates ciiizun?
12. Have you ever:
a.
been a habitual drunkard?
advocated or practiced polygamy?
been a prostitute or procured anyone for prostitution?
knowingly and for gain helped any alien to enter the U.S. illegally?
been an illicit trafficker in narcotic drugs or marijuana?
received income from illegal gambling?
g.
given false testimony lor the purpose of obtaining any immigration benelil?
13. Have you ever been declared legally incompetent or have you ever been confined as a patient in a mental mstiiution?
14. Were you born with, or have you acquired in same way, any title or order ol nobility in any foreign State?
15. Have you ever:
a. knowingly committed any crime for which you have nol been arrested?
b. been arrested, cited, charged, indicted, convicted, fined or imprisoned for breaking or violating any law or ordinance
excluding traffic regulations?
( If you answer yes to 15 , in your explanation give Ihe following information lor each incident or occurrence the city, state, and
country, where the offense took place, the date and nature of the offense, and Ihe outcome or disposition ol the case).
Part 8.
1
1.
5.
If the law requires it, are you willing to perform work ol national importance under civilian direction?
F o r r n N - l O O (Huv
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
•
Yes
Yes
•
•
No
No
•
Yes
Yes
•
No
No
•
•
Yes
•
•
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
Yes
•
No
•
•
Yes
Yes
•
Yes
•
•
•
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Allegiance to the U.S.
II your answer to any of the following questions is "NO", attach a lull explanation:
Do you believe in the Constitution and form of government ol ihe U.S.?
1.
2. Are you willing to take the full Oath of Allegiance to the U.S.? (see instructions)
3. If the law requires it, are you willing to bear arms on behalf of Ihe U.S.?
If the law requires it, are you willing to perform noncombatant services in Ihe Armed Forces ol the U S ?
4.
-
•
0/'17,'91)N
Continued on back
�Part 9. Memberships and organizations.
A.
List your present and past membership in or affihahon with every organization, association, fund, foundation pcirly, club, society, or similar group in the
-\
United Slates or in any other place. Include any military service in tins pari. If none, write "none". Inclmic ihe name of organization, location, dates of
membership and the nature of the organization. II additional space is needed, use separate paper.
Part 10. Complete only if you checked block " C " in Part 2.
How many of your parents are U.S. citizens?
•
•
Bolh
(Give the lollowmg aboul one U.S. citizen parent:)
Given
Name
Family
Name
Address
Basis for cilizenship:
•
•
One
Middle
Name
Relationship to you (check one):
•
natural parent
•
Birth
Naturalization Cerl No.
•
adoptive parenl
parenl ol child legitimated atter birth
II adopted or legitimated after birth, give date ol adoption or, legitimalion: (mom/).c/ay,yeaO_
i
.
Does Ihis parent have legal custody ol you?
•
Yes
.
•
.
No
(Attach a copy of relating evidence to establish that you are the child ol this U.S. citizen and evidence of this parent's citizenship.)
Part
11.
Signature.
(Read tne information on penalties in the instructions before completing this section).
I certify or, if outside the United Stales, I swear or affirm, under penally ol perjury under Ihe laws ol the United Slates of America that this application, and the
)lence submitted with it, is all true and correct
I auiiionze the release ol any mlormaiion Irom my records which Ihe Immigration and Naturalization Service
needs to determine eligibility lor the benefit I am seeking.
Signature
Date
Please Note:
It you do not completely fill out this form, or fail to submit requited documents listed in the instructions, you may not be found eligible
tor naturalization and this application may be denied.
Part 12. Signature of person preparing form if other than above. (Sign below)
I declare that I prepared this application at the request ol Ihe above person and it is based on all inloriiiation ol which I have knowledge.
Print Your Name
Date
Signature
Firm Name
and Address
DO NOT COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO AT THE INTERVIEW
I swear that I know the contents ol this application, and supplemental
pages 1 through
, that the corrections , numbered 1
through
, were made at my request, and that this amended
application, is true lo Ihe best ol my knowledge and belief.
Subscribed and sworn lo before me by the applicant.
(Examiner's Signature )
Date
(Complete and true signature of applicant)
Fomi N lot) (Ri;v (17.'I7'<J1)N
U.S. G V R M N PRINTING OFFICE : 1997 0 - 176-348
OENET
�U. S. IMMIGRATION & NATURALIZATION SERVICE
COLOR PHOTOGRAPH
SPECIFICATIONS
IDEAL PHOTOGRAPH
4
IMAGE MUST FIT INSIDE THIS
BOX •
THE PICTURE A T LEFT IS IDEAL SIZE, COLOR,
BACKGROUND, A N D POSE. THE IMAGE SHOULD
BE 3 0 M M (1 3/1 6IN) FROM THE HAIR TO
JUST BELOW THE CHIN, A N D 2 6 M M (1 IN)
FROM LEFT CHEEK TO RIGHT EAR. THE IMAGE
MUST FIT IN THE BOX A T RIGHT.
THE PHOTOGRAPH
* THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE PICTURE. INCLUDING THE
BACKGROUND. MUST BE AT LEAST 40MM |1 9/16 INCHES)
IN HEIGHT BY 35MM (1 3/8IN) IN WIDTH.
* PHOTOS MUST BE FREE OF SHADOWS AND CONTAIN NO MARKS.
SPLOTCHES, OR DISCOLORATIONS.
* PHOTOS SHOULD BE HIGH QUALITY, WITH GOOD BACK
LIGHTING OR WRAP AROUND LIGHTING, AND MUST HAVE
A WHITE OR OFF-WHITE BACKGROUND.
* PHOTOS MUST BE A GLOSSY OR MATTE FINISH AND
UN-RETOUCHED.
.AROID FILM HYBRID #5 IS ACCEPTABLE; HOWEVER SX-70
TYHE FILM OR ANY OTHER INSTANT PROCESSING TYPE FILM IS
UNACCEPTABLE. NON-PEEL APART FILMS ARE EASILY RECOGNIZED
BECAUSE THE BACK OF THE FILM IS BLACK. ACCEPTABLE INSTANT
COLOR FILM HAS A GRAY-TONED BACKING.
THE IMAGE OF THE PERSON
* THE DIMENSIONS OF THE IMAGE SHOULD BE 30MM (1 3/16
INCHES) FROM THE HAIR TO THE NECK JUST BELOW THE CHIN,
AND 26MM (1 INCH) FROM THE RIGHT EAR TO THE LEFT CHEEK.
IMAGE CANNOT EXCEED 32MM BY 28MM (1 1/4IN X 1 1/16IN).
* IF THE IMAGE AREA ON THE PHOTOGRAPH IS TOO LARGE
OR TOO SMALL, THE PHOTO CANNOT BE USED.
* PHOTOGRAPHS MUST SHOW THE ENTIRE FACE OF THE PERSON
IN A 3/4 VIEW SHOWING THE RIGHT EAR AND LEFT EYE.
* FACIAL FEATURES MUST BE IDENTIFIABLE.
• CONTRAST BETWEEN THE IMAGE AND BACKGROUND IS
ESSENTIAL. PHOTOS FOR VERY LIGHT SKINNED PEOPLE
SHOULD BE SLIGHTLY UNDER-EXPOSED. PHOTOS FOR VERY
DARK SKINNED PEOPLE SHOULD BE SLIGHTLY OVER-EXPOSED.
SAMPLES OF UNACCEPTABLE PHOTOGRAPHS
,''•'„ •-v
INCORRECT POSE
IMAGE TOO LARGE
IMAGE TOO LIGHT
DARK BACKGROUND
Immigration & Naturalization Service
Form M 3 7 8 (6 92)
IMAGE TOO SMALL
OVER-EXPOSED
i
i
IMAGE TOO DARK
UNDER-EXPOSED
SHADOWS ON PIC
�U.S. Department of Justice
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Sample Citizenship Questions
The following questions are examples of what may be asked of you on your examination for citizenship. You may practice for the
exam by attempting to answer them. Your actual test may have questions that are NOT on this document.
1.
What are the colors of our flag?
26. Who makes the laws in the United States?
2.
How many stars are there on our flag?
27. What is Congress?
3.
What color are the stars on our flag?
28. What are the duties of Congress?
4.
What do the stars on the flag mean?
29. Who elects Congress?
5.
How many stripes are on the flag?
30. How many senators are there in Congress?
6.
What color are the stripes?
7.
What do the stripes on the flag mean?
3 1 . Can you name the t w o senators from your
state?
3 2 . For how long do we elect each senator?
8.
How many states are there in the union?
9.
What is the 4 t h of July?
33. How many representatives are there in
Congress?
3 4 . For h o w long do we elect the representatives?
10. What is the date of Independence Day?
35. What is the executive branch of our
government?
36. What is the judiciary branch of our
government?
37. What are the duties of the Supreme Court?
1 1 . Independence from whom?
12. What country did w e fight during the
Revolutionary War?
13. Who was the first President of the United
States?
14. Who is the President of the United States
today?
15. Who is the Vice President of the United States
today?
16. Who elects the President of the United States?
38. What is the supreme law of the United States?
39. What is the Bill of Rights?
4 0 . What is the capital of your state?
4 1 . Who is the current governor of your state?
17. Who becomes President of the United States
if the President should die?
18. For how long do w e the elect the President?
19. What is the Constitution?
4 2 . Who becomes President of the U.S.A. if the
President and Vice President should die?
4 3 . Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court?
4 4 . Can you name the thirteen original states?
20. Can the Constitution be changed?
4 5 . Who said: "Give me liberty or give me death"?
2 1 . What do w e call a change to the Constitution?
4 6 . Which countries were our enemies during
World War II?
4 7 . What are the 4 9 t h and 50th States of the
Union?
4 8 . How many terms can a President serve?
22. How many changes or amendments are there
to the Constitution?
23. How many branches are there in our
government?
24. What are the three branches of our
government?
25. What is the legislative branch of our
government?
ER-815 EFC
09/97 3230
4 9 . Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?
50. Who is the head of your local government?
(11
(PLEASE CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE)
�76. Name 3 rights or freedoms guaranteed by the
Bill of Rights.
5 1 . According to the Constitution, a person must
meet certain requirements in order to be
eligible to become President. Name one of
these requirements.
5 2 . Why are there 100 senators in the Senate?
77. Who has the power to declare war?
53. Who selects the Supreme Court Justices?
78. What kind of government does the United
States have?
54. How many Supreme Court Justices are there?
79. Which President freed the slaves?
55. Why did the pilgrims come to America?
80. In what year was the Constitution written?
56. What is the head executive of a state
government called?
8 1 . What are the first 10 Amendments to the
Constitution called?
8 2 . Name one purpose of the United Nations.
57. What is the head executive of a city
government called?
8 3 . Where does Congress meet?
58. What holiday was celebrated for the first time
by the American colonists?
84. Whose rights are guaranteed by the
Constitution and the Bill of Rights?
59. Who was the main writer of the Declaration of
Independence?
85. What is the introduction to the Constitution
called?
6 0 . When was the Declaration of Independence
adopted?
86. Name one benefit of being a citizen of the
United States.
6 1 . What is the basic belief of the Declaration of
Independence?
8 7 . What is the most important right granted to
U.S. citizens?
6 2 . What is the National A n t h e m of the United
States?
f
8 8 . What is the United States Capitol?
8 9 . What is the White House?
63.
Who wrote The Star Spangled Banner?
90. Where is the White House located?
6 4 . Where does Freedom of Speech come from?
9 1 . What is the name of the President's official
home?
6 5 . What is the minimum voting age in the United
States?
6 6 . Who signs bills into law?
9 2 . Name one right guaranteed by the First
Amendment.
6 7 . What is the highest court in the United States?
9 3 . Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S.
military?
6 8 . Who was President during the Civil War?
9 4 . Which President was the first Commander-inChief of the U.S. military?
6 9 . What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
7 0 . What special group advises the President?
9 5 . In what month do we vote for the President?
7 1 . Which President is called "the Father of Our
Country"?
7 2 . What Immigration and Naturalization Service
form is used to apply for naturalized
citizenship?
73. Who helped the pilgrims in America?
9 6 . In what month is the new President
inaugurated?
9 7 . How many times may a senator be re-elected?
98. How many times may a congressman be reelected?
99. What are the 2 major political parties in the
U.S. today?
100. How many states are there in the United
States?
7 4 . What is the name of the ship that brought the
pilgrims to America?
75. What were the 13 original states of the United
States called?
(2)
'v
�Here are the correct answers. Match your responses against those given to check your accuracy.
1.
Red, white and blue
30. 100
2.
50
3 1 . (Determine by locality)
3.
White
3 2 . 6 years
4.
One for each state in the Union
33. 4 3 5
5.
13
34. 2 years
6.
Red and white
35. The President, Cabinet and departments under
the cabinet members
7.
They represent the original 13 states
8.
50
9.
Independence Day
36. The Supreme Court
37. To interpret laws
38. The Constitution
10. July 4th
39. The first 10 Amendments of the Constitution
1 1 . England
4 0 . (Determine by locality)
12. England
4 1 . (Determine by locality)
13. George Washington
4 2 . Speaker of the House of Representatives
14. Bill Clinton
4 3 . William Rehnquist
15. Al Gore
4 4 . Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York,
New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, and Maryland
16. The Electoral College
17. Vice President
4 5 . Patrick Henry
18. Four years
4 6 . Germany, Italy and Japan
19. The supreme law of the land
4 7 . Hawaii and Alaska
20. Yes
48. 2
2 1 . A n amendment
4 9 . A civil rights leader
2 2 . 27
50. (Determine by locality)
23. 3
5 1 . Must be a natural-born citizen of the United
States; must be at least 35 years old by the
time he/she will serve; must have lived in the
United States for at least 14 years
24. Legislative, executive and judiciary
25. Congress
26. Congress
52. T w o from each state
2 7 . The Senate and the House of Representatives
53. Appointed by the President
2 8 . To make laws
54. 9
29. The people
55. For religious freedom
(3)
�56.
57.
Mayor
58.
(g) The right to trial by jury, in most cases
(h) Protection of people against excessive or
unreasonable fines or cruel and unusual,
punishment
(i) The people have rights other than those
mentioned in the Constitution
(j)Any power not given to the federal
government by the Constitution is a power of
either the states or the people
77. The Congress
Governor
Thanksgiving
59. Thomas Jefferson
6 0 . July 4 , 1 7 7 6
6 1 . That all men are created equal
78.
62.
Republican
The Star Spangled Banner
79. Abraham Lincoln
6 3 . Francis Scott Key
8 0 . 1787
6 4 . The Bill of Rights
8 1 . The Bill of Rights
65.
18
8 2 . For countries to discuss and try to resolve
world problems; to provide economic aid to
many countries
83. In the Capitol in Washington, D.C.
6 6 . The President
6 7 . The Supreme Court
8 4 . Everyone (citizens and non-citizens living in the
U.S.)
85. The Preamble
6 8 . Abraham Lincoln
6 9 . Freed many slaves
8 6 . Obtain federal government jobs; travel w i t h a
U.S. passport; petition for close relatives t o
come to the U.S. to live
8 7 . The right to vote
7 0 . The Cabinet
7 1 . George Washington
|
72. Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization)
88. The place where Congress meets
7 3 . The American Indians (native Americans)
8 9 . The President's official home
74.
The Mayflower
90.
1 6 0 0 Pennsylvania A v e . Northwest,
Washington, D.C.
9 1 . The White House
75. Colonies
76. (a)Freedom of speech, press, religion,
peaceable assembly and requesting change of
government
(b) The right t o bear arms (the right to have
weapons or o w n a g u n , though subject to
certain regulations)
(c) The government may not quarter, or house,
soldiers in citizen's homes during peacetime
w i t h o u t their consent
(d) The government may not search or take a
person's property w i t h o u t a warrant
(e) A person may not be tried twice for the
same crime and does not have to testify
against him/herself
(f) A person charged w i t h a crime still has some
rights, such as the right to a fair trial and to
have a lawyer
9 2 . Freedom of: Speech, Press, Religion,
Peaceable Assembly, and Requesting Change
of the Government
9 3 . The President
9 4 . George Washington
95.
November
96.
January
97. There is no limit
98. There is no limit
9 9 . Democratic and Republican
100.
(4)
50
^
��Famous First Facts about Oregon
Airplanes:
Airplane takeoff from a hotel roof was made by a Curtis biplane at 2:35 p.m., June 11, 1912.
In a light rain, Silas Christoferson took off from the Multnomah Hotel, Portland, OR, on a 170foot board runway built over obstructions, Christoferson, who had not yet won his pilot's license,
crossed the Williamette and Columbia rivers on the flight.
Building Materials:
Plywood commercially produced was marketed by the Portland Manufacturing Company in
1905 in St. John's (now Portland), OR. They sold plywood panels of Oregon pine, and later of
Columbian pine and Douglas fir. Plywood contains an odd number of veneer sheets bonded
together, with the grain of each at right angles to the sheets above and below. Laminated sheets,
all having the grain in the same direction, had been made earlier.
Clothing:
Swimsuit of stretch fabric was made by the Portland Knitting Mills, Portland, OR, in 1915,
using a lightweight woolen rib-knit cloth invented by Carl Jantzen, a Danish immigrant who was
a partner in the company. He designed a body-hugging athletic costume for the Portland rowitig
team that was quickly adopted by swimmers. Bathing suits previously consisted of baggy
clothes that covered the swimmer from neck to ankle.
Education:
University on the Pacific Coast was Willamette University, Salem, OR. It was organized on
February 1, 1842, as the Oregon, Institute, offering only elementary work, and opened on August
13, 1844, with five students. On January 12, 1853, it was chartered as a university by the Oregon
Territorial Legislature. The Oregon Institute was continued as a preparatory school.
State Library to publish a master catalog of a major part of its holdings was the Oregon State
Library, Salem, OR, which in 1974 published a 25-volume master catalog, with two-column
pages measuring 8.5 by 11 inches. It contained the entries from over 3,500 catalog drawers of
the Oregon State Library's adult nonfiction holdings, 190,000 separate titles in all, classified by
author, title, and subject.
Energy:
Hydroelectric power plant generating alternating current to operate over a long distance
was built by the Willamette Falls Electric Company at Willamette Falls, Oregon City, OR. It
operated two 300-horsepower Stilwell and Bierce water wheels belted to a single-phrase
generator rated at 720 kilowatts. On June 2, 1889, it supplied current to Portland, OR, a distance
of 13 miles from the plant.
�Environment:
Liter law enacted by a state affecting containers of soft drinks and beer was enacted by Oregon
on July 2. 1971. The bill outlawed pull-tab cans and nonreturnable bottles.
Industrial Processes:
Molybdenum centrifugal casting was made on November 4, 1958, when a hollow molybdenum
cylinder 4.5 inches wide and 8 inches long was cast at the Albany Metallurgy Research Center of
the Bureau of Mines, Albany, OR. The cast metal weighed about 10 pounds. Although
molybdenum had previously been arc-melted in water-cooled copper crucibles to form
cylindrical ingots, this was the first reported production of a shaped casting obtained from poured
metal.
Paper Money:
Paper money issued by the Native Americans is believed to have been issued about 1840 or
1850 by the Arapahos in Oregon. A later specimen bears the following inscription, "Office of
Discount at Arrapahos Way in the Far West. The President and Directors of the Oregon State
Bank promise to pay five dollars on demand." The Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma also issued
paper nioney. The only known specimen is a one-dollar note, on which was inscribed, in ink, the
date June 18, 1862, and the number 592. It bore the legend "Lewis Ross-Cherokee Nation" and
was payable "in notes of the Confederated States at Tahlequah." It also bore numerous Cherokee
symbols.
Media:
Newspaper published on the Pacific Coast was the Oregon Spectator, a semimonthly issued in
Oregon City, OR, beginning on February 5, 1846. Its slogan was "Westward the star of empire
takes its way." The newspaper was published by the Oregon Printing Association and was
nonpolitical. The first editor was Colonel William G. T'Vault. The first California newspaper
was the California, published on August 15, 1846, in Monterey, CA, by Robert Semple and the
Reverend Walter Colton.
Commercial television station on ultrahigh frequency was KPTV, Channel 27, Portland, OR,
owned by the Empire Coil Company, which went on the air with its test pattern on September 18,
1952. Commercial service began on October 1.
Settlement:
Exploration by ship of the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon took place on May 11,
1792, when Robert Gray, a fur trader on his second commercial voyage to the north-west coast of
America, rounded Cape Disappointment and sailed the Columbia Rediviva 22 miles up the river.
Earlier explorers had passed the Columbia's mouth but had not recognized it as such.
Government on the Pacific Coast was authorized by the people of Willamette Valley at
Champoeg, OR, on May 2, 1843, when American and Canadian residents met in a field to
consider the report of an organizational committee that had been appointed the previous month.
A committee of nine was chose on July 5, 1843, to devise a plan of civil government. The first
governor was George Abemethy, who served from June 12, 1845, to March 3, 1849, when the
�United States took over jurisdiction of the Oregon territory.
Scientific Advancements:
Cloning of a primate from an embryo was announced on March 2, 1997, by M. Susan Smith
and Donald Wolf of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR. The rhesus
monkey were cloned by the process known as nuclear transfer, which produced two genetically
identical monkeys from chromosomes extracted from a single monkey embryo.
Ships and Boats:
Ship completed in less than two weeks was the Joseph N. Teal, built by Henry John Kaiser's
Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation at Portland, OR. It made a trial run on September 27, 1942,
and was turned over to the Maritime Commission 13 days 23.5 hours after the laying of the keel.
The previous record had been 29 days. Speedy construction of ships was essential to American
efforts in World War II.
Victory ship launched was the United Victory, launched on January 12, 1944, at the yard of
Henry Kaiser's Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation at Portland, OR. The Victory ships made 15
knots, which was faster than Liberty ships, and had three times as much power.
Legislatures:
Husband and wife to be elected simultaneously to both chambers of a state legislature were
Richard Lewis Neuberger, state senator, and Maurine Brown Neuberger, state representative,
both Democrats, elected to the Oregon legislature on November 7, 1950. Richard Neuberger had
served previously as state senator, having been elected on November 2, 1948, to represent the
13th district.
Taxation:
Gasoline tax levied by a state was enacted on February 25, 1919, when Oregon placed a tax of
one cent per gallon on all motor fuel. The funds collected were used for road construction and
maintenance.
War:
American civilians killed in the continental United Stated in World War I I were Elsie
Mitchell and five neighborhood children of Lakeview, OR, who tried to drag a Japanese balloon
out of the woods on May 5, 1945. The balloon was armed and it exploded, killing all six. On
June 7, 1949, Congress awarded $5,000 to Elsie Mitchell's husband as compensation for his loss,
and $3,000 to the parents of each of the children: Edward Milian Engen, Jay Gifford. Ethel Jean
Patzke, Richard Joe Patzke, and Sherman Shoemaker.
�OREGON
The western state of Oregon is one of the
Pacific states. It is bordered by the
Columbia River and Washington on the
north, by Idaho and the Snake River on
the east, by Nevada and California on the
south, and by the Pacific Ocean on the
west. It ranks 29th in population and 9th
in area among the states.
merchant ship, and an elk at the foot of a
mountain; at the bottom, the*state motto on
a scroll, and a plow and pickaxe near a sheaf
of wheat. The shield is surrounded by 33
stars and surmounted by the Federal eagle
holding arrows and olive branch. This coat
of arms, in gold, is encircled by a gold border reading "State of Oregon, 1859."
FULL NAME State o f Oregon
POSTAL ABBREVIATION O R
iNHABtTANT Oregonian
ADMITTED TO THE UNION Feb. 14, 1859.
Rank 33rd
Salem, located on the Willamette River in northwest Oregon; population
107,786 in 1990. It was settled by Methodist missionaries in 1840 and became the
territorial capital in 1851. In 1864, when
Oregon was admitted co statehood, the capital, which had been moved to Corvallis,
was returned to Salem.
