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FOIA Number:
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FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the William J. Clinton
Presidential Library Staff.
Collection/Record Group:
Clinton Presidential Records
Subgroup/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting
Series/Staff Member:
Michael Waldman
Subseries:
OA/ID Number:
14456
FolderlD:
Folder Title:
Info About Other Monuments
Stack:
Row:
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�Michael Waldman Files Box 19
• FDR Memorial dedication
AiflSdRES FILED O E SZ A T C M N S
V R I E T A H E T.
�PRESIDENTIAL
' LANDMARKS
by
DAVID KRUH and LOUIS KRUH
HIPPOCRENE BOOKS, INC.
�George Washington
Admission: Free.
Located in downtown Washington, the building is 1 1/2-blocks west of the Dupont Circle
Metro (subway) stop.
Washington Monument
National Mall between 15th and 17th Streets
Washington, District of Columbia
The construction of a monument to honor George Washington was first considered by the
Continental Congress in 1783. But it was not until July 4, 1848, that the cornerstone was
laid with elaborate Masonic ceremonies. Work progressed favorably until 1854 when the
building of the monument became involved in a political quarrel. Then the Civil War
intervened and it was not until 1880 that work resumed on the shaft. The new Maryland
marble used at that point came from the same vein as the original stone but from a
different stratum which explains the "ring" noticeable on tlie shaft. The monument was
dedicated on February 21, 1885 and opened to the public on October 9, 1888. It is
operated by the National Park Service.
Visitor's Information
The top of die 555 feet, 5 1/8 inch high monument may be reached by elevator or by an
iron stairway consisting of 50 landings and 897 steps. Inserted into the interior walls are
188 carved stones presented by individuals, societies, cides, states, and nations of tlie
world.
Open daily, 8:00 a.m.-midnight, April 1-Labor Day; 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m., rest of year.
Closed December 25. Telephone: (202) 485-9880.
Admission: Free.
The Monument is located on the National Mall between 15th and 17di Streets and
Independence and Constitudon Avenues. From Virginia follow Route 50 east or 1-395
north to Washington.
43
�Thomas Jefferson
of Monticello; perhaps preferable to that, as more proportioned to the faculties of a
private citizen."
Poplar Forest became Jefferson's personal retreat. Overwhelmed by an almost perpetual
round of visitors at Monticello, he escaped several dmes a year to find at Poplar Forest
what he called tlie "solitude of a hermit." At his retreat he indulged in his favorite pursuits:
reading, studying, and thinking. In addidon, Jefferson oversaw the operauon of his
plantation, the embellishment of the house, the plandng of the vegetable garden, and the
adornment of the grounds with a variety or ornamental