S N "Oregon, My Oregon," lyrics by J.A.
OO
Buchanan, music by Henry B. Murtagh.
STATE NAME AND NICKNAMES P o s s i b l y
SYMBOLS
CAPITAL CITY
MOTTO The Union
from
the French Canadian word ouragan, "storm,
hurricane," in reference to the stormy
Columbia River, or from che Spanish word
ortjon, "big ear," in reference to a local tribe, or from the Spanish word oregano, "wild
sage." Also known as the Beaver State, the
Web-foot State, the Sunset State, the Valentine State, and the Hard-case State.
Flower Oregon grape
Tire Douglas fir
Bird western mcadowlark
Rock chundcregg
Animal beaver
Fish chinook salmon
Insect swallowtail butterfly
Hostess Miss Oregon
STATE SEAL Within a shield, a landscape
FLAG
A navy blue field; on one side, the
scace coac of arms in gold, with che legends
"State of Oregon" above it and "1859" below it, both in gold; on che ocher side, a gold
beaver.
showing a covered wagon pulled by oxen
near a stand of fir trees; ac che cop, che sun
sinking into che sea behind a departing
British man o' war and an arriving American
422
�Oregon
G E O G R A P H Y AND CLIMATE
The widely varied terrain of Oregon encompasses several major forested mountain
ranges—the Coast Range along the Pacific
coast, the Klamath Range in southwestern
Oregon, the Cascade Range in the westcentral part of the state, and the BlueWallowa Mountains in the northeast. The
Coast Range area, with 120 inches or more
of annual precipitation, has the climate of
a temperate rain forest. Central, southeastern, and eastern Oregon arc mainly
lava plains, lunar in appearance; rangcland
and riverine lowlands cover the rest of the
state.
LAND USE (1987)
Thousands of acres
941
27,977
4,348
1,916
9,152
11,857
Developed
Rural
Cropland
Pastureland
Rangcland
Forcstland
STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS
Thousands of acres
State parks and recreation
areas (1990)
88
National park system (1990)
195
National forest system
(1988)
17,494
AREA
VISITORS TO STATE PARKS
Total
Land area
Water area
98,386 square miles
96,003 square miles
2,383 square miles
QEOGRAPHIC CENTER Crook County, 25 miles
SSE of Princvillc
ELEVATIONS Highest point. Mount Hood,
Clackamas-Hood River County, 11,239 feet
Lowest point. Pacific Ocean, sea level. Mean
elevation: 3,300 feet
MAJOR RIVERS Columbia, Snake, Willamette
(1990) .
40,201,000
INDIAN LANDS (1990)
Acres owned by tribes and
individuals and held in
trust by the federal
govemment
795,420
FEDERAL LAND (1967)
Percent of total land
48.7*
TEMPERATURES (1990) The highest recorded
temperature was 119 F on August 10,1898,
at Pendleton. The lowest was -54 F on
February 10, 1933, at Seneca.
MAJOR LAKES Upper Klamath, Malheur,
0
Crater, Albert, Goose, Owyhee
LENGTH OF TIDAL SHOREUNE Pacific coast,
1,410 statute miles
0
NATIONAL S I T E S
NATIONAL MEMORIALS Fort ClatSOp
NATIONAL MONUMENTS John Day Fossil
Historic Trail, Oregon National Historic
Trail, Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail
NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES Bear Valley, Deer
Flat, Klamath Forest, Lewis and Clark,
Malheur, Oregon Coastal Refuges, Sheldon/Hart Mountain Complex, Umatilla,
Upper Klamath, Western Oregon Refuge
Complex, Willapa
Beds,
Oregon Caves
NATIONAL PARKS Crater Lake
AFFILIATES OF NATIONAL. PARK SYSTEM M c L o U g h -
lin House National Historic Site
California National
Historic Trail, Lewis and Clark National
NATIONAL TRAIL SYSTEM
O R E G O N IN HISTORY
1792
May 11. Robert Gray, a Yankee captain, enters the mouth of the river that he names
for his ship, the Columbia.
October30. A British naval lieutenant, William Broughton, takes formal possession
of the Columbia River after sailing upstream for nearly a hundred miles. The
previous day he sights and names Mount Hood.
1805-1806 The overland U.S. expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
reaches present-day Oregon on October 18 on its course down the Columbia. It
reaches the Pacific on December 3 and winters at Fort Clatsop on the south bank
of the Columbia, returning upstream the following spring.
1811
April 12. Fort Astoria is established near the Columbia's mouth by agents of John
Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company.
423
�Facta About the State*
1813
October 15. In the midst of the War of 1812, Astor's panners sell Fort Astoria to a
British rival, the Montreal-based North West Company, which renames ir ort
George.
Great Britain and the United States agree to keep the Pacific Northwest open to
the nationals of both countries without prejudice to their respective claims of
sovereignty.
Mountain man Jedediah Smith explores the Oregon coast, traveling northward
from California.
The Hudson's Bay Company, which had acquired the North West Company in
1821, builds three log houses on the future site of Oregon City.
Reverend Jason Lee establishes a Methodist mission to the Flathead Indians near
the present site of Salem. Two years later, another mission is begun at the Dalles of
the Columbia.
May 2. Fifty American settlers in the Willamette River Valley adopt a provisional
government to be financed by voluntary contributions. The beginnings of migration over the Oregon Trail add some 800 to 900 settlers in that year.
May 11. Asa L. Lovejoy and Francis Pettygrove name and plat Portland.
June 15. Oregon becomes U.S. territory as a treaty extends the boundary between
the United States and Canada to the Pacific Ocean.
August 14. Creation of Oregon Territory, including, until 1853, present-day Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana.
The first steam-driven lumber mill is established at Portland.
Salem replaces Oregon City as the seat of government.
Gold is discovered in the Rogue River Valley, drawing miners from California. A
brief but bloody war is fought with Rogue River Indians.
Steamboats are plying the Columbia and Willamette rivers as far inland from
Astoria as Salem. In 1857 they reach Eugene.
Umatilla Reservation created in northeastern Oregon for Umatilla, Walla Walla,
and Cayuse Indians; Warm Springs Reservation established in the northwest for
Wascos, Walla Walla, and (after 1868) Paiutes.
Territory voters approve a constitution rejecting slavery and excluding free blacks.
Blacks and Chinese arc barred from voting.
February 14. Oregon is admitted to the Union as the 33d state.
John West establishes the first salmon cannery in Oregon at a place between
Astoria and Portland that he names Westport.
Opening of the University of Oregon, at Eugene.
Northern Pacific Railroad is completed, linking Portland to St. Paul, Minnesota.
The Oregon and California Railroad reaches San Francisco from Portland.
Samuel Gompers, founder of the American Federation of Labor, organizes 15
Portland skilled-craft unions into a citywide trades assembly.
Portland has, next to San Francisco, the largest Chinese community on the West
Coast.
Voters adopt constitutional amendments establishing the initiative and referendum.
Crater Lake National Park is created.
Nearly two million people attend the Lewis and Clark Exposition in Portland,
commemorating the centennial of the expedition.
Oregon is fourth among states in lumber output, which has increased to 1.9 billion
board-feet, compared to 444 million board-feet in 1889.
The Baldwin Sheep and Land Company controls 281 square miles of central
Oregon rangeland.
Women win the right to vote.
The giant Weyerhaeuser Company is holding 400,000 acres of ponderosa pine and
Douglas fir in Oregon for future use.
Aliens ineligible for citizenship arc prohibited from owning land in Oregon. This
law, aimed at Chinese and Japanese, is ruled unconstitutional in 1949.
The population of 3,319,000 sheep is a peak for Oregon.
A forest fire bums 311,000 acres near Tillamook, along the northern coast.
Completion of Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River.
c
1818
1828
1829
1834
1843
1845
1846
1848
1850
1851
1853
1855
1857
1859
1868
1876
1883
1887
1900
1902
1905
1909
1910
1912
1914
1923
1930
1933
1937
424
�Oregon
1938
*
t open to
claims of
urthward
npany in
Voters approve a measure banning picketing by strikers where less than half of the
employees are involved. Oregon leads all states in lumbering.
1942-1945 In the World War II effort, a total of 1,174 ocean vessels are built in the Portland
area. Portland is the chief shipping port for lend-lease goods to the Soviet Union.
1948
May 30. Vanport, a suburb of Portland, is destroyed in a flood.
1949
A state fair-employment practices law is adopted.
1952
Peak lumber production of 9 billion board-feet.
1953
A civil rights law bars discrimination in public accommodations.
1954
Dedication of McNary Dam on the Columbia River.
1955
Equal pay guaranteed to women for equal work.
1959
A fair-housinglaw is adopted. The Dalles Dam, on the Columbia River, is dedicated.
1965
Oregon produces a record 8,037 million square feet of softwood plywood—65
pecent of the national total.
1966
Opening of Astoria Bridge, spanning the Columbia River.
1968
Dedication of the John Dav Dam project, which includes the nation's second
largest hydroelectric plant.
1971
Oregon is the first state to pass a law prohibiting the use of nonrefundable beverage bottles and cans.
1973
Statewide land-use planning is adopted.
1975
The unemployment rate of 11.2 percent in July is the highest since the Great
Depression, due chiefly to high interest rates, which reduce demand for housing
and therefore for wood products.
1977
March 1. An aerosol law bans the use offluorocarbonaerosol cans.
1981
Followers of Indian guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh buy a 64,000-acre ranch near
Antelope in Wasco County and incorporate it as Rajneeshpuram, with a population
of 1,200, the following year. The venture collapses in 1985.
1990
Ten new active volcanoes are discovered on the seabed off the Oregon coast.
DEMOGRAPHY
Population (1990)
Percent change (1980-1990)
Population density in persons
per square mile (1990)
2,842,321
7.9
VTTAL STATISTICS
Marriage rate per 1,000
population (1990)
Divorce rate per 1,000 population
(1990)
Live births per 1,000 population
(1990)
Infant mortality rate per 1,000
live births (1990)
Abonions per 1,000 live births
(1988)
Percent of births to teenage
mothers (1988)
Percent of births to unmarried
women (1989)
29.6
POPULATION BY RACE (1990)
American Indian/Aleut/
Eskimo
Asian/Pacific Islander
Black
Hispanic origin
White
Other
38,4%
69,269
46,178
112,707
2,636,787
51,591
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
Ttland,
billion
central
ne and
i. This
Percent of state population
Urban (1990)
70.5
Rural (1990)
29.5
Under 18(1990)
25.5
65 or older (1990)
13.8
College-educated (1990)
20.6
Persons below poverty line
(1990)
9.2
Welfare recipients (1990)
4.3
Households with income of
$75,000 or more (1989)
6.2
8.8
5.5
15.1
8.3
390
11.4
25.3
HEALTH STATISTICS
Alcohol consumption in gallons
per capita (1990)
Deaths reported from AIDS
(1989)
Average cost per day of
hospital care (1990)
Number of physicians per 100,000
civilian population (1990)
27.73
134
$800
205
CRIME STATISTICS
Violent crimes reported per
100,000 residents (1990)
PERSONAL INCOME PER CAPITA
(1989)
$15,919
425
507
�Facts About the States
Propcrtv crimes reported per
100,000 residents (1990)
Federal and state prisoners per
100,000 residents (1990)
Prisoners executed 1977-90
Prisoners on death row.
Dec. 31, 1990
MAJOR CfTIES
5,139
Beaverton
Eugene
Gresham
Portland
Salem
223
0
10
1990 Population
53,310
112,669
68,235
437,319
107,786
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Number of U.S. Representatives
Electoral votes
5
7
Frank T. Johns (Socialist
Labor)
Frank T. Johns
(Socialist Labor; died)
Charles Linza McNary (R)
Theodora Nathan (Libertarian)
POLITICAL PARTY NOMINEES FROM STATE
Joseph Lane (National Democratic,
Social Democratic)
1860 VP
1924 P
1928 P
1940 VP
1972 VP
PRESIDENTIAL VOTE 1948-1992 (in pOXtnts)
Year
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
State Winner
Dewey (R)
Eisenhower (R)
Eisenhower (R)
Nixon (R)
Johnson(D)
Nixon (R)
Nixon (R)
Ford (R)
Reagan (R)
Reagan (R)
Dukakis (D)
Clinton (D)
Democratic
46.4
38.9
44.8
47.3
63.7
43.8
42.3
47.6
38.7
43.7
51.0
43.0
Joseph Lane
George L. Curry (acting)
CONSTITUTION Oregon is using its original
constitution, adopted in 1857.
LEGISLATURE The Legislative Assembly is
divided into the Senate (30 members, 4-year
term, minimum age 21) and the House of
Representatives (60 members, 2-ycar term,
minimum age 21). In 1992, the salary for
legislators was $11,868.
JUDICIARY The highest court is the Supreme
Court, with 7 judges serving 6-year terms.
In 1992, the annual salary was $76,400.
EXECUTIVE The governor serves a 4-ycar
term; the minimum age for holding office is
30. In 1992, the annual salary was $80,000.
There are 5 other elected officials.
State Governors
John Whiteaker (D)
Addison C. Gibbs (R)
George L. Woods (R)
La Fayette Grover (D)
Stephen F. Chadwick
(D; acting)
William W. Thayer (D)
Zenas F. Moody (R)
Sylvester Pcnnoyer
(Democrat-Populist)
William P. Lord (R)
T. T. Geer(R)
George E. Chamberlain (D)
Frank W. Benson (R; acting)
Jay Bowerman (R; acting)
Oswald West (D)
James Withycombe (R)
Ben W. Olcott (R; acting)
Walter M. Pierce (D)
Isaac Lee Patterson (R)
Albin W. Norblad (R; acting)
Julius L. Meier (Independent)
GOVERNORS
Provisional Governors
Executive committee
George Abernethy
1843-1845
1845-1849
Territorial Governors
Joseph Lane
Kintzing Pritchett (acting)
John P. Gaines
1849-1850
1850
1850-1853
426
Republican
49.8
60.5
55.3
52.6
36.0
49.8
52.5
47.8
48.3
55.9
47.0
32.0
1853
1854-1859
1859-1862
1862-1866
1866-1870
1870-1877
1877-1878
1878-1882
1882-1887
1887-1895
1895-1899
1899-1903
1903-1909
1909-1910
1910-1911
1911-1915
1915-1919
1919-1923
1923-1927
1927-1929
1929-1931
1931-1935
�Oregon
Charles H. Martin (D)
1935-1939
Charles A. Spraguc (R)
1939-1943
Earl Sncll (R)
1943-1947
John H. Hall (R; acting)
1947-1949
Douglas McKay (R)
1949-1952
Paul L. Patterson (R; acting) 1952-1955
Paul L. Patterson (R)
1955-1956
Elmo E. Smith (R; acting)
1956-1957
Robert D. Holmes (D)
1957-1959
Mark Hatfield (R)
1959-1967
Thomas L. McCall (R)
1967-1975
Robert W. Straub (D)
1975-1979
Victor Ativeh (R)
1979-1987
Neil Goldschmidt (D)
1987-1991
Barbara Roberts (D)
1991-
and truck vegetables. 1989 farm cash receipts were $2.3 billion. The timber industry, which comprises about 37 percent of
total manufacturing in the state, is mainly
softwood based. Douglasfir,ponderosa pine,
and hemlock are the main species forested.
Much timber is shipped to the Far East.
In addition to timber and wood products,
smaller quantities of processed foods, apparel, electrical machinery, fabricated metals, transportation equipment, computers,
and othcr high tech components are produced, as well as computer software. Value
added to manufacture was more than $11.6
billion in 1987, an increase of 40 percent
over 1983. Visitors to Oregon's national and
state parks bring in more than $1 billion
annually.
MINIMUM AGES
Majority
18
Marriage with parental consent . . . . 17
Marriage without parental
consent
18
Making a will
18
Buying alcohol
21
Jury duty
18
Leaving school
18
Driver's license
16
FARMS (1990)
Number of farms, in thousands . . . . 37
Average acreage per farm
488
Average value per acre
$602
EXPORTS (1990)
Percent of U.S. exports
originating in state
FINANCES
1.3
EMPLOYMENT (1991)
GENERAL REVENUES (1990)
Thousands ofpersons
Total number of nonfarm
employees
1,251
Construction
52
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
83
Government
226
Manufacturing
212
Services
297
Transportation and public
utilities
65
Wholesale and retail trade
315
Thousands of dollars
Total general revenues . . . . 5,829,792
Total tax revenues
2,785,890
Sales and gross receipts
393,608
Individual income taxes . . . . 1,826,646
Corporate net income taxes . . . 147,784
GENERAL EXPENDITURES (1990)
Thousands of dollars
Total general
expenditures
Education
Public welfare
Health
Hospitals
Natural resources
Highways
Police
Corrections
5,562,795
1,729,762
933,856
197,258
304,383
184,632
650,895
67,820
183,298
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (1991)
Percent of civilian male population
in labor force
Percent unemployed
Percent of civilian female
population in labor force
Percent unemployed
FEDERAL AID (1990)
Total, in millions of dollars
Per capita, in dollars
1,708
601
76.8
5.6
58.4
6.5
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (1990)
Civilian workers employed
Military personnel
Contract awards, in
thousands
Total number of military
installations
ECONOMY
Oregon's most important agricultural products are beef and dairy cattle wheat and hay,
ornamentals, potatoes, alfalfa, orchard fruits,
427
. . . . 2,955
1,003
$365,165
3
�Facts About tlie States
TRANSPORTATION
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Number of motor vehicles
registered (1990)
2,445,487
Miles of roads, streets, and
highways (1990)
94,969
Miles of Class I railway operated
(1991)
2,599
Number of airports (1988)
367
Largest airport:
Portland International
Major ports, with tonnage (1992):
Port and
27,475,429
Number of sites on the
Superfund List (1991)
10
Rank
39th (tie)
Toxic wastes released, per capita
in pounds (1990)
7.99
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, BY SOURCE (1968)
Trillions of British Thermal Units
Coal
7
Natural gas
112
Nuclear
57
Oil
351
Hydroelectric
413
ENVIRONMENT
Oregon residents have been among the first
to pass environmental laws. In 1971 the
state became the first to pass a law banning
the sale of nonreturnable beverage bottles
and cans; in 1977 Oregon banned the use
of aerosol cans containing fluorocarbons.
Oregon continues to spend more on the environment per capita than most states.
Among the environmental issues faced by
Oregon is the controversy over whether to
allow more timber harvesting on federal
lands inhabited by the endangered Northern Spotted Owl, a high rate of deforestation, and the deterioration of the Columbia
and Snake River system. The number of
bull trout in Crater Lake National Park has
decreased tenfold in the last 45 years. Oregon's total expenditures for environmental protection in 1990 were $67.38 per capita, comprising approximately 3.03 percent
of the state budget.
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS
Energy expenditures, per capita
(1989)
$1,641
Number of nuclear plants (1990) . . . 1
Number of curbside recycling
programs (1992)
115
State and local expenditures for
solid waste management and
sewerage, per capita (1990) . . . . $87
AIR QUALITY OF METROPOLITAN AREAS
Number of days when standards were
exceeded (1990)
Carbon Monoxide
Grant Pass
1
Portland-Vancouver,
OR-WA
2
Ozone
Portland-Vancouver,
OR-WA
4
C U L T U R E AND EDUCATION
Americans were 1.4 percent of the population in 1990.
NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES
Oregon was formerly the home of some 125
tribes, including the Ahantchuyuk, Alsea,
Atfalati, Bannock, Catulamet, Chastacosta,
Chelamela, Chepenafa, Chetco, Chinook,
Clatskanie, Clatsop, Clowwewalla, Coos,
Cowlitz, Dakubetede, Hanis, Kalapuyu,
Klickitat, Kuitsh, Kwalhioqua, Lakmiut,
Latgawa, Miluk, Multnomah, Nez Perce,
Santiam, Siletz, Siuslaw, Takelma, Taltushtuntude, Tenino, Tillamook, Tututni, Tyigh,
Umpqua, Upper Coquille, Watlala, Wishram, Yahuskin, Yamel, Yaquina, and Yoncalla tribes. Groups that continue to live in
the state include the Cayuse, Clackamus,
Klamath, Modoc, Molala, Northern Paiutc,
Tolowa, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Wasco.
There are five federal reservations. Native
RELIGIONS, ETHNICITIES, AND LANGUAGES
Most of Oregon's inhabitants are descended from people who emigrated there
from other states beginning in the mid-19th
century. Later arrivals came mainly from
Scandinavia, Finland, Canada, Germany,
Britain, Ireland, and the Soviet Union.
About three-quarters of all churchgoers are
Protestants (chiefly Methodists, Baptists,
Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, and Lutherans); most of the remainder are Roman
Catholics, reflecting the state's substantial
Hispanic community. In 1990, 4.9 percent
of the population was foreign-born, with
Mexico and Canada the chief sources of
428
�Oregon
immigration; 7.3 percent of the population
spoke languages ocher than English at home,
of which the ten most common were Spanish, German, French, Chinese, Vietnamese,
Japanese, Korean, Russian, Tagalog, and
Italian.
PUBUC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Average spending per student
in average daily attendance
(1991)
$5,291
Rank among states
16
Average teacher salary
(1991)
$32,300
Student-teacher ratio, based on
enrollment (1990-91)
18.8
Public high-school graduation rate
(1990)
71.6
MAJOR MUSEUMS AND LIBRARIES
Museum of Art, University of Oregon,
Eugene
Museum of Natural History, University of
Oregon, Eugene
Oregon Museum of Science and Industry,
Portland
Portland Art Museum
PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Per capita spending (1990) . . . . $16.14
Rank among states
19
MAJOR ARTS ORGANIZATIONS
MEDIA
Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Ashland
Oregon Symphony Orchestra, Portland
New Rose Theatre, Portland
Pacific Ballet Theatre
In 1990, Oregon had 18 commercial television stations and 6 educational stations; 10
Sunday and 20 daily English-language newspapers were published.
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
Number of public institutions
(1989-90)
Number of private institutions
(1989-90)
Total enrollment, in thousands
(1990)
MAJOR LEAGUE SPORTS TEAMS
21
Basketball: Portland Trail Blazers
25
HOLIDAYS
State Fair, Salem. Late August to early
September
167
UNUSUAL STATE FACTS
At 7,900 feet, Hell's Gorge on the Snake River in Oregon and Utah is che nacion's deepest river
gorge.
The Columbia River is the largest river in the Western hemisphere to flow into the Pacific
Ocean.
Oregon's Crater Lake, the water-filled caldera of a huge volcano that exploded in prehistoric
times, is 1,932 feet deep, making it che deepesc lake in che Uniced Scaces.
Oregon is che nation's top producer of Christmas trees, but only one-third of Oregonians are
affiliated with an organized religion.
A relatively new nickname for Oregon is the "Llama Capital of the U.S." About one-quaner of
the nation's domestic llamas roam Oregon's rugged trails.
O R E G O N IN L I T E R A T U R E
Barbara Allen HomtstiaJing tht Higi Dtserr (1987)
Oral histories of homesteading.
Frederick Homer BaJch Bndgr oftkt Gods: A Ronuta ofltufuw
O«g»»(1890)
Novel retelling tlie legend of the origin of the great rock
bridge over the Columbia River and the Indians whose existence was dependent on it.
T. D. .Mien TrveiM Bonier (1954)
A novel about the Hudson's Bay Company and the settlement of the Norxhwcst, centering on the character of a company agent.
Don Berry Trast (1960); Moontrop (1962); To Build a Skip
(1963)
Historical adventure novels of pioneer life.
William Ashworth Tif Vialltnsas: Comingof Kgr m tkt WiUtmess
(1978)
Kssay on the natural life of the Eagle Cap wilderness.
Archie Blnna Land Is Brig/u (1939)
Novel about an Illinois family that migrates to Otegon in the
ISSOs.
429
�H
A
P
T
E R
F I V E
OREGON
ilTE: Mtmnt
HOIKI,
Willi
<in cli'inlinii
of
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Inun
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i ili/
nf
�regon has always claimed a special place in the American
imagination. To this country of wild forests, raging rivers,
fertile valleys, volcanic mountains, and Pacific-swept shores
came thousands of immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century, determined to start their lives anew. They traveled in wagon trains from
Independence, Missouri, where the Oregon Trail began, to a land
they had heard and read about 2,000 miles away. One pioneer
described the trip as "a long picnic" in which "the changing scenes
of the journey . . . just about sufficed to keep up the interest, and
formed a sort of mental culture that the world has rarely offered."
Although the rigorous trip left others less enthusiastic, the precedent for westward migration had been established, and with it the
future of the state of Oregon.
For many Oregon meant the fertile rolling hills of the I
Willamette Valley, which remains the state's most densely populated
and developed region. Yet, as with Washington, with which it shares
much of its early history, Oregon has an enormously varied topogra phy. The lush vegetation and wetness that characterize the coast, onl
the west side of the Cascades, stand in contrast to the eastern part at
the state, which includes the Columbia lava flow, the sagebrush
plains of the semiarid Snake River region, and the high desert of
southeastern Oregon.
This landscape was home to an equally diverse population
Indians—among them the Clatsop, Multnomah, Klamath, Modoc,
and Nez Perce—whose complex cultures were irrevocably altered
the arrival of white settlers in the Pacific Northwest. From 1
when Bartolome Ferrelo caught the first glimpse of Oregon's
shrouded coast, to George Vancouver's coastal probings of what
now Washington in 1792-1794, the British and the Spanish
some of their imperial energies to the search for the North
Passage. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, the quest for
passage was replaced by the search for furs.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Americans
the British vied for supremacy in the Oregon Country, which i n d
ed what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and portions
Wyoming, Montana, and Canada. This vast region extended
the Pacific Ocean to the Continental Divide. Thomas Jefferson, hi
O
OPPOS1TK: A page from Uwis and Clark's journals, which President Thomas jefftntm
had instructed them to keep "with great pains and accuracy," contains a careful dt
ing of a white salmon trout.
�285
284
OREGON
ing to gather scientific data and to strengthen the U.S. claim to the
Cohnnbia watershed, sent Lewis and Clark on what would become
this nation's mosl celebrated expedition. Starting in Saint Louis,
Missouri, they traced the Missouri River to its source, crossed the
Rocky Mountains, and followed the Columbia River to the Pacific,
where they set up camp at Fort Clatsop on Oregon's northern coast.
In 1811, five years later, f u r trader John Jacob Astor attempted to
capture his share of the lucrative f u r trade by sending two parties—
over land and by sea—to the Pacific Northwest. Although the casuallies were great on both trips, his men managed to establish the first
permanent American settlement in the Oregon Country. However,
Astor's operation was acquired by Britain's N o r t h West Company,
which in turn was absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company, which
dominated the region f r o m its headquarters at Fort Vancouver,
Washington, until the Treaty o f 1846 established U.S. sovereignty
below the 49th parallel.
The germs of "Oregon Fever" spread through ihe I ' n i U ' d
States in the 1820s ami IHSOs as tales of this Kden were told. Tlie
Great Migration began in the 1H40.S, inspired by reports of the fertile
valley, anticipation of trade willi the Orient, and the promise ol free
land. Methodist missionary Jason Lee founded the city of Salem in
1840, and other missionaries of his faith settled at Oregon City a year
later, j o i n i n g the Hudson's Bay Company's chief factor o f the
Columbia department, John McLouglilin, who located a land claim
there in 1829 and laid out a town in 1842. By 1843, with the British
influence waning, the Americans established a provisional goveinment in Champoeg. In 1848 Oregon became a tei r i t o i y and a
decade later a state.
The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of Oregon's major cities: Portland, Salem, Corvallis, Albany,
Eugene, and Ashland. Setilement east of the Cascades was slower.
The rugged terrain discouraged even the mosl stalwart pioneers,
and those who took up the challenge—including gold seekers and
cattle ranchers—were shaken by a series of Indian wars thai racked
central and eastern Oregon from the early I8.>0s until the late IK70s.
Among those who were particularly resisiant to the seizure of ilieii
lands by settlers and, thereafter, to the federal government's policy
of segregation on resei various were- the Modoc and the Ne/. Peru'',
whose protracted struggles to maintain ilieii lands were fierce and
heroic. The removal of the Indians to resei valions and the coming
of the railroads spurred greater growth east of the Casc ades, whic h
in turn brought more conllit t in the late 1880s and 189().s when competition among sheep ranchers, catilc ranchers, and wheal farmers
resulted in range wars in some areas.
r
IJHHIS of u ht'fit. fuirkfd
in bags, being luntb'il thnntgli
liufus, Orfgon.
tibnut ISHfi.
This chapter moves northward along the coast from Port O r f o i r i io
Fort Clatsop, at the mouth of the Columbia River, then over to
Portland, Oregon's largest city. After a side n i p along die Columbia,
ihe narrative moves soulh along Route 5 i h i o u g l i the f e r t i l e
Willamette Valley—the desiinaiion of many pioneers—and then easiward through tlii ee earlv towns, Crams Pass, |a< ksonv ille, and
Ashland. Across the Cascade- Range, in cenlial Oregon, the entries
lie along Route 97, i mining northward from Klamaih Falls. Shilling
over to the easlcin border of the stale, the chapter follows ilie
Oregon Trail (which rouglilv parallels Rome HI) n o r i h w a r d lo
Pendleton before' tui ning souihwai d again along Route 'M)F> io
lakeview and the California bolder.
�T II E
I
!
j
)
O R E G O N
G O A S T
I'll.inks to loi wanl-tliiiiking legislators and a protective populace,
Oregon's coast remains, lor tlie most part, as staitlinglv beautiful as
when Spanish explorers navigated its ireachemus waters in the sixteenth centui y. State parks outnumber towns and c ities; forty-four
miles of mammoth sand dunes line the shore between Florence and
Coos Bay; and virgin coniferous forests have- heen preserved. For centuries ihe region was inhahiled bv ihe Clatsop, Tillamook, Coquille,
Siuslaw, and other coastal tribes, who lived on a rich store of salmon
and traveled I lie rivers in graceful canoes carved f rom cedar and
spruce. Alihough British and Spanish sea captains probed ihe coast
in ihe seventeenth and e i g h t e e n t h centuries, the wilderness
remained relatively undisturbed until ihe arrival of Lewis and Clark.
T h e i r camp at F o i l Clatsop, o c c u p i e d d u r i n g the w i n t e r of
I8()5-I80ti, was the first U.S. outpost in the Pacific Northwest, followed just five years later by the Pacific Fur Company's Fort Astoria.
Hostilities between the Indians and the newcomers, including the
massacre of Indians near the site of Banclon in 1854, slowed seldemeni. but hy the second half O f the nineteenth ccntuiy the region
was awash wilh fishci men, lumber barons, and vacationers.
PORT OH F O R D
The town of Pon O r f o r d began inauspiciously in 1851 when a group
of gold seekers landed here against the wishes of a band of Coquille
Indians. Battle Rock (off Rome 101), on the southern edge of town,
marks the sile of their fierce light, which forced (he white men to flee
io nearby seiilemems. But they reiuined the following year, and by
185() Port Oi lord was the seat of Curry County. The town has several
houses dating to the late nineteenth century. The- Victorian Col hie
Hughes House, buill by architect Pei Johan l.indbeig in I8*(8, has
been restored and mav be seen cighl miles noilhwesl in Cape Blanco
Slate Park (5()3-3.'5L'-f)771), in Sixes. Cape Blanco, ihe coast's westernmosl poinl, was first noted in HiOS by the Spanish explorer Mai nil
de Aguilai, whose co( apiain named il for ils chalky appearance.
1 AN D O N
3
T h r region sui i a u n d i n g t h r lower (!o<|uille Rivrr, upon which
Kaiuiou is situ.tied, was homr to thr OHJIIIIIC Indi,HIS who readed
i 'I'I't tsi n-': Iht
A/r/rs/(//<7i/
Sun /Yi'ti/jjj^
Mu.srmn
in ( i"^
H'lif
�290
T II K O H K t: (I N
C O A S T
violemly lo llie first while settlers in the early 1850s. As gold drew
more prospec tors to the region tensions heightened, and in January
1854 seventeen members of anothei tribe were murdered by a gang
of forty miners. I l is thought lhat pari o f the massacre took place in
what is today Bullards Beach State Park (Route 101, two miles north
of Bandon, 503-347-2209). The Bandon Historical Society Museum
(Southwest First Street, 503-347-2104) contains exhibits on the
area's maritime hislory, photographs of a devastating town fire, and
a collec tion o f Indian artifacts.
THE
COOS BAY AREA
Founded in the early 1850$, Empire City was the firsl community
on Coos Bay, the largest natural harbor between Puget Sound and
San Francisco. It was soon followed by Coos Bay and North Bend,
twin towns that later absorbed Empire City and became the great
lumber capitals o f the coast. By the late nineteenth century the
company town of N o r t h Bend, founded by the New Fnglander Asa
Simpson, was nourishing, its mill and shipyard well on their way to
forming one of Oregon's major lumber empires. The Coos County
Historical Society Museum (Simpson Park, 503-750-6320) has
exhibits on pioneers, logging, and regional Indian crafts. In Coos
Bay, originally named M a r s h f i e l d , the M a r s h f i e l d Sun Printing
Museum ( N o i t h From Street) is housed in the five-sided building
where the city's weekly newspaper, the Sun, was printed f r o m 1911
to 1944. Marble-lop tables, typecases, and platen and hand presses
are among the equipment on view.
Also noteworthy is Shore Acres State Park ( o f f Route 101,
twelve miles southwest o f Coos Bay, 503-888-3732). The park features gardens that were part o f the estate of Asa Simpson's son,
I.ouis, who followed his father into the lumber business and played a
prominent role in the development of the bay area. The ocean views
are spectaculai, bul they did not impress ihe elder Simpson: When
I.ouis finished his tluee-story home on its bluff, his father, having
passed it by schooner, asked what foot had built on sue h a sile.
Stretching l o i i y - l o u r miles f r o m N o r t h Bend to Florence, the
O r e g o n Dunes N a t i o n a l R e c r e a t i o n Area ( o f f Route 101,
503-271-361 1) preserves dunes formed after a glacial retreat some
15,000 years ago. The dunes evolved through the force of erosion
and the movement of sediment from rivers and streams, pushed by
the ocean's currents into their present form.
INK
o it K i : o N
2') I
i:
FI,()H ENCE
Horence was home io (he Siuslaw Indians, who relinc]iiislied 2.5 million.acres ol land lo the federal government in 1855, reiaining onlv
small homesteading tracts. Kcmnanls ol the fishing town lhal the
while settlers crcalcd in the sec ond half of the ninelccmh ceniury
may be seen in the O l d Town area, which runs along Bav Stieel;
information is available al the town's visitor center (270 Route 101,
503-997-3128). Florence's elegant Siuslaw River Bridge (Oregon
Coast Highway), constructed in the 1930.S bv a YVPA crew, boasts
Gothic piers with metal finials and arc hways with A n Deco designs.
Just soulh of the- bridge, the Siuslaw Pioneer Museum (Route 101,
:>03-997-7884) comains Indian aitilacis, earlv logging c(|mpinc'iii.
and furniture and c lolhing from early sellleis.
NEWPORT
Wedged between the ocean and Yaquina Bav, Newport was settled
in 1855 by traders and f i s h e r m e n . In llie 1860s and 1870s il
became a favorite icsoil for Willameile Valley icsidenls, who vacationed at the town's hotels or sei sail on five-day coastal voyages to
S.m Franc isco. Clamming and c rabbing have flourished on ihe bav
•iince ihe late niiu-tcemh cemuiy. The Lincoln Coumv Historical
Society maintains the Burrows House Museum (545 Soulhwcsi
Ninlh Street, 503-265-7509) and the Log Cabin Museum (579
Soiithwest N i n t h Street, 5 0 3 - 2 6 5 - 7 5 0 9 ) , c o n t a i n i n g Native
Aineiican artifacts, maritime displays, and pioneer furnishings and
ilolhing. The region's nalural hislory is explained in exhibits al
ihe aquarium and museum of the Mark O . H a t f i e l d M a r i n e
Science Center (2030 Marine Science Drive, 503-867-3011), m n
by Oregon Stale University.
North of Newport, Route 101 winds along Oregon's rugged coast,
which is protected Irom development by a series of slale parks. Jusl
below Lincoln City is Cape Foulweather, named by Captain James
Cook, who sighted it in 1778 bul was unable to land bec ause of bad
weather. A marker (Router 101, just noi lh o f Otter Rock) commemorates the naming of ihe cape.
Fanhei n o i l h on Re>ute 101 is T i l l a m o o k , f r o m an Indian
name meaning "land of many waters." H i e town has long been a
" V K R I . F M-': t h r O i r ^ n i
Mllllt f/llN|'.V.
lhinr\
W i l i m t a l l i i ' r r n i l i i ' l i A r r t i j n r \ r n v.s /<
1/7. v
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2 )4
< > K I . (: < I N
M M :
<. i
<l;»ii y ( e n l c i , with ( hcese as ils major product. The T i l l a m o o k
County Pioneer Museum (2106 Second Street, . >O.VH42-4. ). >3),
housed in the town's 190r> courthouse, contains exhiliils on early
logging and t heesemaking operations, photographs of ihe county's
settlers, and a replica of a pioneer home.
r
r
Members of ihe Lewis and Clark expedition spent pari ol the winter of 1805-1806 here extracting sail from the ocean: I hey boiled
approximately 1,400 gallons of water in five brass kcilles lo produce three- and a half bushels of salt. The te>wii was developed as a
beach resort in the 1870s by transport magnate Ben Holladay,
whose' racetrac k and hote l lured Poi tlanders te> the oc ean, and
Soulheinei W. (1. Crimes, who owned several le>cal Imtcls. The
Seaside Historical Museum (570 Neeanicum Drive, 503-738-7065)
feaiuies an exhibit of Clatsop Indian artifac ts excavated from iwe>
loc al middens by the Smithsonian Institution during the- 1970s.
ASTORIA
ill
<> h v. ( ; i t N
2 0 r,
('OAST
('ohtmbin liiver Maritime. Museum
r
SEASIDE
1 i
1
Till-:
Astoria ligured prominently in the early settlement of the Pacific
Noilhwesl. The first while- person to see the sile was Captain Robert
(iray, whose discovery of the- mouth of the Columbia River in 1792
allia< led U.S. maritime- traders to the region. Lewis and Clark made
their I'ae ific camp seven miles seiulhwest of ihe present city in ihe
winter of 1805-1806. In 1811 representatives of John Jacob Astor's
Pac ific Fur Company founded the first pei nianent American sellle-menl in llie Oregon Country here. Afler clearing some land, marking the silc-s fe>r a residence, storehouse, and powder maga/ine, and
sowing some vegetable seeds, llie: men named iheir post in honor ol
"ihe projector and supponer of the whole- enterprise." Due lo poor
management and a series of mishaps, tbe setilement was already failing by the- outbreak of ihe War of 1812, when il was sold to Britain's
N o i l h Wesl Company. The Hading posi remained in Brilish hands
until (he 1830s, alihough sovereignty was nominally returned to iheUniled Stales by the Treaty of Chcnl. Willi the arrival of llie fiisi
overland immigianls in ihe uiicl-ninele-enlli ceniury, Asloi ia prospered, establishing itse4f as a cenlei of Hade for the lower (lolumbi.i
legion. Il is oflen said lhal ihe- fur Hade was ihe basis of the Aslm
foilunc-, bul ihe lamilv rained much more in New York leal estate
Situated on the river whose- name it bears, the museum is divided
inlo seven galleries that depict different aspects of the Columbia's
lierilage. Inc hided among llie displays and exhibits aie models, nan
lical inslrumenls, naval weapons, photographs, boats, and marine
engines. The- 128-foot Columlria, which was the last active lighlship on
the West Ceiasl, is moored oulside and may l>e boarded.
LOCATION: 1792 Marine- Drive-, HOURS: April through Sepie-inhe-r:
9:30-5 Daily; October ihmugh Mare h: 9:30-5 Tuesefay-Sunelay.
FKK: Yes. TKI KI'IIONK: 503-325-2323.
Astoria's seafaring families have lell a legacy of Vie (onan homes, and
the chamber o f commerce (503-325-631 I ) provides detailed maps
for walking lours. One of the finesl houses is the restored Flavel
House (441 F.ighih Stre-et, 503-325-2203), a Queen Anne mansion
built in 1885 by a Columbia River bar pileil fe>i his family, membe-rs
of whom lived in it unlil 1933. The heiuse, now a museum run by the
COLUMBIA
Vu liizht.ship ( oluirihi.i. httilt in MSO in East /W//i/»m/. Mainr. sltuul ni tht- cntrmm
"»/ thv ( oluinhta Hii i-r fur thitttj i/r/irv N/ir mm- is nnumd nt thr < WMtnhio /in < r
\1^^ritinu• Miisrum in Astuhn.
�Till
296
<> K n (; <> N (: (> A s i
Chusop Coimiy Hisiorifal Sot iety, (onlains six lircplaccs, Kasllakc
woodwork, and period f u r i u n i i f . Tlie histoi ieal soe iely is lieadepiail e r e d al i h e H e r i t a g e M u s e u m ( 1 *> IH Kxehange Sli eel.
"
r>(»:^-:V2r>-2. »fi3). a 1904 Classic Revival building lhat lonnerly served
as Astoria's < ily hall. Recently restoreel, this museum eonlains
e xhibits on the hisleny of the region. A block away, al Kifieenlli and
Kxehange slre e ls, is a replica o f the blockhouse built by Astor's
traders in IHI 1 (private).
,
I' 11 H T I. A N I >
\ N n
l.mding, and a visitor i i n i r r fe-aluring a slide- show and cxliibils
aboul llie cele bialed lie k. During the- summer llie- Nalional I'ai k
Service sponsors a living history program.
r
Fort Clatsop National Memorial
Fori Clatsop is a i cconsti uctie.n eif Lewis anel Clark's camp on the
I'acilie Irom ne-cember 7. 1805, to March 23, I KM. Although overjoyed lo see tlie ocean afler their arduous transconlinenial join nev.
the- members of the expedition put in a hard winter making sail,
writing reports, and preparing maps—one o f the most imporianl
contributions of the expedition. The site includes a replica ol ihe
fort (buill afler tlie lloor plan drawn hy William Clark), the eauoc
I < ) \\ I [ON: ()ll Rome 101, " miles SUIIIIK-.ISI til Asinria. 1< >i KS: Mitl<
>
1
|iiii(- ihmiigh S<'|)i( iiil)( i : K-(> |);iilv; O i i n l i n ilmiiigli mitl-|iiiie:
K-.> Daily, i l l : Yes. u I n-n«>M 5(I3-Htil -'2 17 I .
r
Ten miles we-si ol Astoria, o f f Rome 101, Fort Stevens State Park
(Ridge Road, 50.3-81)1-2000) is the sin- of a militai v re-sei v.iiion ih.n
Unaided llie moulh of the Colimibia Rive r from the Civil War unlil
World War I I . The fori has the elisiint lion ol being the- onlv coastal
mslallalion in the lower foriv-eight slate's lo be attacked by a fore ign
enemy since the War of IHI2: On June 21, 1912, a Japanese submaline fired a few shells in the Ion's vicinity, causing no damage-.
Though most of the guns and buildings are gone-, a museum on the
grounds displays maps, photographs, and artifacts lhat lell ihe hisioiv of llie fori. Also wilhin the park is the- wre-ek ol (lie iron-hulled
Hiilish schooner I'elrr Irrilnlt; which ran aground in 1901), a fateshared by many ships thai have- approached Ore-gon's 11 rai hei oils
me ky shores.
P O R T L A N D
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r. N V I It < » N s
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A N D
E N V I R O N
S
I'e-rhaps epitomizing the stale of Oregon, Portland has grown slouh
and cautiously, ever protee live e f its nalural l ie lies and ils indepen>
ele-nt citizens. The stale's largest city sits on ihe banks o f (heWillamette River, jusl south of its junction wilh the Columbia To the
t-asl are the Cascade- Mountains and Mount Hood (al 11.239 feel.
Oregon's highest point) anel lo llie: we-sl is the- Coast Range-.
Il was em the west bank o f ihe- Willameile-, in a plate- llie
legion's Indians called "llie < le-aring," lhal William Ovei lon .md Asa
Lovejoy slopped in 1843. Alihough headed for Oregon Citv, lliev
were impressed by the lii-lined hills, the snow-capped pe ak in llie
distance, and (he land, punt lu.iltd In butles. lhal lav ac ross ihe rivei
lo (he east. Kiicouraged by the promise of free- land—a proposal
soon to be approved bv Congress—the- two filed a c laim in earlv
IS44, each receiving 340 acres of whal would shoi llv become downtown Portland. Overton, who was known for Ins repiilaiion as a wanderer, <|iiickly sold his share lo Francis IVtlvgiovc, a Ne w Kngland
inert haul. Left to iheir Yankee dev ic e s. Love-joy and Peiivgrove
Ix-gan plotting a (own, arguing over whal lo call , .is lliev went.
�29H
I ' (» H I" I . A N 1) A N D
i : N \ I H (> N s
•A nt^lil i i m t>{ I'nrlliiml u ith Mount Hood in tin- JisMmv.
!
j!
I ' c l l y g i o v c , . i i i i i l i v c of M a i n e , w a u l e d P o r t l a n d ; I . o v e j o y , Crom
Massae linseiis, p r e f e r r e d B o s t o n . Flips of a c o p p e r c o i n d e t e r m i n e d
llie ouh ome.
P o r t l a n d possessed a lovely landscape, b u l it was n o l suited loi
l a r m i n g . Many of i h e stale's earliest i m m i g r a n t s bypassed i h e new seii l e m e n i l o r the m o r e f e r t i l e lands o f die W i l l a m e t t e Valley. I he cilv
began l o develop i n the lale I84()s, however, n u r t u r e d by (he e f l o i i s
o f such e n t r e p r e n e u r s as | o l i n C o u c h , a New K n g l a n d sea captain
w h o had seen ihe site's p o t e n t i a l as early as 1840, w h e n he lirsi came
l o e x p l o r e the p o s s i b i l i l y of a s a l m o n fishery. "To (his p o i n l , " he
r e m a r k e d , " I t an b r i n g any ship thai can gel i n t o the m o u l h o f the
d e a l C o l u m b i a River." H e k e p i his w o r d , h e l p i n g l o t r a n s f o r m the
village i n t o a m a j o r p o r t . In 1845 a n o l h e r e n t e r p r i s i n g settler, Daniel
l . o w n s d a l e , established a t a n n e r y — r e p u t e d l o be the l i r s i i n ihe
Pacilit N o i lhwesl—ext h a n g i n g his lealher f o r rawhides, f i n s , wheal,
o r cash. He was also a g u i d i n g l o n e b e h i n d the d e v e l o p m e n t of the
l e i l i l e T u a l a t i n Valley l o the wesl: T h e d e a l Plank Roatl he and o i h
ers consli u c t c d ( k n o w n today as Canyon Road) c o n n c c l c d the ships
a n d shops o f the river p o l l w i l h the fields a m i granaries o f the valley
K l B T I. A N I) A N D
r N V I II < I N s
209
In ils second decade the cilv p r o s p e r e d , f u e l e d hy C a l i f o r n i a ' s
gold r u s h , w h i c h created a d e m a n d f o r l u m b e r , w h e a l , a n d f a r m
protlucls. By 1851, the year the t ily was i n c o r p o r a t e d , P o r t l a n d ' s
|)o|>ulaiion h a d r e a c h e d a r e s p e c l a b l e 800, n e a i l y 200 b u i l d i n g s
lined ils slreels. anti a n c w s p a p c i , the OiVfrinntnt, hail b e g u n p u h l i c a lion. I ' o r l l a n d also l a u n c h e d ils first .steamboat, l l i e Lol W'htltomh, o n
Clnisimas Day 1850. T h e C o l u m b i a anti ils i r i b u l a r i e s , w h i c h w o u n d
iheir ways a m o n g the various c o m m u n i l i e s o f l l i e Pacific N o i l h w e s l ,
were ripe f o r e x p l o i t a t i o n . A m o n g ihose w h o saw the c o m m e r c i a l
polenlial a n d b e n e f i t e d f r o m i l was | o h n A i n s w o r l h , a Mississippi
River captain w h o came l o O r e g o n i n 1850. "T he sensation l o m e , "
he wrote in his m e m o i r s , " o f e n l e r i n g walei thai had never b e f o r e
liecn d i v i d e d by (he p r o w o f a steamer, was b e y o n d d e s c r i p t i o n . "
Ainsworlh went o n to b u i l d his o w n boats and became o n e of l l i e
fiiiuiders of the O r e g o n Sleam N a v i g a l i o n C o m p a n v , a h i g h l y successful m o n o p o l y whose inveslois b e l o n g e d l o the l ily's r u l i n g elite
and were b e h i n d many o f ils < u l l i i r a l i n s l i l u l i o n s .
T h a n k s to the discovery o f g o l d i n I d a h o a n d the eastern p a n
of the O r e g o n T e n ilory, P o r l l a n d c o n t i n u e d It) f l o u r i s h i n the I8('>0s
and 1870s, despite a n u m b e r o f setbacks. I he business distrit l was
moved i n l a n d l o escape r e c u r r e n t river f l o o d i n g . T h e city was also
struck by two f i r e s — i n D e c e m b e r 1872 a n d August 1873—thai leveled thirty blocks a m i i n s p i r e d a H u r r y o f r e b u i l d i n g . R e s i d e n t i a l
I'otlland was c o m i n g i n l o its o w n as well, l u the town's soulhwestei n
|)ail, known by the unseemly a p p e l l a t i o n " S l m n p l o w n , " l i a l i a n a l e villas, elm-lined slreels, a n d spac ious gardens replaced the eai Iv pioneer collages. O r d i n a n c e s were passed l o encourage d e c o r u m : N o
logs were l o be dragged d o w n i h e slreels. l l i e o n l y wheeled vehicles
lo use the sidewalks w o u l d be baby carriages, a n d anvone < a u g l n
sliouiing a g u n w i t h i n the city l i m i t s w o u l d be l i n e d .
T u i T i - o f - l h e - c c n l u r y P o r i l a n t l e r s were p r o u d of i h e i r t i v i l i / e d
tilv, one in w h i c h "social aiislerilv," l l i e legacy o f t h e i r New K n g l a n d
lort'hears a m i civic leaders, prevailed. They also l i c a s m e d t h e i r n a l u lal l i . i h i l a l , e n j o y i n g m o i m l a m ( l i m b s , river e x c l u s i o n s , h u n l l n g ,
lislimg, a n d s w i m m i n g . T h i s c a r e f u l l y b a l a n c e d c o m b i n a l i o n o f
naiine and u r b a n i s m drew m o r e i m m i g r a n l s , w h o were, by the 1880s
and 1890s, aided i n t h e i r j o m ncv wesl by ihe t i a n s r o n t i n e n l a l railroad. In icsponse, (he t ily e x p a n d e d . Kasi P o n l a n d . o r i g i n a l l y a sep
Ji.ilc lovvn, was a n n e x e d in 1891. I he wcallhv a n d fashionable left
ilieir n e i g h b o r h o o d i n s o u t h w c s l c r n P o n l a n d f o r the h i l l s — n o w
tailed "ihe h c i g h l s " — l o the wesl. T he cily's p o p u l a t i o n was rising
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I. N \ I " <> N "
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was exploding, and Wasliinglon's I'ugel Sound seemed lo be llie leiminus of c lioi< <• foi die new n ans<ontinenlal railroads. Marvey Stoll,
edilor of ihe Otrgnni/in, lamemed Poi '(landers' •'indifference, inertia,
self-siifricicncv." and tlieir "wish (o be alone." However, the Lewis
and Clark Centennial Exposition of 1905, landscaped by .John
Olmsted, brother of Frederick Law Olmsted and a member of his
lirm, managed to arouse the city's lesidenis as well as the interest of
ihe oulside world. Three m i l l i o n outsiders visited the fair, and
Portland's populalion increased from 90,000 to nearly a quarter of a
million in the first decade of the twentieth century.
Porlland did nol surpass Seattle, which became llie Pacilic
Noilbwest's major metropolis, but it did become an eminently livable, if not always welcoming, city. During World War 1 paliiotir
Portlanders l o u t e d out dissidents and changed Oerman slieel
names, and d u r i n g the 1920s, as the city's shipping and lumber
industries boomed, the "Invisible Kmpire" of (he Ku Klux Klan was
busy rec ruiling members. In recent decades, however, conservative
Porlland has been forced lo reassess ils historic c laims lo self-sufficiencv and isolation as some of its li .idilion.il industries, such as lumber and lishing, have dec lined. The inllueiu e of high technology, an
inllux of newcomers, and the city's polenlial to participate in ihe
commerce of ihe Pacific Rim are working to induce change.
DOWNTOWN
Poriiand's downtown—a place of flowers, parks, cafes, and public
scjiiaies—reflects its citi/ens' love for the great outdoors. Fomilains
dominate ihe landscape, ihe most famous being the Iwenly identical
drinking fountains dedicated lo the city in 1912 bv lumber baron
Simon Benson. Recogni/able by their four-spigoted heads, ihey were
allegedly conceived by Benson as a means of discouraging loggers
from imbibing stronger stuf f .
Near the waierfiont ihe O l d Town Historic District, sile of
Portland's original settlement in IHM, extends for several blocks on
eilhei side of West Bm nside Street. In the IKOOs and lK7()s the harbor bustled wilh ships, sleamboats, and sailors, and construction had
begun on one of the country's largest colleclions of cast-iron buildings. As in Scaiilc, the whai I was dubbed "Skid Road" for the log*
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lhal lolled down ihe limber Hacks; tbe pejorative coimolation ol
lhal lei m arose- al ihe turn of the century, when the port moved
downriver and llie area went into decline. More recenllv the disirict
has been genlrificd, and though still a haven tor the city's down-andout, it boasts some line architectural relics as well as the mile-long
Waterfront Park, which runs along the Willameile River from ihe
River Place Marina lo the Steel Bridge.
Once the centerpiece f o r a lively new citv, ihe Skidmore
Fountain (Southwest First Avenue at Ankeny) was created bv Olin
Warner, known for the bronze doors al the Library of Congress in
Washington, DC. T he sculpture, a group of maidens atop a fluted
basin, was named for Stephen Skidmore, one of six commissioners
Porlland senl lo the Paris F.xposition in 1S78. So impressed was
Skidmore by Fuiope's pla/.as and fountains lhat he willed monev lo
the city lo build a similar refreshment slop for the "horses, men and
dogs" of Porlland. The facade of the restored Poppleton Building
(83 Soulliwesl First Avenue) is pai tit ul.ii ly noteworthy wilh ils lovelv
comhinalion of cast-iron pilasters and truncaled arches. It was buill
in .1871. T he New Market Theater (50 Soulliwesl Second Avenue),
buill in 1875, is a structural hybrid where vendors hawked producc
on its main floor l i o m twenlv-eighl marble-countered arched stalls,
while upsiairs Poi lland s polile sot iely was enlcrlaincd in an eleganl
crimson ihealer lil bv 100 gas jels.
Dominating ceniral Porlland is the Mall, an eleven-block brick
artery lhal extends along Fifth and Sixth avenues between Madison
and Bm nside slreels. Here the cily's et let lit mix ol art Inlet lure provides some i n t r i g u i n g juxtapositions. Many of the buildings on
Pioneer Courthouse Square (701 Southwest Sixth Avenue), the < iiv'»
major public pla/a, date lo the first quarter of ihis century, but the
Pioneer Courthouse (555 Soulliwesl Yamhill, 503-221-225<'>) wa»
constructed in I .Sli 1. Al lhal time it was far enough from the lown't
center lo prompt jokes about the need for a pony express lo delivef
the mail. Restored in 1973, il now houses the Ninth Federal Circuit
Court of Appeals. Also on the mall is Michael Oravcs's comroveisial
Portland Building ( I 120 Soulliwesl Fifth Avenue), a Postmodern creation of pink, blue, and cream concrete and tile thai has been IMIIII
reviled and hailed bv llie architectural establishment and bv
Portlanders themselves. T he 1895 City Hall (1120 Soulliwesl Filih
Avenue), designed by W i l l i a m W h i t l d e n and Jon Lewis wilh a
balusliadetl roof, long loggia, and pilasters on its east facade, stands
in contrast io ils glass-and-steel neighbors.
PIIH T I A N I) A N D
.10.)
K N \ I II I I N S
Oregon
Historical
Center
Ihe Oregon Historical Sociely. the oldest slalewide cultural inslitulion in Oregon, is headtpiarlei ed in llie blot k-sqiiarc Oregon
Historical Center west of the Mall. The museum in the soulh wing ol
Iht complex features a major permanent exhibition documenting
the slate's history from prchisloric limes lo the present. New galleries in the north wing have exhibits on the selllemenl of the
Willamette Valley, North Pacific maritime history, and Western ai l, as
well as changing exhibits; this wing also eonlains Iwo enormous
.iichileclural murals by the trompe I'oeil artist Richard Haas.
lot \ lit is 1230 Sniilhwcst Park Avenue, l l o i ' k s : I0--I:ir>
Monday-Saturday, KKK: None, I I I KI'IIONK: 503-222-1711.
The P o r t l a n d A r t M u s e u m (1219 Southwest Park A v e n u e ,
MI3-226-2811), designed by Pietro Belluschi in 1930, features a line
exhibit of Northwest Coast Indian art, including masks, textiles, and
wcred objects; European painting ami sculpture; and a respet (able
Asian collection. To the soulh iire tlie South Park. Blocks, s<'t ashlc l)v
ihe town founders in 1852 as a respite from lledglintf urban woes.
1
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�I* ( I h T I. A N I) A N D
1(15
K N V I It < > N s
I'l.iDU'd w i t h (rhns and grass, (he aic.i spawned (own houses, a genllemcn's ( i n h , a n d ehnrelies. M o r e reeenily il lias allrat l e d P o r t l a n d
State U n i v e r s i t y (Soulliwesl Broadway, 5(13—111 1-351 I ) a n d a lively
student p o p u l a t i o n .
S o u l h o l the M a l l is I ' o r l l a n d C e n l e i , the o u l g r o u t h of t i n city's u r b a n renewal project, begun in 191)3. lYcviouslv, the d i s l i i t t
had b e e n h o m e l o |ews w h o h a d m i g r a t e d l o I ' o r l l a n d l i o m
('•ermany, Eastern K u r o p e , Turkey, a n d Spain. I'arl o l ihe I ' o r l l a n d
C c n i e r f o r i h e I ' c r f o n n i n g A i l s , t h e C i v i c A u d i t o r i u m (L'L'-!
Soiithwest Clay. 5 0 3 - 2 18--1335) is an o r n a t e b u i l d i n g ovei l o o k i n g
llie Forecourt F o u n t a i n . T his f o i m i a i n a n d d i e I.ovejoy F o u n l a i n in
Lovejoy Park, jusl south o l the a u d i l o r i m n . were d e s i g n e d In l l i e
renowned landscape a r c h i l c c l Lawi ence l l a l p r i i i , w h o env i s i o n e d
lliem "as waterfalls e c h o i n g the n a l u r a l water (pialilies o l manv o l
lite m a g n i f i c e n t cascades along the (Columbia River a n d in the I l i g h
Sierra."
S O U T H W E S T P O H T L A N I)
Just a lew miles f r o m d o w n t o w n , r e a c h i n g u p i n t o the westei u hills,
soulliwesl I ' o r l l a n d is m a r k e d bv w o o d e d residenlial n e i g h b o r h o o d s
accessible by scenic roads. Visia Boulevard winds l l i r o u g l i I ' o r l l a n d
Heights, one of the cily's lirsi hillside subui bs. a n d leads lo ( ioiiiK il
Crest, the city's bighesi p o i n t , w h i c h o i l e r s views o l (he ( iascades. die
W i l l a m e i l e Vallev, t h e Coasl R a n g e , a n d l l i e ( t d i i m b i a R i v e i .
n o m i n a t i n g (he district is W a s h i n g t o n Park (Park I ' l a c r , o i l \ ist.i
Boulevard), a n o t h e i g i l l ol the city's f o r c s i g h l r d ( ivii leadeis, w h o
purdiased the l a n d in 1871. I he pai k r e m a i n e d u n d e v e l o p e d u n l i l
the 1880s, w h e n a / o o was established, p l a n t i n g s were starled, a m i a
group ( a i l e d the C c i m a n S o n g b i r d Socieiv e n c o u r a g e d si.u l i n g s .
Iliglilingales, thrushes, and l i m lies to ncsl h e i e . Todav some l o u r ol
llie [lark's one h u n d r e d acies are d c v o i c d lo the I n u r n a l i o i i a l Rose
Test C a r d e n s , l o u n d e d i n 1017 bv i h e P o r l l a n d Rose Society.
Another five-and-a-half acres arc l o r m . i l j a p a n e s e g a r d e n s
(MI.VJ'ilV-LVJI) w i l h a s p l e n d i d variety o l ' l l o w e i s , shi ubs, and I rees.
In llie park's s o u t h e r n e n d is die O r e g o n M u s e u m o f Science and
Industry (4015 Soulliwesl Canyon Road, 5(I3-'2'2 _'-28'J8). O M S I , as it
is known, o i i g i n a l e d in the t ollet lions o l die P o r l l a n d Free M u s e u m .
KlUch displayed fossils, s t u l l c d animals, skeletons, and o l h e i a r t i l i u Is
1
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I ' O H T I . A N l> A N D
K N \ I K (I N S
contributed by local rcsidenis wilh a passion lor ihe nalural sciences. The push lor a separate science museum came afler World
War I I , bul i l wasn't until 1957 that OMSI was built. Today the
museum includes a planetarium as well as varied exhibits on (he
natural sciences, industry, and agriculture. Next door is ihe World
Forestry Center (4033 Southwest Canyon Road, 5()3-'22H-l 367),
with exhibits on forest management, resources, and products. The
main hall resembles a t r a d i t i o n a l O r e g o n r o u n d barn and is
designed with an appropriately rich variety o f woods, including
redwood, pine, cedar, fir, birch, walnut, and oak.
NORTHWEST PORTLAND
Home lo < legant villas, mini-thateaus, and mini-<:astles in the lale
nineleenlh ceniury, northwest Porlland has taken on an increasingly industrial character in recent decades. Nevertheless, it has it*
own nature preserve: the 1,000-acre Forest Park. A striking remnant o f the district's residential pasl is the restored Pittock
Mansion (3229 Northwest Pittock Drive, 503-248-4469). Situated
o n foriy-six o f the park's acres, the twenty-two-room Frenc h
Renaissance Revival house was built in 1914 by Henry Pittock, the
owner and publisher o f Portland's Daily Oregonian (later known
simply as the Oregonian) f r o m 1861 to 1919. Considered self-consciously opulent in its lime—some say Pittock was determined to
impress the New York Fricks and San Francisco Spreckels—ihr
house is graced with hardwood floors and panelling, polished marble, and period f u r n i t u r e , as well as spectacular views of the cityS
two rivers and five peaks o f the Cascade Range.
T H E EAST S I D E
Portland's East Side was slow in developing. While a city grew up
on the wesl side o f the Willamette River, small numbers of farmer*
crossed over it, followed by ferries. Wilh the arrival o f the railroads
and the construction o f a bridge in the late nineteenth ceniury,
residenlial developmenl look o f f , producing the neighborhoods ol
Brooklyn, Sunnyside, I r v i n g t o n , and M o u n t Tabor. By the 192(K
the East Side—bounded by Milwaukie on the soulh and Eighty-second Avenue on the easl—housed many o f the cily's residents, and
today mosl o f the city lies easl o f the river. Eastmoreland, a pleav
ant residenlial disirict described in an early promotional pamphlet
POKTI.AND
AND
F. N V I II ( I N S
:i07
as "Portland's standard-beare r lor gracious living," is (he home- ol
Reed C o l l e g e (3203 S o u l h c a s l W o o d s t o c k B o u l e v a r d ,
503-777-7591). This small but prestigious liberal aits college, the
legacy o f Porlland transport baron Simeon Reed and his wile-,
Amanda, opened in 1911 in a 40-acre cow pasture. The preseni
100-acre campus, which encompasses a wildlife refuge and lake, is
distinguished by its ivy-covered buildings, inc hiding Hauser Library
and the Cothic Revival Eliot Hall.
SAUVIE
ISLAND
Just north o f Porlland, Sauvie Island (across ihe Sanvie Island
Bridge, o f f Route 30) is a marvelous rural reireal of farms, wildlife:
sanctuaries, prairies, and epiiel counlry roads. The island's first
inhabitants were the Multnomah Indians, whose "sc arlet anel blue
blankets Sailor Jackets, overalls, Shirts and hats" were noted by
lewis and Clark, the first white explorers lo visit the island, on
November 4, 1805. Outbreaks of malaria, se al lei lever, and smallpox reduced the population, and by the time Nathaniel Wyeth
established a trading posi in 1834, there was, he wrote, "noihing to
attest lhat they ever existed except their decaying houses, their
graves and their unburied bones." The- island lakes its name f r o m a
trapper, Jean Baptiste Sauve, who was sent lo establish a dairy he re
by the Hudson's Bay Company.
With the resolution o f the boundary dispute- between Britain
and the United States in 1846, U.S. e iii/.cns we re fre e te) senle- on
ihe island, which they did in great numbers during the 1850s. A
feminder o f lhal era is the Creek Revival James F. Bybee House
(Howell Territorial Park, 503-222-1741), restored and maintained
by the Oregon Historical Sociely. The Creek Revival style was popular in the Northwest in the 1840s and I85().s as the region progressed beyond the pioneer period into an era of more sophistic ation. In many towns the Firsl subsianlial bouses and p u b l i c
buildings to be put up were designed in the Creek Re vival style-.
Bybee, a county commissioner and horse breeder, buill the nineroom dwelling in 1858, selling ihe- prope rly in 1873 lo | o h i i
Howell, a successful dairy farmer and promote r of agrie uiiural
develeipment on the island. In a d d i i i o n to ihe house-, the- site,
known as Howell Territorial Park ( labor Road), ine hide s an e arly
orchard with 115 varieties o f apple Iree-s anel a e hildren's aunt uiiural museum featuring horse-drawn e-cptipme-nt.
Ji
�I' O M ( I. A N I)
no s
A N I)
E N V I M <) N \
C O I , U M B f A H I V K K C; () \\ C, K
I h e :VOO<M<><>t-<lcc[>, 75-iiiilc Columbia River ( l o i g e marks, with
spectaculai beauty, the passage of the river through the Cascade
mouiiiain range. As it approaches this basaltic channel the river
gains great l o n e and then llattens out lor the final stage of its 1,24.3mile journey from ihe Canadian Rockies lo the Pacific Ocean. Wilh
ihr construction of the Columbia River Scenic Highway along (he
crest of the gorge in 1915, this natural wonder was opened to
motoi isis Irom Porlland and the surrounding areas. Two set tions of
the road remain, traveling parallel lo Route 84, which runs ihr
length of the gorge. The firsl section stretches from the Sandy River
lo Ainsworlh State Park, the second f i o m Mosier to The Dalles.
Crown Point State Park (Columbia River Scenic Highway), 725
feet above the river, is the site of Vista House, the brainchild of
Samuel Lancaster, the c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r f o r the highway.
Construction began in 1916 and the building was dedic ated in May
1918. A memorial to Oregon's pioneers, its dome contains eight
panels, each insc ribed wilh the name of a prominent settler. To the
easl of Crown Poinl is a series of splendid waterfalls, inchiding
l.atourcll, Shepperds Dell, Bridal Veil, Wahkeena, and the- celebialed M u l l n o m a h . 620 feel h i g h . A visitor center al the base of
Miihnomab Falls inc hides exhibits about ihe region's geology.
Forty-four miles from Ponland, off Route 84, is the Bonneville
Dam, aiiihori/ed
in 1933 and completed
in 1939. Ils visitor center
(503-374-8820)
frauues exhibits on the history of the gorge- and
the dam and providers views of the fish ladders used by salmon
migraling
lo iheir spawning
grounds.
Four miles easl are the
Cascade Locks, built in 1896 to tame the treacherous
rapids that
were crossed, often at greal peril, by early immigrants to ihe Oregon
Counlrv. Now unused, ihe lin ks are commemorated
in llie Cascada
Locks Museum (503-374-8619),
located in the town of Cascade
Loc ks. The museum features the Oregon I'ony, the Northwe-sl's find
sleam loc omotive. and photographs
of steamboats,
railroads, and
portaging operations. V isitors can lour the- river on ihe ('.oliimbia
Siglilsrn, a paddle u heele i, and llie Columbia Corgi' Slei inrliirlri:
The Dalles was named by the- Hudson's Bay Company's French
( an,tdi,m vovageurs, who ihoiight the basallic rocks lining the
Columbia resembled flagstones (Ies rlailes). Lewis and Clark siop|K-tl
i 'I'll isl II.
\ t l i l l t i n l l l r l l t l i l U \ . l i l t ' l>ti>\l \ j U r Itu l i b i t
\li i It It ,»/ ih. ( flu in bin Hu t r C, > i iir tti\l
n j f l t t , It It til r r f t i l I \ iti flu , 7 , I i l l m j ,
,>f Ct tm ti I'm ill
JnTTF^ llliimimiiH iiimiiiint*
�3 I <)
I'OKI I AND
AND
I
NVIHONS
WII.LAMKTTF.
BIVKH
3 I I
VAI.l.KY
: !
licit' in the fall of IHOf) on their journey westward and made note of
the vigorous trading among the Indians of tfie lower river and the
tribes from the Columbia Plateau, who came "for the purpose of
pun basing lish." T he explorers were followed by fur traders; the fust
while setilement, a Melhodisl mission, was founded in 18.38 by
Daniel I .re. In 1849 a f o r i was established to protect Oregon Trail
emigrants, who loaded iheir wagons onto rafts here and continued
down ihe Columbia to Oregon City. Information about historical
sites is available al the town's visitor center (406 West Second Slrcct.
. )0.3-29<>-4798), located in the original Wasco County Courthouse, a
frame building conslrucied in 1859. T he Fort Dalles Historical
Museum (Fificcnih and Carrison streets, . )()3-29()-4. )47), housed in
the fort's restored surgeon's quarters (1856), contains Indian and
pioneer artifacts, including an original covered wagon and a colletlion til olhei horse-drawn vehicles.
r
r
r
M O U N T H O O D N A T I O N A L P O K E ST
Oregon's highest peak. Mount Hood has fascinated the region's
inhabiiants for cenitu it s. According to one Indian legend, a warrior
thought he could stop the lava flows by throwing boulders into ihr
mountain's crater. Fnraged, Mount Hood spit them back into ihe vil-
A
ilimhiiig
fxpnliliim
uj> Mnunt Hmul, Oregon's highest
lage below. The warrior, distressed by ihe destruction
lhal
ensued,
dropped to his knees in despair and was engulfed by lava. No major
eruptions have been recorded, but the state's early settlers
oflen
claimed that they had witnessed some volcanic activity. The Portland
Oregonian reported on September
18, 1859, that a man driving caille
nver Barlow Road hatl seen "iniermittent
columns of fire erupting
Irom the crater for two hours." The mountain's
summit was firsl
reached by whites when a group of Portland climbers ascended it in
1X57. Now ski lifts travel part of the way up. The
imposing
Timberline Lodge (off Route 26, 800-452-1335),
built in 1937 by
the WPA, was tht; selling of Stanley Kubrick's film The Shining.
peak
LOCATION: Route 26, oil Rome 35, 45 miles east of Portland.
HOURS: Always open, KKK: None. I KLKI'HONK: 503-666-0700.
WILLAMETTE
RIVER
VALLEY
For most emigrants heading west to Oregon in the mid-nineteenih
trntury, the Willamette River valley was the destination of choice.
Afler the rigors of the Oregon Trail ils prairies, fertile soil, moderate
climate, and ihe access to markets provided by the Columbia and
Willamette rivers made the region seem like Eden. "Here we find all
of the conveniences of civilized life and we art: able for the first time
to appreciate them," wrote one pioneer who hatl just crossed the
treacherous roatl around the base of Mount Hood.
The "civilization" these immigrants f o u n d began amid the
struggle between the United States anti Oreat Britain for dominalion
of the Oregon Country. John McLouglilin, head of ihe Columbia
department of the Hudson's Bay Company, established the region's
first settlement near the site of present-day Oregon City in the winter
of 1828-1829. Close behind the British were American missionaries,
who slartetl out in hopes of convening the Indians and found themvlves involved in the more secular task of claiming Oregon for (he
Uniled Slates. In 1843 the U.S. se-ulers established a provisional govemment at Ore'gon Oily, anti by 1816 the: U.S. title lo Oregem was
M t ured in a treaty with Oreat Britain.
In the past century the valley has attracled Midwestern farmers,
New England mere hants, journalists, etlucale>rs, pejliticians, anel
more recently, high technology. Today the: region remains a lovely
tombination of small river towns, gracious larger cities, dense evergreen forests, verdant fie-lels, anel abundant water.
K
�\\
()HE(;<)N
11
I I. I. A M !•: I 1 I.
Ml V I H \ \ I I I )
CITV
Sim.Ucd o n l l i e falls of i l u - W i l l a n u - t l c K i v c i , O r e g o n City was Worn
ol the struggle l>y the U n i l e d States a n d Oreat B r i i a i n f o i supiema<\
in t h e O r e g o n C o u n t r v . F r o m h i s base at F o r t V a n e o u x e i .
W a s h i n g l o n . J o h n M c L o u g l i l i n of t h e H u d s o n ' s Nay C o m p a n v
o r d e r e d t h r e e l o g cabins b u i l t n e x t l o t h e f a l l s i n the w i n t e r ol
IH'JK-1829. A l i h o u g h i h e y were l i m n e d by I n d i a n s , Mc L o u g l i l i n
w o u l d not be d e t e r r e d ; i n 1832 he established a sawmill a n d l i o m
m i l l o n the sile. I i u r next decade saw die a r r i v a l o l small groups ol
U.S. s e l l l e i s , inc l u d i n g M e l h o d i s l m i s s i o n a r i e s w h o l o u n d e d .i
m i l l i n g c o m p a n v i n I8<n o p p o s i l e Mc L o u g h l i n ' s p r o p e r l y . T o linestall i h e m , M c L o u g l i l i n n a m e d the t o w n a n d sent a g r o u p o l sellleis
lo survey house lots in 1842. In 184.3, however, the U.S. sellleis voted
al C h a m p o e g l o establish a p r o v i s i o n a l g o v e r n m e n l , w i l h O i e g o n
( i l v as ils seal.
T h e cilv sils o n Iwo levels. T h e lower level, sile o l the original
s e l l l e m e n l . i r l a i n s a n u m b e r of l a l c - i n n e t c e n l h - a n d eai Iv-twcnliclh
c c i i t m v c o i i n n c i < ial b u i l d i n g s a l o n g M a i n Street, most notewoilhv
a m o n g t h e m i h e t e r r a c o i i a a n d b r i c k Classic Revival B a n k of
C o m m e r c e (702 M a i n S l r e e l ) . designed by the p i o m i n e n l I ' o r l l a n d
a r c h i l c c l A F. Doyle i n 1022. Residential d e v e l o p m e n l began o n die
u p p e r level, in t h e M c L o u g h l i n N e i g h b o r h o o d ( T e n t h S l i e e l m
F o m l l i S l i e e l . between H i g h a n d Van B u r e n slreels), in die IH'ilK
T o d a v i l e o n l a i n s a m i x i u r c o l Q u e e n A n n e , C o l o n i a l Revival
( . c o r g i . m Revival, a n d Knglish c o l l a g e slyles ol arc h i l e c t u r e . Ali< i
die I ' n i l c d Si,lies c l a i m e d the O r e g o n C o u n l r v w i l h llie I r e . m ol
18 l b . M i 1 o i i g h l i n s c l l l c d in O i e g o n City a n d became a U.S. i i l i / i n
T h e ( . c o r g i . m Revival J o h n M c L o u g h l i n H o u s e (713 C e n t e i S l i c i i
r>03-(>r>(">— "> I tl>) has been restored w i t h p e r i o d l i i r n i t u r c , i m u h ul n
o r i g i n a l l o the house. T h e w h i l e c l a p b o a r d Barclay H o u s e , o n i h r
same site, dates f r o m 1819. I he f l a t - r o o f e d E r m a t i n g e r House ( i d '
S i x t h S l r e e l ) , b u i l l i n 181:"), was the h o m e o f Francis F.rmalmgci
c h i d trader f o r l l i e i l u d s o n ' s Bav Companv a n d a m c m b e i ol ilu
p r o v i s i o n a l g o v e i n m e n t ; i l e o n l a i n s eai I v - m n c l c c n t h - i c i i l m v tin
n i s h i n g s . A l s o i n i h e n e i g h b o r h o o d are t h e C l a c k a m a s C o u n t t
H i s t o r i i a l Sot iciv, w h i c h i n , m i l . m i s the i c s t o r e d S l e v e n s - C r a w f u r d
H o u s e M u s e u m , a 1008 ( lassie Revival bouse (1)03 S i x i h S t n i i
r>03-() ") )-28l)()), a n d the E n d o f the O r e g o n T r a i l I n t e r p r e t i v e Cenlrf
("IOO W a s h i n g l o n S t i e e t , :">03-(>r>7-933l>). T h e c e n l e i c o i n . m o
c x l i i b i l s o n l l i e p i o n e e r s w h o j o i i r n e v e d the a r d u o u s '2,00(1 u n l i t
1
;
r
« I I I . A M I . I I I-
| | | V I II \ A I | | 1
• I I :l
liom I n c l c p c i i d c i i c e , Missouri, to ihe Pacific N o i l h w e s l , s l o p p i n g al
llie f a l l s of t h e W i l l a m e t t e Rive, b e f o r e h e a d i n g o u l i o F o , t
Vancouver o r (he W i l l a m e i l e Vallev.
In 1848 P r e s i d e n l J a m e s K. P o l k e s t a b l i s h e d t h e O r e g o n
l e m l o r v , w i l h O r e g o n City .rs i,s c a p i l a l . T h e lirsi lei r i l o i ial legislaline mel in d i e s c c o n d - l l o o i ballr
i o l the Rose F a r m ( H o l m e s
and Rilance lanes, r)03-()r>7-780 1) i n 1810, a n d Joseph L a n e , d i e
newly a p p o i n t e d g o v e r n o r , gave his i n a u g u r a l address i h e r e . B u i l l i n
IK47. Ihe house has been i t s i o i c t l with p e r i o d fu,•nishings, int l u l l ing a .square p i a n o b r o u g h t a r o u n d die H o r n o f .South A m c i i c a in
INM. T h e o r i g i n a l l a n d g r a i n , signed by A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , is also o n
display. T h e rose g a i t l e n that gave the house its n a m e is b e i n g u rslablishctl.
I n f o r m a t i o n about the t ity's historic tlisli it ls is available f r o m
ihe O r e g o n City Civic I m p r o v e m e n t T r u s t (320 W a r n e r M i l n e Road.
r>ll3-(ir)7-()89l) a m i the c h a m b e r o f c o m m e r c e ( 5 0 0 A b e r n e t h v
Roatl, r)03-(). j(')-|(')l9).
r
C H A M PQEC; S T A T E I ' A H K
Ihis park marks the sile o f the village of C h a m p o e g , an i m p o n a n t
H n i c a l t e n t e r in the early 1810s. It was here in .Mav 18 13 l h a l i h e
legion's French Canadian anti U.S. seitlers voted to o r g a n i / c a p r o v i sional g o v e r n m e n l l o r O r e g o n . W h e n O r e g o n Citv was d c s i g n a l r d
die h o m e of i f , i s g o v e r n m e n l C h a m p o e g s p o l i l i e a l i m p o r i a n c e
deilined, but t l , , - t o w n t h r i v e d as a c o m m e r c i a l a n d l i a n s p o r l a l i o n
o i l i e r u n t i l I8C>|, w h e n i l was d c s l i o y c d by a Hood. I lie park's visiior
tenter tells C h a m p o e g ' s hisioi \ w i l h p a i n l i n g s , p h o t o g r a p h s , l i l m s ,
and lectures.
I O I A I I O N : 8239 Champoeg Roatl NF. S
| \ , i d . IIOI KS: S-4:3()
M o n d a v - F i i d a v , 1-1 S a i m t l a v - S i m i l a v . M l : Yes. I M H ' I I O M
iO:M)7H-l2nl.
r
S A 1, V. M
Oiegon's capital was l o u n d e d i n 18 10 bv M e l h o d i s l missionary Jason
l e r niscouraged by his f a i l u r e to convert the r e g i o n s I n d i a n s , he
•Irvoted his energies l o ihe w h i t e i m m i g r a n l s . w h o were t a k i n g H , thtOregon T r a i l in increasing n u m b e r s , and to ,he secular task o f b u i l d ing a cilv. Salem grew slowly, a n d nearlv h a l f o f its p o p u l a t i o n lell
�3 14
W I I. I, A M K T T K. II I V K II V A I . l t >
mine Oalilornia's Mother Lode in the late 1840s. Nevertheless, in
1851, al the urging of a prominent group of Democrats called the
"Salem Clirpie," the territorial legislature voted to move the capital
to Salem. Still in its infancy, the town had little to offer the legislature in the way of proper lodgings. They voted tt) move to Corvallis
in 1855 hut were stopped by the appropriation o f money for a capitoi building by Congress. Salem's position was firmly established in
1850 when Oiegon was admitted to the Union.
The t ity's centerpiece is tbe State Capitol ( C o u r t Slreel,
503-378-4423). Buill in 1938, the modern white structure boasts A
sharp, symmetrical facade and a fluted, cylindrical central dome
topped by a twenty-four-foot gold-leaf statue, The IHoneer. The up|>ri
walls of the t apitol's rotunda, which is handsomely finished in rose
travertine marble, are decorated with murals depicting the history of
the stale.
Across the street is Willamette University (900 Slale Street.
503-370-0300), which claims it) be the oldest instiluiion of higher
learning wesl of ihe Missouri River and n o r t h of New M e x i i o .
w I 1.1. A M K I T E
KIVR H
3 15
VAI.l.KY
Kslablished by Jason Lee in 1842 as the Oregon Institute, i l was chartered in 1853. Among the buildings on the red-brick campus is
Waller Hall, buill between 1864 and 1867 in the form o f a cross and
named for one of the stale's early missionaries.
South and east o f the capitoi, Salem marks ils past wilh a number of interesting landmarks. The Mission M i l l Village (1313 Mill
Slreel SE, 503-585-7012) is a complex o f restored buildings that
includes the Jason Lee House and the Methodist Mission Parsonage,
Ixiih built in 1841; theJohn L). Boon House (1847); and tbe Thomas
Kay Woolen Mill (1889). Aaschel Bush, a member o f the "Salem
Uique," who founded (he (hegon Statesman newspaper and (he Ladd
and Bush Bank (both still in operation), spent pari of his fortune on
a twelve-room Victorian lialianale house, completed in 1878. Now
restored, the Bush House (600 Mission Street SE, 503-363-4714)
has ten fireplaces of Italian marble anti is furnished wilh period
pieces. Down the block is Deepwood (Twelfth and Mission streets,
503-363-1825), a late-nineteenih-century estate lhat has been home
tn several prominent Salem families. The Queen Anne house has
been restored, and ihe gardens (landscaped in 1929), the back pasture, and the greenhouse are o p e n . Mahonia Hall (533 Lincoln
Street Soulh, 503—378-31 I I ) , the governor's residence, is named in
honor of the stale flower, the Oregon Crape (Mahonia aquifolium). A
Tudor mansion built in 1930 and given to the stale in 1988 by private citi/ens, it is tipen for tours by appointment.
ALBANY
( 'milium IIIIII In,u '. nl i h r /.S V/ 'I hniiins Kin/ Wonlru Mill, f n n l of Siilnu \ Missinn Mill
\ illii£c__l hr null \ ntiginnl tt n t r r - j i t m r i si/slritt hus h r r n r r \ l i i r r t l tintl is iisrtl tn ^ i i n f
tit,
Founded in 1848 by two brothers from New York's state capilal, ibis
small town is known as the birthplace of Oregon's Republican party.
Here, in 1856, Free State men drafted a platform lhat called for
"free speech, free labor, [and] a free press." Albany's graceful center,
with its many Carpenter C o t h i c , l i a l i a n a l e , Queen Anne, and
Eastlake houses, is a testament to the town's prosperity in the second
half of the nineteenth century, when it served as a major processing
center for forest and agricultural products. The Monteith House
(518 Second Avenue SW, 503-926-1517), home to the town s
founders and then a community center, is now a museum in the protew nf being authentically restored.
In the Albany vicinity, particularly to the easl around Scio, artten covered bridges, all built in the early decades o f this century.
Information is available at the chamber o f commerce (435 Wcsi First
Avenue, 503-926-1517).
�)I
W I I . I A M K T l K II I V I II V \ I I . I V
COHVALUS
I.mn Ibi "lie,m of iIK- v;tll<'y," Corvallis is well named. Alllioiigh il
lost to Salem the rliance lo he lerrilorial eapiial in 1855, the eily
wcnl on to achieve prominence as a disn ihinion point lor the ferlile
valley's f i u i l and dairy industries. Today Corvallis is one of llie
world's largest grass-seed-growing areas, supplying approximately 90
|>ercent of the nation's grass seed. Il is also the home of Oregon
State University (Komteenlh and Jefferson slreels, 503-75-l-.'i/W),
lounded in 1851). Il hecame an .igiii i i l l i i i . i l college in 1802, and
today produc es engineers for Corvallis's growing high-lei h coiiunuiiity, presided over bv Ilewleil Packard. The universiiy's H o r n e r
Museum (in the Oill Coliseum near Soulliwesl VVesiein and 2()ih
streets, 503-754-2951) features exhibits on die region's hislory and
nalural history. The Benton County Historical Museum, housed in
an 1805 Ceorgian Revival brick building in ihe nearby lumber lown
ul Philomath (1)01 Main Street, 503-929-0230), is anothei source
nl iiiloi mation on die area's past.
I-.UCKN
E
Willi die Willameile National forest to the easl. llie Coast Range to
die wesl, and the river's rich fields in between, Eugene is a mixiurc
ul the urban and die pastoral. The scat of l ane Comity, the cilv was
lounded in 1846 and prospeied wilh wheal, I n i i i , dailies, and Ium
her in the 1870s. In 1872 the Univcisitv ol Oregon was eslablished
heie.
1 he East Skinner Butte Historic landmark Area (1 ligh to Pc.u 1
siiccis. between Second and Fifth streets), die site of the city's lirsi
M'tllcnient, contains a collcclion of lesiilcnlial ai t hilec lure—including Queen Anne. Bungalow, Colonial Revival, and Classic Re vival
slvits—dating from the 1850s lo the 1920s. Parlit ularh nolevvoiiliv is
die S h e l t o n - M c M u r p h e y H o u s e (303 W i l l a m e i l e S u e e i ,
"103-687-4239), on die south slope of Skinner Bulle. A fine example
ul the lale-Vit lorian villa style, die house was known as "die (lasile on
ihe Hill," though lumber was so inexpensive in 1888 dial il onlv cost
$M,000 lo build.
The boundaries of the city's downtown c oi respond rouglilv to
the city limiis of 1871), when the railroad's arrival inspired i onliIIH'USITK: Saint Man/ s Hntntin Cuthotit: C h u n Ii. .Mhuni/. u Cullu
put up in 1HM Thr rtiurt Ii /m.v ini'tr tlutn l i m \taini /lntti\.s n iiif/i»ii .\
,
' it til s/i lit tin
r
�3 18
W I I . I . A M U T T K. H I V K K
VAI.I.CI
deuce in the luture. The (ieorgian Revival Oregon Electric Depot
(27 East Fifth Avenue), designed by the prominent Oregon architect
A. E. Doyle, is a landmark from the early nineteenth ceniury; it u
now a restaurant. The Italianate Smeede H o t e l (767 Willamette
Street), wilh round arches over its windows, dates from 1885 and i l
one of the region's oldest surviving hotel buildings. Today it houses
retail businesses, restaurants, and professional offices.
O n the University o f Oregon campus (13th Avenue and
Kincaid Street, 503-686-3014), among the fir, spruce, and redwood
trees, there are several architectural gems including the Second
Empire Deady Hall, built in 1876 as the university's first building, l u
recessed surfaces and cast-iron keystones and window sills add richness to ihe exterior. Villard Hall was buill in 1885 in a style similar lo
that of Deady Hall b u l more thickly stuccoed. It was named for
Henry Villard, ihe railway magnate and university benefactor. Villard
came lo the United States f r o m Germany at the age of eighteen,
reported on ihe gold rush and the Civil War as a newspaper correspondent, and in the 1870s took charge o f building the Oregon and
California Railroad. He bought out other companies until he virtually conirolled iransportalion in the Northwest, then look over the
faltering Union Pacific Railroad. He completed thai line, which
linked the Northwest with the rest o f the country, in 1883.
The Lane County Historical Museum (740 West 13th Avenue,
503-687-4239) chronicles the region's history through the 1920*.
The experiences o f pioneers who arrived via the Elliot CulofT from
ihe Oregon Trail prior lo 1860 are recounted in an exhibit lhat
includes artifacts, photos, maps, and a covered wagon. Exhibits and
photographs are also housed in the 1853 Lane County Clerk'*
O f f i c e , adjacent lo the main museum building.
COTTAGE GROVE
A major lumber center today, Cottage Grove was filled wilh minen
in the 1860s, when gold-bearing quartz was discovered in the neighboring Bohemia M i n i n g District. The Cottage Grove Historical
Museum (Birch Avenue and H Street), housed in a late-nineteenlhceniury Roman Catholic church, contains antique mining equipment and working models of a stamp mill and sawmill from the late
nineteenth ceniury.
Iii
1!
ij;
i f
ill
(il'Posi I K: Eunriir's
manship in wtMnl.
eluhtiratr
Slieltini-McMurjiliey
House, a fine
example
nf craft*-
�s or i
.12 2
H
w i: s i
12 1
t N T H A I . (» H I-. <: O N
C E N T R A
I i
Thr jnrksoni illr mrrrhnnl jrirminli
Nuimu Inult this rrh-rtir
usingii I>I<III honk issiinl In/ Crnifir Hnrhrr. an tinhitrrtjnni,
Victoriini hi'ir-r in IVi)
Tninrssr,:
ASM L A N D
I • i
Aslilaiul was louiult-d in 1852 on Bear Creek, al llie souilierin.ioM
end ol llie Rogue River valley. Mining, logging, wool prodm li«.n.
and agi 'u ullure became tbe town's main industries, and in die eail\
twentieth century a group ol Ashland businessmen tried to promote
the city as a mineral springs resort, capitalizing on the lithia w.uci
lhal (lowed nearby. Although the venture failed, mineral walei i n h
iu lithium, sulfur, sodium, and chlorine slill bubbles from lomiiaim
in tbe city's main plaza and in Lithia Park, lo the west of the pla/j
off Main Street. The park was tbe sile of Chautau<|ira meetings iu (he
I890.S and early 190<)s and is now home to the Oregon Shakcspc.ur
Festival. The wall s u r r o u n d i n g the sealing area of the festival'*
F.li/abethan ihealer was the foundation o f l h c Ohaulauqua's mam
moth beehive-shaped tabernacle, demolished in 1911).
f h e Southern Oregon Historical Socieiv runs a museum in ihr
restored C o l o n i a l Revival Chappell-Swedenburg House (I'-'M'
Siskiyou Boulevard, 503-488-1341), which was buill in 1901-190'.
F.xlubils focus on the history of the region's developmenl and ils irv
idenis, and the sociely sponsors guided walking tours of die area
L
()
l\
E
G
()
N
I'eople are scarce, distance's are- long, anel landscapes are- dramalie in
this pari o f tlie state. The number of si/able' towns e an be- eouuteel
on one band. Surrouneling them, however, are' the- pine tre-e's of die
licmoni, Dese huics, and Oe hoe o nalional lore'sts; moimlains and
high desert; many de'e'p lake-s; huncheds of spee'ies ol Mora and
l.iuna; and lands that were shaped into i-avers, lube's, dams, and other
l.iscinating features by die- great Columbia lava flows (luring the
Miocene' e-poe h. Among those who erxplorcd this foi bidding, somenincs s t a i t l i n g l v b e a u l i f u l l e ' i r i l o r y we-re- ihe- I l u d s o n ' s Bav
Company's I'e'UT Ske'iie- Ogden in 1825 and |olni ('.. Fremont, whose
jniirneys in 1843 and 184(> are- approximaielv followed b> die i omse
<il present-day Route 97. Se ttlement preiceeded slowly in Oregon's
(enter. From 185(i lo 1858, recognizing the firmness of Indian resistance, ihe U.S. Army prevented immigrants from se-llling e-ast ol thetjscades. The Modoc War of 1872-1873, distinguished by the cam(uigns of Modoc ( hiel kienlpoos (known as "('.apiain jae k"). lell
idiile homesteaders uneasy, but during die following decade they
sliitied the focus of iheir hostility from the Indians, by ihe-n banished
in le'servations, lo one anolher. Range- wars berlwe-e-n (alllemcn and
vliecpherders raged, with healings and mmde-i bloodying die land.
Central Oregon todav is still home lo cows and sheep as well as
Jinelope anel eleerr, who are p r o l e c i e d in ihe l l a r t M o u n t a i n
V.ilional Anleloper Re-luge-, nol far from Lake-view. Lumbering is a
m.i|or industry, as is tourism. From die ghost towns ol (he noilliern
|)i.iiries lo the .sfior(rs of Upper Klamath Lake-, iher rergion's wild
U-aiiiy anel hislory maker (or inieresling travels.
KLAMATH
FALLS
Ihe region around Klamath Falls was settled in the I8(i0s. I he
klainath and Modoc Indians resisted ihe- while newcomers by
laimrhing a series of altaeks. I n 1872 and 1873, n o i i h e r n
(jhlornia's Modoc led die- reservation and (lashed with die U.S.
Army in the Modoc War. Klamath Falls, originally called l.inkville for
llie river lhat flowed through i l , is die ccnKri for die area's lumber,
(jdle, and agrie ullural induslries. The Klamath County Museum
(IHI Main Street. 503-883-4208) ieaiures exhibits on local geology,
hislory, and wildlife. Also nolable is ihe museum's annex, ihe
rrstored Baldwin Hotel Museum (.31 Main Slreel, 503-883-1207).
Ilns fniir-slory brie k sli in (inc, buill in 1904. first housed d u^t f^h u d
l
d
�z
MA
1
I K N I II \ I.
ware hiisiiit'ss o t O i i c o l t h f c ity's c ivic Icadci s and was c o n v c i led into
a h o l d i n I ' l l I . A m o n g the guests were presidents TheodoreRoosevelt, T a l i , a n d W i l s o n . M a n y o f d i e hotel's o r i g i n a l I m nishings
r e m a i n . A l the- Favell M u s e u m o f W e s t e r n A r t and I n d i a n A r t i f a c t s
(125 West M a i n Street, 5 0 3 - 8 8 2 - 9 9 9 6 ) , the works o f Western artists
a i e d i s p l a v e d a l o n g w i t h Native- A m t r r i e a n a r t i l a i Is, i m h i d i n g an
extensive e ollce t i o n o f arrowheads.
have been f a s h i o n e d i n t o si.Hues and castles. I n n e a i b y P r i n e v i l l e ,
ihe B o w m a n M u s e u m (2 16 N o r t h Main Siie-e-t, 5 0 3 - 1 4 7 - 3 7 1 5 ) , n m
hv the C r o o k C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l Society, fealiire-s a r l i l a e l s a n d
cxliibils o n hx al historv.
N o r t h o f t o w n is d i e F o r t K l a m a t h M u s e u m (Route 62. south ot
C i a t e r Lake-, 50.3-883-1208) o n the site of a f o i l eslablished in 1863
10 preilee I w h i l e seitlers. A replic a o f the- g u a r d h o u s e eonlains mili
tai v ( l o l h i n g , ec)iiipment, tirearms, a n d c x l i i b i l s o n die M o d o c War
S l t a n i k o was n a m e d f o r A u g u s t Sc h e r n e c k a u ( p r o n o u n c e d
"Shaniko" by (he I n d i a n s ) , whose house in n e a i b v Cross I l o l l o w
served in (he 1870s as a station o n die- stage r o u t e I r o m I he Dalles l o
ihe more isolated s e l l l e m e i i l s in c e n l i a l O r e g o n . 1 he lovvn b o o m e d
in llie early 1900s w h e n i l was made die l e r m i n u s o f die C o l u m b i a
Souihern R a i l r o a d . I l was also die sile o f skii niisbes between sheepheiders and ( a l l l e m e n , w h o vied f o r d o m i n a l i o n o f d i e range. T he
sheephe-iclers persevered, a n d S h a n i k o became a c e n l i a l s h i p p i n g
point l o r w o o l anel o t h e r goods f r o m the sui r o u n d i n g r e g i o n . A
number o f b u i l d i n g s survive f i o m die town's hevdav, i n c l u d i n g die
Shaniko H o t e l ( F o u r d i a n d F. slreels). b u i l l in 1900 a n d slill in business. Across the street are the eily hall a n d the post o f lice, a n d die
old water lower and sc h o o l h o i i s e are (wo blocks n o i l h of (he h o t e l .
C HATER
li
11
! I
LAKE
NATIONAL
LARK
( i a t e r Lake was f o r m e d nearly 7,000 years ago after M o u n l M a / a n u
e r u p t e d , s h o w e r i n g the r e g i o n w i t h f i e r y ash. F o l l o w i n g d i e ei U|>l i o n , d i e t o p o f die m o u i i i a i n collapsed, c realing- a c aldei a, o r basin,
thai ("died w i l h rain a n d m e l t e d snow to f o r m a kike. T h e e r u p t i o n
was witnessed by local I n d i a n s a n d the lake came l o be regarded In
manv as sacred—so i m u h so thai they were f o r b i d d e n l o look upon
S 11 A N I K ()
1 o r even speak o l i l . T hus the lirsi w h i l e e x p l o r e r s in the region
1
were u n a w a r e o f ils e x i s t e n c e . A g r o u p o f p r o s p e c t o r s s l u m b l e i l
u p o n die lake in 1853, w h i l e searching f o r a r u m o r e d g o l d mine in
die r e g i o n ; thev l e p o r l e d i h e i r discoverv, b u l public i n l e i e s l was mil
aroused u n l i l 1865, w h e n soldiers I r o m nearbv Fori K l a m a t h began
b r i n g i n g in parlies o f sightseers. T h e lake q i i i c k l y became a lomisi
al li ac l i o n , a n d in I 902, l o l l o w i n g a scvcnlcen-vcar ( a m p a i g n bv i cnisei val i o n isl W i l l i a m (•ladslone Si eel, i l was made a n a l i o n a l park.
icic M U I N :
R O I I I C (>2. s i x l v m i l e s n o i l h
ol klamaih
V a i i r d a c c c K c l i n g l o s e a s o n . I I I . : Yes. i n M i i n m r i .
f a l l s . lleil Kv
ll.lirili>M:
.-,(i:(--,<) .|-221 1
T h e Lava Lands V i s i t o r Center ( R o m e 97, 503-593-2-121), siiuaied al
the edge o l Lava l i u l t e , ten miles south o f Kend, contains diorama*
d e p i c t i n g die volc anic aclivitv that created die Cascade peaks and has
(rails dial w i n d i h r o i i g h (he lava beds. T h r e e mile s n o i (h o n Route 97
is the H i g h Desert M u s e u m ( 5 0 3 - 3 8 2 - 1 7 5 I ) , whic h featiues e x h i h i u
o n die ccosvslems o l (he O r e g o n f l a t can and die gc-olc igv o f die a n a
H e l w e e n R e d m o n d a n d l i e n d , I wo-a 1 (l-a-h al I m i l e s wcsi o|
1
R o m e 97. arc- the Petersen Rock G a r d e n s ( 5 0 3 - 3 8 2 - 5 5 7 1 ) . whenical p e l r d i e d w o o d , l l u m d c - i eggs, malae b i l e . lava, a n d obsidian
'•Iniii ik > yrcM'/
t
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inn,\
ics
immif
n
,,f ii hm • tin
ain i t,-ntmnit\
nf it\ iliiif\
<i>i inifh >i inn I re. •/-
l,n>k <>(H<Ji,>.-,ti.ni n < >\ I l.i I \\
( nttri
l.uk,
s//i/»yi//rj
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\
T'lu- lirsi assrssim'Dls o l casUM n O r t ' g o n hy earlv pioneer's wen- i l i v
nval. O n e c m i g r a n i w r o t e , u p o n r e a c h i n g the i i i o n t h <»(' the Wall.i
Walla Rivet i n IH'I3, Tl this is a f a i r s p e r i m r n o f O r e g o n , it (alls l.ti
l>elow the ( out e p t i o n s w h i c h I i o n n e d o l the c o u n i r y . . . . T h e whole
c o u n t r y looks poverty s t r i c k e n . " T h e N e / I V r c c . n o n h c i s t O i e g o n ' s
nalive i n h a h i l . i n l s , knew beller. N o m a d i c a n d m o u n t a i n - h r e d , ihev
spent w i n i e r s in l l i e c a n y o n s o l l l i e ( . r a n d R o n d e . I m n a h . i . and
Snake rivers ,m<l s u m m e r s in i h e Wallowa Valley a n d near Wallow.)
Lake. T he) fished l o r t r o u t a n d salmon, h u n l e d l o r elk, deer, and
h i g h o t n sheep, a n d g a t h e r e d d i d c r e n t k i n d s o l berries. T he land
had m u c h l o olTcr, b i l l its m o u n t a i n s , r u g g e d canyons, a n d dcseii*
were a < hallenge l o setilement.
liv the second hall of i l u - n i n e t e e n t h c e n i u r y , du- N e / I V u r
I o u n d lliemselves o n the defensive. C o l d stiikes i n I d a h o , Monlan.),
and eastern O r e g o n in IHIil) a n d INbl h r o u g h t a si ream ol l o r m u r
seekers. I n die l,H70s ( a l l l e m e n had begun l o slake i h e i r c l a i m , l i n e d
In the r e g i o n ' s acres of meadows a n d b u n c h grass. Pressured l i \
increasing while selllemenl, the government negotiated with ihr
N e / Perce, w h o were a d a m a n t a b o u l k e e p i n g t h e i r l a n d in t h r
Wallowa Vallev. Treaties and executive orders f r o m 1855 t h r o u g h the
inid-187Us a l l c r n a l e l y h o n o r e d the I n d i a n s ' d e m a n d s a n d i g n o i e d
t h e m . T he w r a n g l i n g c u l m i n a t e d i n the nagic 1877 N e / Perce Wai.
in w h i c h C h i e f [oseph a n d his people, alter au 1.8()0-mi!c-loiig nek
b a t t l i n g w i l h die C S . A r m y , s u r r e n d e r e d in the bear Paw M o i m t a i i u
ol M o l i l a l i a . T h e 1878 " l l a n u o t k War" was f o u g h t by a small group
of IVannock a n d Paiutc I n d i a n s w h o resisted settlement o n reset val i o n s . I he I n d i a n s were suppressed by C e n e r a l O . ( ) . 1 l o w a r d *
troops a n d plat ed o n the Yakima reset v a l i o n in W a s h i n g l o n .
i !;
1 i
Todav e a s l c i n O r e g o n ' s n a l u r a l a t t r a c t i o n s — t h e John l ) . i \
Fossil Beds, H e l l s C a n y o n N a l i o n a l R e c r e a t i o n A r e a , M a l h e u i
N a l i o n a l W i l d l i f e Refuge-, a n d o l l u - r s — d r a w n a t u r a l i s i s , h i k c i v
white-water enthusiasts, a n d skiers. The- rergion's towns are small and
se a l l e n - d . ( enters f o r the- local induslrie-s o f ( a i d e raising, h m i b e i .
anel agrie u l u u e .
TM K OH KOON
• I I . II N
I I II I I . I > \
THA I I,
Paris o f i h e r o u t e l h a l J o h n J a c o b Astor's f u r traders l o o k d u m i g
i h e i i o v c i l a n d e x p e d i i i o n in I 81 1 - 1 8 12 w o u l d later b e c o m e known
M'l
I I II I
as llie O r e g o n f r a i l . I'oi die n c x l several dc< ades, set l i o n s ol ihe
nail were used bv m o i m l a m m e n , missionaries, scicmisls. a n d spin lsIIU-II. W h e n the Greal M i g r a l i o n f r o m I n d e p e n d e n c e , M i s s o u r i , i o
(lie O i e g o n C o u n l i y began in die 18 •IDs, l l i o u s a n d s o l set I lei s I raveling in coverierd wagons braved deseris. m o i m l a i n s . r l i l f i e u l l w a l e i
(Hissings, a n d occasional harassment bv I n d i a n s m the s i x - m o n t h
liiin ncv l o the W i l l a m e i l e Vallev. I .aior the homo-seekers wore o u i i m i n b e r e d by M o r m o n s , g o l d - s e e k e i s, a n d o t h e r s b o u n d f o r
( alifoi nia, I ' t a l i , aud I d a h o as well as ()ieg< m. T h e t r a i l , i are-lv a singlc Hack, was leu miles wide in some places and d i v e r g e d i n ollu-rs
in .ii 11 im mi xlal o the d e s i i n a i i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t parlies.
I hose g o i n g to die W i l l a m e i l e Vallev and p o i n l s l a r t l i e r west
(lassed t h r o u g h n o i l h easl e i n O i e g o n . A l o n g R o u l e s 8 1 a n d 'MK
ttliich r o u g h l y parallel l l i e o l d O r e g o n ' f r a i l , are m o m i m e n l s a n d
signs m a r k i n g ihis historic m i g r a t i o n and towns l h a l s p r o u t e d up in
lis wake. |ust south ol H u n t i n g t o n , a stageioach s i a l i o u a n d tailwav
division point in the lale n m e i e e n i h c e i i i u r v . is Farewell B e n d Slale
Park (Route W . r.O.VSl.D-L'.'lli.-,). I l a i d bv the I d a h o border, die pai k
in.iiks tlie site w h e i e the wagons lell die Snake River f o r d i e a r d u o u s
juurucv to the- C o l u m b i a . To the n o i l h w e s l is Baker, w h i c h sprang
up wilh die discove-rv o f g o l d nearby in I 8(i I a n d p r o s p e r e d l h r o u g h
llie early IDODs. T h e Oregem T r a i l Regional M u s e u m ( C a m p b e l l a n d
(•nive slreels, riOH-.VJ.'i-W^lW) ( o n l a i n s displays o f pei i o d ( l o l h i n g
and arlilaels o f sue h earlv regional i u d u s i i i e s as m i n i n g a n d r a n c h ing. At l l i e E a s t e r n O r e g e m M u s e u m ( T h i r d a n d W i h o x streets.
. )0:l-8:")()-.'V2S.3), n i n e miles n o i l h w e s l o f Bakci in H a i n e s , i i u n - o f llio-ccnlurv a g r i c u l t u r a l c ( | i i i p i i i c n t ( i m h i d i n g m a n u r e s p r c a d c i s .
tht'oshiug machines, a n d hav bale-is) is o n display a l o n g w i t h a e o l leiiion ol restored auliepu- dolls and l o o m s l u r m s h e d w i l h p e r i o d
Im iiniire.
r
| OS I-, IMI
llns lown n o r t h of Wallowa l ake was n a m e d f o i die Iwo greal N e /
I'eicc ( hiefs. O l d and Young (oseph, whose bands i n h a h i l e d Wallowa
('(iiinly b e f o r e the at rival o f w h i l e s e l l l e i s. T h e l o w n . w h i c h was
kiiown by three d i l l c i e i i l names (Lake Cilv, Silver Lake, a n d |osepli
' TDWII), was ine-orporatcd as Joseph in 1887. T h e Wallowa C o u n t y
Museum ( M a i n Slre'el) is housed in an Kasllake-slvle b u i l d i n g that
(•liginallv served as the Firsl b a n k o f Joseph. I l c o i i l a i n s displavs o n
No/ I'crcc a n d early p i o n e e r historv. O l d C h i d Joseph's U - M r -
:
�.1 1 I
F. A S T K R N (I H K (: < I N
marked by a stone shall in the Nez Perce Indian Cemetery (Route
H2) at Wallowa L.ake. Information is available at the town's visitor
center (102 East First Street. . >o:i-<n2-10)r ).
r
)
Thirty miles northeast of Joseph lies the tiny town of Imnaha, from
which County Road 3:">0 leads to the Nee-Me-Poo Trail in the Hells
Canyon National Recreation Area (5().'i-42(>-3 I n I ) . The Wallowa
band of the Nez Perce- followed this 3.7-mile route from the Imnaha
River to the Snake Rivet in 1877, the year they were finally forced
Imm the Wallowa Valley bv the U.S. Army. With 750 Indians and
2,000 head of horses and cattle, Young Chief Joseph and other tribal
aders began a roundabout 1.200-mile flight, which endeel with
their surrender in the Hear 1'aw Mountains of Montana, just (orn
miles from their goal, the Canadian border. Had the Ne/ Perce'- been
able to cross into Canada, ihey might have remained free.
P K N D L F. T () N
On the route o f thousands of emigrants on the Oregon l i a i l .
IVndleton became a town in the 1860s, when it was recognized -as a
line place to grow wheat. By the time of its incorporation in 1880, it
had become the seat of Umatilla County and the center of eastern
Oregon's cattle industry. Wool is a major industrv todav, and the processes of carding, spinning, weaving, and dvoing mav be seen ai
Pendleton W o o l e n M i l l s (1307 Southeast
C o u r t Place.
i)l)3-276-691 1). Five miles east of town on Route 30-i.s the Umatilla
Indian Reservation, established in 1855. It contains one of the
Pacific Northwest's oldest Catholic: missions.
J O H N DAV
This town was named for John Dav, a scout of John Jacob Asloi s
overland expediiion in 1811. who lell ill and was found on the
Columbia River in Mav of 1812. He later died insane in Astoria The
lown, however, prospered as a ponv express station on the route
from The Dalles to Canyon City during the gold strikes in Idaho.
Montana, and eastern Oregon in 1860 and 1861 and bee aim- a
ranching center, which it remains today. Tfie Kam Wah Chung & Co.
omiMTK. Young Chief Jo<ie)>h phn\i>iirn))hi'tl in Biwuijirfc. Dnknlti 1 rrtiliuii. ujU r tfir
mrrrmler of the Nez Perce in IH77 Ilu Iniliun minw meant "Thumlei
Jmrehnu
I"
bflirr Mountain Heights '
�Mil
<: \ \ v o \
M u s e u m ( C a n m u S u m . fiO^-fiTri-UOL'.S). m a t e s i o i r d b u i l d i n g di.u
M I \ C ( I as a h a d i n g p u s l i l l t h r
lair
t o w n a n d t h r C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t y d r a w n h e i r i n t h e g o l d r u s h days.
T h e J o h n Day Fossil Beds National Monument, which encom111
passes m o r e than
:I !
( IT Y
ISliOs. r c r o i d s t h e hi.sloi \ n l d i e
I I . U O O a c r e s , c o n t a i n s fossils o f v c g c ial i o n a n d ani-
Ihis linv lown
Vallev d u r i n g
yicmil)
was d i e
the
l i u l i o f golrl-i ush aclivily
I .SI ills, w h e n s o m e
and conducled
business on
in
10.00(1 m i n r i s
the
lown's
the
|IIIIII
camped
main
shrrl.
m a l s i h a i f l o u r i s h e d in t h e r e g i o n u p to •Iii m i l l i o n v e a r s a g o . A m o n g
G r a n t C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l M u s e u m ( R o m e SO'i, M I H - ^ T r i - O ^ l i L M
t h e first to l a k e n o t e o f the a r e a ' s r i c h s t o r e o f fossils was T h o m a s
this era w i t h
Condon,
J o a q u i n M i l l e r C a b i n is a l s o o n
a Congregational
pastor from T h e
Dalles, who
shipped
a r l i f a t Is a n d d i s p l a y s o f i h e
s o m e o f h i s s p e c i m e n s to t h e S m i t h s o n i a n I n s i i m t i o n in I S 7 0 . In the
i,line l o C a n v o n C i l v in
lale n i n e l e e n l h c c n t i i r v m a n y m a j o r e x p e d i t i o n s wete m o u n t e d
uas a n e c c e n t i i c
heie
In p a l c o n l o l o g i s i s . f o s s i l s p e c i m e n s a r e o n d i s p l a y in the p a r k h e a d r
q u a r t e r s ( R o m e 'M)y>. r>0:t-r>7. >-07'2 I ) in d i e t o w n o f J o h n Day
In die
and
period. The
die m u s e u m
I SI i-l a l l r i
pciipalelK
a slim
l)a\
iu
maiks
resioied
g r o u n d s . M i l U i.
in the W i l l a m e i l e
wriler. whose
works
the
I hr
who
Yallrv.
aboul
the
W e s l — i n c l u d i n g /.///• A n n nig I h r AI mint \ — w r i r p o p i i l . n a I I h r I m n o l
the c e n i u r v .
pai k's S h e e p R o c k I ' n i l s e v e n m i l e s n o i t h w e s l o f Day v i l l e , l l i e v i s i t o r
center (oil
ing l i o m
Route
BLiRNS
10. r>o:Ui)N7-2.'VW), h o u s e d in a r a n c h h o u s e (fil-
the e a i l v
lOOOs, h a s e x h i b i t s o n fossils a n d d i e geology of
d i e a r e a . A r l i l a e l s o f i h e C a n t family, the S c o t t i s h i m m i g r n n t s
who
lived o n the r a n c h , a r e also o n display.
Burns, s o u t h e a s l e r n
s c l l l c d by ( a i d e
()irgon's
ma]oi
l a n c h e r s in d i e
poel R o b e r t B u r n s .
(ily
and
I SH0> a n d
livesioik
named
(ruin,
for
die
was
Sioiiish
I h e H a r n e y C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l M u s e u m ( IM W C M
1) S l r e e l . fiO.'i-.^/.S-L'li:?!)) e o n l a i n s d i s | ) l a y s of a n o w h e a d s . q u i l t s , f m n i l u r e , ( l o l h i n g , a n d o l h e i a r l i l a e l s f r o m d i e r e g i o n ' s early days.
Sixty m i l e s s o u l h
mm
ol
National W i l d l i f e
Refuge
B u r n s , at t h e
l e r m i n u s of a p o p u l a i
souihern
(off Rome
lorn
ionic
end
of
ihr
Malheur
20."), r > 0 : i — P W - ' J ! ) I '_M a n d
llirougli
ihr
I l.u n r y
ihr
N'.dlev. is i h r
i c s i o r r d F r e n c h g l c n H o t e l ( R o u l e 2 0 5 . " I O . ' U l O S - L ' S U " ) ) . B u i l l i n l<.t|C,
. m d s l i l l o p e n l o r b u s i n e s s , n is l o c a t e d o n l a u d d i a l b e l o n g e d l o i a i de h a i o u I ' e l e i
f i r m h. w h o was k i l l e d i n
fo die southeast
I H 0 7 bv a n o l h e i
lie the S i c c u s M o i m l a i n s . a s p r i lai u l a i
r
s l e e p h d r o p s . ).000 f r r l m i lis r a s l r i n s i d e l o i h r A h o i d
lam
range
Iin
dial
\,illr\.
L A K K V I I'.W
Kounded in
I.akeview
sheep a n d
mdiisirv
1870 in d i e p c a c e l u l e i a d i a l f o l l o w e d t h e I n d i a n
was d i e
(aide
are
(ominririal
r a m lies. T o d a y
slill
imporianl
Schminck M e m o r i a l
operated
bv t h e
^1
•
I'riifllrh'n
'•if
}l 1>
I In • mini
in
in
l
1
Wiinhit
Mills
jni iinllif
ilnifti-
1 fic>ii\,lr,
s in
tlnii
jin'tlml
m
lo
Museum
Daughlns
extensive r o l l n i i o n
l i i i j i h i t f , , ^ n/ ihr
(ruler
loi
c.itllr
ihe
of ihr
lam bing and
economy
(128 South
ol p i o n e e i
soul h-ceni ral
of
ihr
the
wais.
Oregon's
lumber
aiea.
Ihr
F. S t i r r i , 5 0 3 - 0 1 7 - 3 1 3 1).
.Amriiian
arlilaels daiing
Reyoluiion.
from
die
has
an
mid-nine,
l e e n l h c e n i u r v . i m h i d i n g (|Milis. c h i l d r e n ' s t o y s . I m u i i u n ^ d . i s s w . i i .
l
i liina. lools, a n d ( lothIIISJ
9
�17^
OREGO
v
Stare of <
ORIGIN OF STATE NAME: Unknown; name first applied to rhe river now known as the Columbia. NIC
The Beaver State. CAPITAL: Salem, ENTERED UNION: 14 February 1859 (33d). SONG: "Ore„.
Oregon." DANCE: Square dance. MOTTO: The Union. COLORS: Navy-blue and gold. FLAG: The flagt
of a navy-blue field with gold lettering and illustrations. Obverse: the shield from the
supported by 33 stars, with the words "State of Oregon" above and the year of admissio^
Reverse: a beaver. OFFICIAL SEAL: A shield, supported by 33 stars and crested by an American,
depicts mountains and forests, an elk, a covered wagon and ox team, wheat, a plow, a pickax,^)
state motto; in rhe background, as rhe sun sets over the Pacific, an American merchant ship arr$
British man-o'-war departs. The words "State of Oregon 1859" surround rhe whole. ANIMAL: AIS
beaver, BIRD: Western mcadowlark. FISH: Chinook salmon. INSECT: Oregon swallowtail butterfly.'jS
Oregon grape. TREE: Douglas fir. ROCK: Thunderegg (geode). GEM: Sunstone. LEGAL HOLIDAYS: New
Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., 3d Monday in January; Lincoln's Birthcl
Monday in February; Washington's Birthday, 3d Monday in February; Memorial Day, last Mo^
May; Independence Day, 4 July; Labor Day, 1st Monday in September; Veterans Day, 11 N p f
Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November; Christmas Day, 25 December. Designf
commemoration days are Oregon's Admission into the Union, 14 February, and Columbus if
October. TIME: 5 AM MST = noon GMT; 4 AM PST = noon GMT.
OCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
jated on the Pacific coast of the northwestern US. Oregon
ks 10th in size among the 50 states.
The total area of Oregon is 97,073 sq mi (251,419 sq km),
h land comprising 96,184 sq mi (249,117 sq km) and inland
:er 889 sq mi (2,302 sq km). Oregon extends 395 mi (636 km)
; the state's maximum N-S extension is 295 mi (475 km).
3regon is bordered on the N by Washington (with most of the
formed by the Columbia River); on the E by Idaho (with part
he line defined by the Snake River); on the s by Nevada and
ifornia; and on the w by the Pacific Ocean. The total
mdary length of Oregon is 1,444 mi (2,324 km), including a
eral coastline of 296 mi (476 km); the ridal shoreline extends
10 mi (2,269 km). The state's geographic center is in Crook
inty, 25 mi (40 km) SSE of Prineville.
UROGRAPHY
Cascade Range, extending norrh-south, divides Oregon into
met eastern and western regions, each of which contains a
it variery of landforms.
Vt the state's western edge, the Coast Range, a relatively low
jntain system, rises from the beaches, bays, and rugged
Jlands of the Pacific coa^t. Between the Coast and Cascade
;es lie fertile valleys, the largest being the Willamette Valley,
gon's heartland. The rwo-thirds of the state lying east of the
cade Range consists generally of and plateaus cut by river
vons, with rolling hills in the north-central portion giving way
he Blue Mountains in the northeast. The Great Basin in the
heast is characterized by fault-block ridges, weathered burtes,
remnants of large prehistoric lakes.
he Cascades, Oregon's highest mountains, contain nine
.v-capped volcanic peaks more than 9,000 ft (2,700 m) high,
vhich the highest is Mt. Hood, ar 11,235 ft (3,424 m). A
nant volcano, Mt. Hood last erupted in 1865. (Mt. St.
•ns, which erupted in 1980, is only 60 mi—97 km—to the
hwest, in Washington.) The Blue Mountains include several
502
rugged subranges interspersed with plateaus, alluvial ba
deep river canyons. The Klamath Mountains in theitiij
form a jumble of ridges where the Coast and Cascade^
Oregon is drained by many rivers, but the Colli
eating most of the northern border with Washingtp^^
biggest and most important. Originating in Canada, i|
than 1,200 mi (1,900 km) to the Pacific Ocean. W i i l
rate of 250,134 cu ft per second, the Columbia is'a>e|
river in the US. It drains some 58% of Oregon's surfact
a series of northward-flowing rivers, including
John Day, and Umatilla. The largest of the Columbia's?
in Oregon, and longest river entirely within the Sp
Willamette, which drains a fertile valley more than %(
km) long. Better than half of Oregon's eastern boij
Idaho is formed by the Snake River, which flows '
Canyon, one of the deepest canyons in North America
;
!
Oregon has 19 natural lakes with a surface area of?
3,000 acres (1,200 heaares), and many smaller oncsJ§
is Upper Klamath Lake, which covers 58,922 ac
hectares) and is quite shallow. The most famous/jKl
Crater Lake, which formed in the crater created by'la
eruption of Mt. Mazama several thousand years agoaff
national park. Its depth of 1,932 ft (589 m)—grea'd*
other lake in the US—and its nearly circular expaifl
blue water, edged by the crater's rim, make it a nar
3
C LI MATE
^
Oregon has a generally temperate climate, but there' f t
regional variations. The Cascade Range separates tbej
rwo broad climatic zones: the western third, with relatr
precipitation and moderate temperatures, and the ei
thirds, with relatively little precipitation and nK#
temperarures. Within these general regions, clunafi
largely on elevation and land configuration.
In January, normal daily mean temperatures
than 45 F (7 c) in the coastal sections to between '.
0
0
�Oregon
1
0
jS") (-2 c) in the southeast. In July, the normal daily means
r.mue between 6 5 F 118 c) and 0 F ( I T c ) in the plateau regions
.md central valleys and between ^ " F ( 2 T O and 78°F ( 2 6 c |
iliing the eastern border. Oregon's record low temperature, - 5 4 F
.-4S°i:l, was registered at Seneca on 10 February 1933; the allmne high, n 9 F |48' C), at Pendleton on 10 August 1898.
0
0
T
O
0
0
0
:,
The Cascades serve as a barrier to the warm, moist winds
flowing m from the Pacific, confining most precipitation to
•.W-SUTII Oregon. The average annual rainfall vanes from less than
s ui i20 cm) in the drier plateau regions to as much as 200 in
ii\S cm) at locations on the upper west slopes of the Coast
Range. In the Blue Mountains and the Columbia River Basin,
riit.ils are about 15 in (38 cm) to 20 in (51 cm). In Ponland, tog is
..iininon, and the sun shines, on average, during only 49% of the
j.ielight hours—one of the lowest such percentages for any major
I S citv. From 300 in (760 cm) to 550 in (1,400 cm) of snow falls
f j c h vear in the highest reaches ot the Cascades.
"FLORA A N D FAUNA
Vi'ith us variety of climatic conditions and surface features,
Oregon has a diverse assortment of vegetation and wildlife,
including 78 native tree species. The coastal region is covered by
j rain forest of spruce, hemlock, and cedar rising above dense
jnderbrush. A short distance inland, the stands of Douglas f i r —
Oregon's state tree and dominant timber resource—begin,
i-stending across the western slopes to the summit of the Cascade
R.inee. Where the Douglas fir has been destroyed by fire or
logging, alder and various types of berries grow. In the high elevations ot the Cascades, Douglas fir gives way to pines and true firs.
Ponderosa pine predominates on the eastern slopes, while in areas
too drv tor pine the forests give way to open range, which, in its
natural state, is characterized by sagebrush, occasional juniper
trees, and sparse grasses. The state's many species of smaller
indigenous plants include Oregon grape—the state flower—as
well as salmonherry, huckleberry, blackberry, and many other
rvrries. The Malheur wire-lettuce and MacFarlane's four-o'clock
art endangered.
More than 130 species of mammal are native to Oregon, of
which 28 are found throughout the state. Many species, such as
the cougar and bear, are protected, either entirely or through
unting restncnons. The bighorn sheep, once extirpated—delibrrjreh exterminated—in Oregon, has been reintroduced in
•imited numbers; the Columbian white-tailed deer, with an
rvtremely limited habitat along the Columbia River, is still
.iavMtied as endangered. Deer and elk are popular game
Tummals, with herds managed by the state: mule deer predomr.ite m eastern Oregon, black-tailed deer in the west. Among
rtroduced mammals, the nutria and opossum are now present in
j ' W numbers. At least 60 species of fish are found in Oregon,
r JuJmg five different salmon species, of which the Chinook is
largest and the coho most common. Salmon form the basis of
• »:i-cnn's sport and commercial fishing, although dams and develT"lent have blocked many spawning areas, causing a decline in
- J-VKTS and heavy reliance on hatcheries to continue the runs,
•l.-.oreds ot species of birds inhabit Oregon, either year-round or
"X particular seasons. The state lies in the path of the Pacific
-"a;., a major roure for migratory waterfowl, and large
• ' x'ts ot geese and ducks may be found in western Oregon and
--..irNin areas east of the Cascades. Extensive bird refuges have
~«v.-stahhshed in various pans of the state. The bald eagle;
- •'hern sea otter, and Oregon silver-spot burrerfly are
''•• idered threatened, while the brown pelican, short-tailed
' ••itross, California condor, Aleutian Canada goose, American
' " - Vcnc peregrine falcons, and Borax Lake chub are classified
•"' J.ingcred.
r
503
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Oregon has been among the most active states in environmental
protection. In 1938, the polluted condition of the Wilbrrerte
River led to the enactment, by initiative, of one of the n • * n's
.
first comprehensive water pollution control laws, which helped
restore the river's quality for swimming and fishing. An air
pollution control law was enacted in 1951, and air and water
qualitv programs were placed under the new Department of
Environmental Quality (DEQ) in 1969. This department is
Oregon's major environmental protection agency, enforcing
standards for air and water quality and solid and hazardous
waste disposal. A vehicle inspection program has been instituted
to reduce exhaust emissions in the Portland area and in Rogue
Valley. The DFQ also operates an asbestos program to protect the
public from asbestos in buildings that are being demolished or
remodeled. The DEQ monitors 18 river basins for water quality
and issues permits to businesses, industries, and government
bodies that discharge waste water into public waters. As of
March 1993, DEQ was aware of 1,359 groundwater contamination sites. In 1995, Oregon had 12 hazardous waste sites.
During the summer of 1995, Portland, the state's largest city,
had 15 days when ozone levels were in the moderate range and
none in the unhealthf'ul range. In 1973, the legislature enacted
what has become known as the Oregon Bottle Bill, the first state
law prohibiting the sale of nonreturnable beer or soft-drink
containers. The DEQ estimates that more than 95% of beverage
containers are returned for recycling and that in 1993, 30%
(974,68" tons) of the state's solid waste was recovered for
recycling. In 1995, the agency estimated a 32% rate of recycling
for rigid plastic containers. The success of the Bottle Bill was
partly responsible for the passage, in 1983, of the Recycling
Opportunity Act, which reduces the amount of solid waste
generated. Furthermore, all cities with 5,000 or more residents
are required to provide curbside recycling services.
POPULATION
Oregon ranked 29th among the 50 states at the 1990 census, with
a population of 2,842,321. Like other western states, Oregon
experienced a more rapid population growth than that of the US
as a whole in the 1970s, when population expanded 26%. The
1990 census figure represented a 7.9% increase over the 1980
census population; the 1996 population estimate, 3,203,735,
represents a 12.7% increase over the 1990 population. Oregon's
estimated population density in 1990 was 29.6 per sq mi (11.3
per sq km), less than half the national average.
As of 1990, about 52% of all Oregonians lived in the Portland
region, while much of the remainder also lived in the Willamette
Valley, particularly in and around Salem and Eugene. The city of
Portland had an estimated 450,777 residents in 1994; the
Portland Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (which
includes Vancouver, Wash.) had an estimated 1995 population of
1,710,260. The estimated population of Eugene was 118,122;
Salem, 1 15,912.
7
ETHNIC CROUPS
Oregon's Indians number some 38,000, with most of the
population living in urban areas. The state's four reservations
(with estimated 1995 population) are the Umatilla (2,154), Siletz
(1,778), Spokane (1,416), and Kalispel (170). Important salmon
fishing rights in the north are reserved under treaty. About
46,000 black Americans lived in Oregon in 1990, most of them in
the Portland area. People of Hispanic descent numbered about
113,000 in the same vear. In 1990 there were 14,796 Chinese,
14,142 Japanese, 9,355 Koreans, 9,114 Filipinos, 8,130
Vietnamese, 3,287 Laotians, and 2,726 Asian Indians. French
Canadians have lived in Oregon since the opening of the territory,
and thev have continued to come in a small but steady migration.
�Oregon
In i l l . the 1990 census counted some 13JL307 Oregonians ot
irreign birth, accounting tor 4.9% of the population.
SLANGUAGES
pfice-names such as Umatilla, Coos Bay, Klamath Falls, and
Tillamook retlect the variety of Indian tribes that white settlers
round in Oregon territory.
Fhe midland dialect dominates Oregon English, except for an
apparent Northern dialect intluence in the Willamette
Valley,
jhroughout
the state, foreign and orange have the /aw/ vowel,
Hid tomorrow has fhe /ah/ of father.
[n 1990, 2,448,772 Oregonians—92.7% of the population 5
^• ns old or older—spoke only English at home. Other languages
,-oken at home included:
\ TMian
:l
french
S3,08 7
19.289
10,854
10.099
Vietnamese
Japanese
Russian
Korean
7,468
6.724
5,325
5,574
'RELIGION
[ust over one-third of Oregon's population is affiliated with an
.irganized religion, well below the national average. The leading
i. hnstian denominations were the Roman Catholic church, with
I'^.bSO members in 1990, and the Church of Jesus Christ of
l.iner-day Saints (Mormon), with 89,601 adherents in 1994.
Otner major Protestant groups, with their 1990 adherents were
L mted Methodist, 42.209; Assemblies of God, 46,902; and
I mted Presbvterian, 38,086. Jewish Oregonians were estimated
number 10,691 in 1990.
'^TRANSPORTATION
\X ;th the state's maior deepwater port and international airport,
Portland is the transportation hub of Oregon. The state has 2,600
-nl mi (4.200 km) of track and is served by rwo major rail
-v items: Union Pacific and Burlington Northern/Santa Fe.
[ limber and wood products are the major commodities origin.mng in Oregon. Farm products and chemicals are the major
commodities terminating in Oregon, primarily at the Port of
P.inland. Amtrak provides passenger service nonh-south through
Portland, Salem, and Eugene. Total Amtrak ndership in 1995/96
was 485.648.
Marting with pioneer trails and toll roads, Oregon's roads and
tiehways had become a network extending 95,275 mi (156,613
xTu by 1996. The main interstate highways are 1-5. running the
ength of the state north-south connecting the major cities, and I ^4. running northwest from Ontario in eastern Oregon and then
j^img the northern border. In 1996 there were 3.4 million regisv-eJ vehicles, including 2.8 million passenger cars, registered in
' 'rigon. wirh 2.5 million licensed drivers.
The Columbia River forms the major inland waterway for the
•'u.hc Northwest, with barge navigation possible for 464 mi
4" kmi upstream to Lewiston, Idaho, via the Snake River,
heat trom eastern Oregon and Washington is shipped
-' ••••nstream to Portland tor reloading onto oceangoing vessels,
i':e Port ot Portland owns five major cargo terminals and
MvJlcd more than 10.5 million tons of cargo in 1996, with
••'•ports valued at Si.6 billion and exports valued at $5.5 billion.
: i ' m also has several important coastal harbors, including
' ' • " r u , Newport, and Coos Bay.
1" \ ' ^ b . Oregon had more than 500 airfields (100 public, 400
'•.He', ot which the largest and busiest, Portland International
'••'port, handled 109,500 departures and enplaned 6.3 million
7 Ksengtrs.
1 u
11
HISTORY
"•e land now known as Oregon has been inhabited for at least
"J') years, the age assigned to woven brush sandals found in
505
caves along what was once the shore of a large inland lake. Later,
a variety of Indian cultures evolved. Along the coast "and lower
Columbia River lived peoples of the Northern Coast Culture,
who ate salmon and other marine life, bulk large dugout canoes
and cedar plank houses, and possessed a complex social
structure, including slavery, that emphasized status and wealth.
East of the Cascade Range were hunter-gatherers who migrate^
from place to place as the food supply dictated.
The first European to see Oregon was probably Sir Francis
Drake. In 1578, while on a raiding expedition against the
Spanish, Drake reported sighting what is believed to be the
Oregon coast before being forced to return southward by "vile,
thicke and stinking fogges." For most of the next 200 years.
European contact was limited to occasional sightings by
mariners, who considered the coast too dangerous for landing. In
1778. however, British Captain James Cook, on his third voyage
of discovery, visited the Northwest and named several Oregon
capes. Soon afterward, American ships arrived in search of sea
otter and other furs. A Yankee merchant captain, Roben Gray,
discovered the Columbia River (which he named for his ship) in
1792, contributing to the US claim to the Nonhwest.
The first overland trek to Oregon was the Lewis and Clark
Expedition, which traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the
Columbia, where it spent the winter of 1805/6. In 1811, a party
of fur traders employed by New York merchant John Jacob Astor
arrived by ship at the mouth of the Columbia and built a trading
post named Astoria. The venture was not a success *nd was sold
three years later to British interests, but some of the Astor party
stayed, becoming Oregon's first permanent white residents. For
the next 20 years, European and US interest in Oregon focused
on the quest for beaver pelts. Agents of the British North West
Company (which merged in 1821 with the Hudson's Bay
Company) and some rival American parties explored the region,
mapped trails, and established trading posts. Although Britain
and the US had agreed to a treaty of joint occupation in 18 18, the
de facto governor from 1824 to the early 1840s was Dr. John
McLoughlin, the Hudson's Bay Company chief factor at Ft.
Vancouver in Washington.
Another major influence on the region was Protestant
missionary activity, which began with the arrival of Jason Lee, a
Methodist missionary, in 1834. Lee started his mission in the
Willamette Valley, near present-day Salem. After a lecture tour of
the East, he returned to Oregon in 1840 with 50 settlers and
assistants. WTiile Lee's mission was of little help to the local
Indians, most of whom had been killed off by white men's
diseases, it served as a base for subsequent American sertlement
and as a counterbalance to the Hudson's Bay Company.
The first major wagon trains arrived by way of the Oregon
Trail in the early 1840s. On 2 May 1843, as a "great migration"
of 875 men, women, and children was crossing rhe plains, about
100 settlers met at the Willamette Valley community of
Champoeg and voted to form a provisional government. That
government remained in power until 1849, when Oregon became
a territory, three years after the Oregon Treary between Great
Britain and the US established the present LIS-Canadian
boundary. As originally constituted, Oregon Territory included
present-day Washington and much of Montana, Idaho, and
Wyoming. A constitution prepared by an elected convention was
approved in November 1857, and after a delay caused by NorthSouth rivalries, on 14 February 1859, Congress voted to make
Oregon, reduced to its present borders, the i i d state.
Oregon remained relatively isolated until the completion of
the first transcontinental railroad link in 188i. State politics,
which had followed a pattern of venality and intluence buying,
underwent an upheaval in the early 1900s. Reformers led bv
William S. U'Ren instituted what became known as the "Oregon
�Oregon
As ot 1994 there were ""92,1 15 registered Democrats (45% of
total number of registered voters) and 641,914 registered
^.publicans (56%), along with 340,420 independents and mmorpjrr> members (19%). Democrat Barbara Roberts was elected
governor in 1990. She did not run for reelection in 1994, and Dr.
I^hn Kitzhaber, a Democrat who designed Oregon's health care
tioning system, defeated Republican congressman Denny Smith
to become governor. Oregonians elected rwo US senators in 1 996.
In a special election in January, Democrat Ron Wyden was
chosen to serve the remainder ot Robert Packwood's term after
p k\vood resigned from the Senate due to allegations of sexual
misconduct. In the November election, Republican Gordon Smith
uon the seat vacated by five-rerm senator Mark Hatfield. All but
one ot the five US representatives are Democrats.
As of 1997, there arc 20 Republicans and 10 Democrats in the
ctate senate, and 31 Republicans and 29 Democrats in the state
house. Oregon voters gave Democratic presidential incumbent
Pill t lmton 4 % of the popular vote in November 1996, while
Republican Rob Dole received 39% and Independent Ross Perot
ciptured 9% In 1994, there were 10 blacks and 5 Hispanics
holding public office. As of 1995, 24 women served in the stare
logislature and 1 woman held statewide elective executive office.
[ h c
r
K
7
from lower courts and over cenain actions of state agencies.
Circuit courts (with 97 circuit judges as of 1997) are the trial
couns of original jurisdiction for civil and criminal matters. The
30 more-populous counties also have district courts, which hear
minor civil, criminal, and traffic maners; there are 63 district
coun judges. In' 1998, the circuit couns and district courts will be
merged; the circuit courts will then be the only state-level trial
couns, with 160 judges. Thirty localities retain justices of the
peace, also with jurisdiction over minor cases. State judges and ,
local justices of the peace are elected by nonpartisan ballot for
six-year terms. In 1996, an estimated 9,172 anorneys practiced in
the state.
Oregon's penal system is operated by the Oregon Department
of Corrections. There were 7,837 inmates in state correctional
facilities as of 1 May 1997, or 246 per 100,000 in population. As
measured by the FBI Crime Index, Oregon's crime rate was above
the national average in 1995, but violent crime was only threequarters of the national average. Property crimes, particularly
theft (4,253 per 100,000 population) were higher than the
national average. Oregon imposes the death penalty, and there
were 20 persons under sentence of death in 1995.
17
4
i LOCAL GOVERNMENT
\ ot 1992, Oregon had 36 counties, 239 municipal governments. 340 school districts, and 835 special districts. Towns and
cities enjoy home rule, the right to choose their own form of
government and enact legislation on maners of local concern. In
Ks8. home rule was extended to counties. Most of Oregon's
.jtger cities have council-manager forms of government. Typical
^iected county officials are three to five commissioners, assessor,
district attorney, sheriff, and treasurer.
The state constitution gives voters strong control over local
covernmenr revenue by requiring voter approval of property tax
levies.
b
,5
STATE SERVICES
Special offices within the governor's office include the Office of
the Citizens' Representative, the state Affirmative Action Office,
jnd the Long-Term Care Ombudsman. The Oregon Government
lithics commission is a citizens' panel, established in 1974, to
investigate conflicts of interest involving public officials and to
lew civil penalties for infractions. Responsibility for educational
matters is divided among the Board of Education, which oversees
primary and secondary schools and community colleges; the
Board ot Higher Education, which controls the state college and
aniuTSity system; and the Educational Coordinating
commission, which monitors programs and advises the governor
-ind legislature on policy.
State highways, airfields, and public transit systems are under
:he jurisdiction of the Department of Transportation, which is
headed by an appointed commission. The largest state agency is
:ne Department of Human Resources; nearly one-fourth of the
>! ite's budget and work force is commined to this department's
programs, which include corrections, children's services,
Uuit and family services, health, mental health, and vocational
th.ihilitjtion. State agencies involved in environmental matters
ndude the Department of Environmental Quality, the
i'ep.irtment ot Land Conservation and Development, and the
Jvpartments of Energy. Forestry, and Water Resources. State'•wied lands are administered through the Land Board.
M l
IUDICIAL SYSTEM
'tiTon's highest court is the supreme court, consisting of 7
slices who elect one of their number to serve as chief justice. It
J'septs cases on review from the 10-]udge court of appeals,
*iich has exclusive jurisdiction over all criminal and civil appeals
507
ARMED FORCES
In 1996, there were 874 active duty military personnel stationed
in Oregon. The US Coast Guard does maintain search-and-rescue
facilities, and the Army Corps of Engineers operates a number of
hydroelectric projects in the state. Military contract awards in
1995/96 totaled $202 million.
As of 1 July 1996, some 368,000 military veteran^were living
in Oregon, of whom fewer than 500 served in World War I ;
101,000 in World War II; 58,000 during the Korean conflict;
124,000 during the Vietnam era; and 22,000 in the Persian Gulf
War. Federal veterans' benefits totaled $603 million in 1995/96.
Reserve and national guard personnel numbered 18,570 in
September 1992, with 10,414 in the army, 4,567 in the navy and
marine corps, and 3,589 in the air force. In 1993, the Oregon
State Police employed 785 full-time sworn officers, or 3 per
10,000 residents.
^MIGRATION
The Oregon Trail was the route along which thousands of settlers
traveled to Oregon by covered wagon in the 1840s and 1850s.
This early immigration was predominantly from midwestern
states. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad,
northeastern states supplied an increasing proportion of the
newcomers.
Foreign immigration began in the 1860s with the importation
of Chinese contract laborers, and reached its peak about 1900.
Germans and Scandinavians (particularly after 1900) were the
most numerous foreign immigrants; Japanese, who began
arriving in the 1890s, met a hostile reception in some areas.
Canadians have also come to Oregon in significant numbers.
Nevertheless, immigration from other states has predominated.
Between 1970 and 1980, the state's net gain from migration was
about 341,000; from 1980 to 1983, however, the state suffered a
net loss of about 37,000, and from 1985 to 1990, the net
migration gain was 123,500. Between 1990 and 1996, Oregon
had net gains of 221,395 in domestic migration and 42,405 in
international migration. In 1996, 7,554 foreign immigrants
arrived in Oregon. As of 1994, it was estimated that between 21
and 27 undocumented immigrants were living in the state. In
1990, 46.6% of state residents had been born in Oregon. About
54% of residents age 5 and older lived in a different house in
1985 than in 1990, of which 26% did so in another state.
Oregon's urban population grew from 67.9% of the total
population in 1980 to 70.5% in 1990.
�508
Oregon
^INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION
Oregon participates in such regional accords as the Columbia
River Compact, Klamath River Compact (with California),
Pacific Marine Fisheries Compact, and several western groups
concerned with corrections, education, and energy matters.
While Oregon receives federal assistance for a variety of
programs, federal involvement is particularly heavy in the areas
of energy and natural resources, through federal development,
operation, and marketing of hydroelectric power and federal
ownership of forest and grazing lands. Approximately 49% of
Oregon's land area is owned by the federal government. Federal
aid to Oregon was more than $2.7 billion in 1995/96.
20
ECONOMY
Since earlv settlement, Oregon's natural resources have formed
the basis of its economy. Vast forests have made lumber and
wood products the leading industry in the state. Since World War
II, however, the state has striven to diversify its job base. The
aluminum industry has been attracted to Oregon, along with
computer and electronics firms, which now constitute the fastestgrowing manufacturing sector. Development, principally in the
"Silicon Forest" west of Portland, was expected to bring as many
as 3,000 jobs a year during the mid- and late 1980s. Meanwhile,
the trend in employment has been toward white-collar and
service jobs, with agriculture and manufacturing holding a
declining share of the civilian labor force. Tourism and researchrelated businesses growing out of partnerships between
government and higher education are on the rise.
Despite diversification efforts, 60% of manufacturing jobs
outside the Portland area were in the lumber and wood products
field in 1982. As a result, the state's economy remains dependent
on the health of the US construction industry. Jobs are plentiful
when US housing starts rise, but unemployment increases when
nationwide construction drops off. Employment in the lumber
and wood industry plummeted from 81,000 in 1979 to 56,000 in
1982 and then increased to 64,000 in 1985. The cyclical changes
in demand for forest products are a chronic problem, with rural
areas and small towns particularly hard hit by the periodic
closing of local lumber and plywood mills.
In 1995, the per capita personal income was $21,611, 26th in
the US. Oregon's gross state produa in 1994 was $74,366
million, to which private goods-producing industries contributed
$20,572 million; private services-producing industries, $44,283
million; and government, $9,511 million. During 1996, there
were 16,709 bankruptcy filings.
21
INCOME
Per capita personal income in Oregon in 1996 was $22,668, 27th
among the 50 states. Total personal disposable income was $61.5
billion in 1996, up from $57.8 billion in 1995.
Median household income in 1995 was $36,374. About
1 1.2% of all Oregonians were living below the federal poverty
level during that year.
22
LABOR
Oregon's civilian labor force numbered 1,721,000 in 1996, out of
which 1,619,000 were employed, giving the state an
unemployment rate of 5.9%.
At the end of 1996, mining employed 1,900 persons;
construction, 76,300; manufacturing, 232,100; transportation
and public utilities, 74,400; wholesale and retail trade, 388,700;
finance, insurance, and real estate, 92,900; services, 406,600; and
government, 241,400.
In 1995, 266,800 Oregon workers—20.1 % of all employeeswere members of a labor union; the rate was 15.1% among
m3 n M t.i.. n: n ML: ifl-'crv Av <•[•.!!'.•• v.ceLlv e.ir'Hin:'' '> ^r--'
:
f
23
AGRICULTURE
Oregon ranked 28th in the US in agricultural output in 1995
with cash receipts of $3.4 billion. Crops accounted for 80% o
the total. WTiile wheat has been Oregon's leading crop'since th
state was first settled, in recent years nursery and greenhous
products, valued at more than $420 million, have taken over tly
number-one spot. Additionally, more than 170 farm and rand
commodities are commercially produced in the state. Oregoi
leads the nation in the production of hazelnuts, peppermint oil
blackberries, black raspberries, boysenberries, loganberries
several grass and seed crops, and Christmas trees.
Farmland covers about 17.5 million acres (7 million hectares)
or 28% of Oregon's total area. Oregon's average farm is 455
acres (184 hectares), the same size as the national average. In
1995, the state had some 38,500 farms. Quantity and value ol
selected crops in 1995 were as follows:
VOLUME
Nursery and greenhouse 36,000 acres
Hay
3.3 m. tons
Wheat
60.4 m. bushels
Grass seed
553.6 m. Ib
Potatoes
24.7 thou, cwt
VALUE (MILLIONS)
$420
304
287
236
166
In recent years, the growth of Oregon's wine industry has
become noteworthy.
24
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Most beef cattle are raised on the rangeland of eastern Oregon,
while dairy operations are concentrated in the western portion of
the state. Sheep and poultry are also raised largely in the west.
Cattle and calf production is Oregon's leading agricultural
activity in terms of value, although income varies greatly with
market conditions. Ranchers lease large tracts of federally owned
grazing land under a permit system.
In 1997, Oregon ranches and farms had around 1.45 million
cattle and calves, worth an estimated $754 million. During 1995,
the state produced nearly 22 million Ib (10 million kg) of sheep
and lambs, which brought in nearly $13.5 million in gross
income, and the shorn wool produaion was 2.4 million lb (1.1
million kg) of wool. The 1995 milk output was estimated at 1.7
billion Ib (0.8 billion kg). Oregon's poultry farmers produced
nearly 113 million lb (51 million kg) of chickens and broilers in
1995, and 709 million eggs.
2 5
FISHING
Oregon's fish resources have long been of great importance to its
inhabitants. For centuries, salmon provided much of the food for
Indians, who gathered at traditional fishing grounds when the
salmon were returning upstream from the ocean to spawn.
In 1995, Oregon ranked 6th among the states in the total
amount of its commercial catch, at 238,^64,000 lb (108,303,000
kg), valued at $77,766,000. The catch included salmon,
especially chinook and silver; groundfish such as flounder,
rockfish, and lingcod; shellfish such as shrimp and oysters; and
albacore tuna. Salmon landings totaled 2.8 million Ib (1.3 million
kg), valued at $3.6 million; sablefish, 7 million Ib (3 million kg),
$9.3 million; dungeness crab, 11.9 million lb (5.4 million kg);
and shrimp, 12.1 million Ib (5.5 million kg). Newport, Astoria,
and Coos Bay-Charleston were the leading commercial fishing
ports in 1995, with landings of 112 million, 89 million, and 21
million Ib (51 million, 40 million, and 9.5 million kg), respectively. Oregon's commercial fishing fleet consisted of 2,436 boats
and vessels in 1994, and supplied the state's 87 fish processing
and wholesale plants.
Sport fishing, primarilv lor salmon and trout is a m.nor recre-
�Oregon
•iivh. The st.ue otttrs tax (.redits to encourage businesses to
ollution control lacilmes, to invest in energy conservation
o employ renewable energy resources.
38
H EALTH
| 1995 there were 42,811 live births in Oregon, a rate ot 13.6
por 1.000 population. The 1995 infant mortality rate was 4.7
mt.mt deaths per 1,000 live births. In 1992, 12,685 legal
abortions were performed in Oregon, a rate of 302 abortions per
1.000 births. The AIDS rate per 100,000 population was 16.40,
42"o below the national average in 1995. Major causes of death,
with rates per 100,000 population, were heart disease, 240.1;
c.incer. 214.7; cerebrovascular diseases, 77.7; accidents and
adverse effects, 43.5 (of which motor vehicle accidents accounted
,,,r 18.9); and suicide. 15.8. The overall death rate of 898.4 per
1110.000 population has recently risen to above the national
aicrage. Oregon had the lOth lowest cardiovascular disease
mortality rate (164.8 per 100,000 population) in 1992. Stroke
uas much more common. At least 21.8% of Oregon residents
over 18 smoked in 1995.
In 1995, Oregon had 64 hospitals, with 6,402 beds. The
average expense to a hospital providing services in the state in
1994 was $1,077 per inpatient day and $5,492 per stay. There
were 6,434 active nonfederal physicians in 1994. In 1994, the
state had 2,075 active, licensed dentists. Professionally active
registered nurses totaled 24,400 during 1994, or 791 employed
registered nurses per 100,000 population. Some 13.9% of
Oregon residents were uninsured in 1995. The only medical and
dental schools in the state are at the University of Oregon Health
Sciences University in Portland.
n
CIAL WELFARE
Department of Human Resources was created in 1971 to
coordinate social service activities. Public assistance payments
consist largely of Aid to Families with Dependent Children
.AFDC) and medical assistance. AFDC payments were made to
92.000 Oregonians in 1996, with an average monthly payment of
Ss65. Social Security benefits were paid to 544,480 eligible
Oregonians in 1995, averaging $732 a month. Federal Supplemental Security Income payments were made to 47,124 residents,
averaging $341 a month. In 1996, 287,607 residents received
monthly food stamp allowances averaging $75.15. Students
enrolled in the school lunch program were subsidized by $47.3
million in federal funds. In 1995 the state's unemployment
insurance program paid $183.97 per week on average to eligible
recipients.
W ith the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, the US government has
.hanged the form and regulations for many of its social welfare
programs; most significantly, it replaces Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC), an open-ended entitlement
program, with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),
a limited system of assistance funded largely through federal
Hock grants. The retorm act also impacts the food stamp
program, the Supplemental Security Income program, and the
-mid nutrition program. The law took effect on 1 July 1997 and
provided $16.38 billion in block grants for fiscal years 1997-o02. The grants are to be divided among the states based on an
.c|ii.ition involving the numbers ot former AFDC recipients in
each state. Because many of the bill's provisions have yet to be
k'lnented into state-by-state policy, it was not possible to
k'e the details of each state's programs for this edition of this
•
^HOUSING
In general, owner-occupied homes predominate in Oregon, and
there are few urban slums. During the 1970s and early 1980s,
511
however, a growing percentage of new construction went for
rental units. Between 1970 and 1980, the proponion of the
housing stock in single-family units fell from 77% to 68%.-In
1996 there were an estimated 1,309,000 housing units in Oregon,
of which 1,216,000 were occupied. That year, 27,814 privately
owned units, valued at $2.7 billion, were authorized for
construction. In 1990, the last year for which figures were
available, the median home value was $67,100, down 25.8%
from 1980. The median monthly costs for owners (with a
mortgage) and renters in 1990 were $650 and $408, respectively.
During 1995/96, Oregon received $232.1 million in aid from
the US Depanment of Housing and Urban Development,
including $37.3 million in community development block grants.
The Housing Division of the Department of Commerce offers
housing purchase assistance (through interest rates below the
prevailing market) and construction subsidies to build units for
disabled and for low- and moderate-income renters.
41
EDUCATION
Oregon has emerged as a leader in a growing nationwide
movement to build a superior system of public education. Passed
by Oregon's legislature in 1991, the Educational Act for the 21st
Century set into motion an extensive retructuring of the state's
kindergarten through 12th grade public school system. The Act's
goals are to produce the best-educated citizens in the nation and
the world. Key components of the Act include: raising academic
standards for all students, increasing student skills and abilities
needed in the workplace, involving parents in decision-making,
assessing student performance, requiring accountability'for
results, emphasizing early childhood education, providing
learning opponunities in pannership with communities, and
giving local schools more freedom and autonomy.
In the 1995/96 school year, there were 914 public elementary
schools and 232 public secondary schools, with a combined
enrollment of 499,361. In school year 1995/96, there were 342
private (mainly independent, nonparochial) elementary and
secondary schools and enrollment totaled 38,150 students.
Higher education in Oregon comprises 16 community
colleges, 19 independent institutions, and a state higher education
system of 8 institutions. The state system had a fall 1993 total
enrollment of 59,545 students. University of Oregon in Eugene
had the highest regular enrollment (16,593), followed by
Ponland State University in Ponland (14,486) and Oregon State
University in Corvallis (14,101).
The Oregon State Scholarship Commission administers an
extensive financial aid program for state college students.
Major private higher education institutions include Willamette
University, Salem; George Fox College, Newberg; Linfield
College, McMinnville; and University' of Ponland, Reed College,
Lewis & Clark College, and Oregon Graduate Institute of Science
and Technology, all in Ponland.
42
ARTS
The Portland Art Museum, with an associated an school, is the
city's center for the visual arts. The University of Oregon in
Eugene has an an museum specializing in Oriental art.
The state's most noted theatrical enterprise is the annual
Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, with a complex of theaters
drawing actors and audiences from around the nation. The
Oregon Symphony is situated in Portland, and Salem and Eugene
have small symphony orchestras of their own.
The Oregon Arts Commission operates a program of directmail marketing of fine art prints created by artists from the
Nonhwest. The Commission and the Depanment of Education
lointly administer a program of Young Writers Fellowships.
The total amount of federal aid to Oregon for the support of
its arts programs was $781,000 in 1996. The Oregon Arts
�512
Oregon
Commission received $922,000 from the NEA. Arts organizations in the stare also received 51,48.3.000. The state, as well as
private sources, contributed funding. Audiences for the state's
programs numbered about 32,573.000 people. There were
154,137 contributing artists. The state provided art education
programs for 82.000 school children. In 1995, the state had 300
arts associations and 60 local arrs groups. The Oregon Arts
Commission assisted the Budges Teen Theatre and the Eugene
Ballet. The NEA contributed to the Oregon Shakespeare Festival
and to the Oregon Symphonv Association. The Oregon Arts
commission receives grants to develop the state's art education
programs.
The Commission also received funds from the NFA's state and
regional program.
43
LIBRARIES A N D MUSEUMS
In 1996/97, Oregon had over 600 academic, public, and special
libraries, including branches; the total book stock of all public
libraries was 7,333,827, and their combined circulation was
27.835,910. Most cities and counties in Oregon have public
library systems, rhe largest being the Multnomah County library
system in Portland, with 14 branches and 1,367,010 volumes in
1996/97. The State Library in Salem, with over 1.3 million
volumes in 1991/92, serves as a reference agency for state
government.
Oregon has 79 museums, historic sites, botanical gardens and
arboretums. Historical museums emphasizing Oregon's pioneer
heritage appear throughout the state, with Ft. Clatsop National
Memorial—featuring a replica of Lewis and Clark's winter
headquarters—among the notable attractions. The Oregon
Historical Society operates a major historical museum in
Portland, publishes books of historical interest, and issues the
Oregon H i f t o r i t j l Quarterly. In Portland's Washington Park area
are the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Washington
Park Zoo, Western Forestry Center, and an arboretum and other
gardens.
^COMMUNICATIONS
As of March 1993, 92.8% of Oregon's 1,214,000 households
had telephones. Oregon had 88 AM and 114 FM commercial
radio stations in 1996; 6 of the state's 23 commercial television
stations were in Ponland. A state-owned broadcasting system,
which includes 8 television stations, provides educational radio
and television programming. As of 1996, 7 large cable television
systems served Oregon.
45
PRESS
Oregon's first newspaper was the weekly Oregon Spectator,
which began publication in 1846. Early newspapers engaged in
what became known as the "Oregon style" of |Ournalism, characterized by intemperate, vituperative, and fiercely partisan
comments. As of 1997, )~ daily and 59 weekly newspapers were
published in Oregon. The state's largest newspaper, the
Oregonian, published in Ponland, is owned by the Newhouse
group. The following table lists leading Oregon newspapers with
their 199" circulations:
AREA
Eugene
Ponland
Salem
SAME
DAILY
SUNDAY
Register-Guard le.S)
Oregonian (m,S)
Statesman-journal tm)
75,881
349.193
60,131
79,428
445,293
70,322
^ORGANIZATIONS
The 1992 Census of Service Industries counted 1,013 organizations in Oregon, including 2S6 business associations: 5)6 civic.
CIO), Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers, Pac
Lumber Exporters Association, Western Forest Industries Ass<
ation, and Western Wood Products Association, allVith th
headquarters in Portland.
47
T O U R I S M , TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
Oregon's abundance and variety of natural features and recn
tional opportunities make the state a major tourist attractn
Travel and tourism is the state's 3d-largest employer, generan
thousands of jobs. Domestic travelers spent $3,795,000
overnight and day trips in 1993. The Travel Information Coun
of the Department of Transponation maintains an active tour
advertising program, and Portland hotels busily seek ma|
conventions.
Among the leading attractions are the rugged Oregon coa
with its offshore salmon fishing; Crater Lake National Park; t
Rogue River, for river running and fishing; the Columbia Gorj.
east of Ponland; the Cascades wilderness; and Portland's annu
Rose Festival. Oregon has one national park, Crater Lake, at
three other areas—John Day Fossil Beds National Monumer
Oregon Caves National Monument and Ft. Clatsop Nation
Memorial—managed by the National Park Service. The f
Forest Service administers the Oregon Dunes National Recreatic
Area, on the Oregon coast; the Lava Lands Visitot Complex ne.
Bend; and the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, east •
Enterpnse. Oregon has one of the nation's most extensive sta
park systems: 225 parks and recreation areas cover 90,000 acn
(36,400 hectares).
^SPORTS
Oregon's lone ma)or professional team, based in Portland, is th
Trail Blazers, winners of the National Basketball Associatio
championship in 1977. The Portland Beavers compete i
baseball's class-AAA Pacific Coast League.
Horse racing takes place at Portland Meadows in Portlan
and, in late August and early September, at the Oregon State Fai
in Salem; there is greyhound racing at the Multnomah Kenne
Club near Portland. Parimuruel betting is permitted at the track*
but off-track betting is prohibited.
The University of Oregon and Oregon State University belom
to the Pacific 10 Conference. The Oregon State Ducks won th.
Rose Bowl in 1942 and appeared in it but lost in 1965. Oregoi
was a surprise winner at the PAC-10. in 1994, and made its firs
Rose Bowl appearance in 37 years. The Ducks lost to Penn Stat,
in the 1995 Rose Bowl.
Other annual sporting events include sled dog races in Bent
and Union Creek, the All-Indian Rodeo in Tygh Valley in Ma;
(one of many rodeos), and the Cycle Oregon Bike Ride.
49
F A M O U S OREGONIANS
Prominent federal officeholders from Oregon include Senatoi
Charles McNary (1874-1944), a leading advocate of federa
reclamation and development pro|ects and the Republican vice
presidential nominee in 1940; Senator Wayne Morst
(b.Wisconsin, 1900-1974), who was an early opponent of US
involvement in Viet-Nam; Representative Edith Green (19101984), a leader in federal education assistance; and Represen
tative Al Ullman (b.Montana, 1914-1986), chairman of the
House Ways and Means Comminee until his defeat in 1980
Recent cabinet members from Oregon have been Douglas McKav
(1893-1959), secretary of the interior; and Neil Goldschmidt
(b.1940) secretary of transportation.
A major figure in early Oregon history was sea captain Roben
Grav (h.Rhode Island. 175 s-| 81)61. discoverer < t the ('.',•.Imnbi.»
�Oregon
I' t:
U V.' <, C ((; •
0
Richer ot Oregon" bv the 1957 state legislature. Also ot impor• ,n the early settlement was Methodist missionary- Jason l.ec
mada. 1805-451. Oregon's most famous Indian was Chief
^•ph : 1840r-l 904!, leader of the Nez Perce in northeastern
Oregon; when tension between the Nez Perce and white settlers
erupted into open hostilities in 1877, Chief Joseph led his band of
jj-oiit K 5 0 men, women, and children from the Oregon-Idaho
w.irder across the Bitterroot Range evading three army detach-ncnis before being captured in northern Montana.
Other important figures in the early days of statehood were
H.irvev W- Scott tb.Illinois 1838-1910), longtime editor of the
Portland Oregunun. and his sister, Abigail Scott Duniway
p.Illinois. 1823-19151, the Nonhwest's foremost advocate of
women's suffrage, a cause her brother strongly opposed. William
iH>n U'Ren ib.Wisconsin, 1859-1949) was a lawyer and
-< [ormer w hose intluence on Oregon politics and government
ndures to this dav. Journalist and Communist John Reed (1 887I O J ' . author ot Ten Days That Shook the World, an eyewitness
Kcount of the Bolshevik Revolution, was born in Portland, and
jward-winning science-fiction writer Ursula K. LeGuin
h California, 1929) is a Portland resident. Linus Pauling (1901•141. two-time winner of the Nobel Prize (for chemistry in 1954,
v r peace in 1962), was another Portland native. Other scientists
nroniinent in the state's history include botanist David Douglas
V Scotland, 1798-1834), who made two trips to Oregon and
uter whom the Douglas fir is named; and geologist and paleonvlogist Thomas Condon (b.Ireland, 1822-1907), discoverer of
m.ijor fossil beds in eastern Oregon.
v!
t
50
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Blair, Karen J. Northwest Women: An Annotated Bibliography of
Sources on the H/s/orv of Oregon and Washington Women.
17,97-1970. Pullman, W a s h . : Washington State Umversitv
Press, 1997.
Cogswell, Philip. Capitol Names: Individuals Woven into Oregon's History. Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1977.
Corning, Howard. Dictionary' of Oregon History. Portland: Binfords & M o n , 1956.
Dodds, Cordon B. Oregon: A Bicentennial History. New York:
Nonon, 1977.
Federal Writers' Project. Oregon: End o f the Trail. 1941. Reprint,
New York: Somerset, n.d.
Johansen, Dorothy, and Charles Gates. Empire of the Columbia:
A History o f the Pacific Nortbu-est. 2d ed. New York: Harper
& Row, 1967.
Loy, William. Atlas of Oregon. Fugene: University of Oregon
Books, 1976.
Parkman, Francis, Jr. The Oregon Trail. New York: Penguin,
1982.
Throckmorton, Anhur L. Oregon Argonauts: Merchant Adventurers on the Western Frontier. Portland: Oregon Historical
Society, 1961.
Vaughan, Thomas, and Terrence O'Donnell. Portland: A Historical Sketch and Guide. Portland: Oregon Historical Society,
1976.
�
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Title
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Michael Waldman
Description
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<p>Michael Waldman was Assistant to the President and Director of Speechwriting from 1995-1999. His responsibilities were writing and editing nearly 2,000 speeches, which included four State of the Union speeches and two Inaugural Addresses. From 1993 -1995 he served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Coordination.</p>
<p>The collection generally consists of copies of speeches and speech drafts, talking points, memoranda, background material, correspondence, reports, handwritten notes, articles, clippings, and presidential schedules. A large volume of this collection was for the State of the Union speeches. Many of the speech drafts are heavily annotated with additions or deletions. There are a lot of articles and clippings in this collection.</p>
<p>Due to the size of this collection it has been divided into two segments. Use links below for access to the individual segments:<br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+1">Segment One</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+2">Segment Two</a></p>
Creator
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Michael Waldman
Office of Speechwriting
Date
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1993-1999
Identifier
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2006-0469-F
Extent
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Segment One contains 1071 folders in 72 boxes.
Segment Two contains 868 folders in 66 boxes.
Provenance
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Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
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Adobe Acrobat Document
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
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paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Immig. [Immigration] Briefing Book - Portland State [University] [3]
Creator
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Office of Speechwriting
Michael Waldman
Is Part Of
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Box 57
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36404"> Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7763296">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Identifier
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2006-0469-F Segment 2
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
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Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
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Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
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6/3/2015
Source
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7763296
42-t-7763296-20060469F-Seg2-057-007-2015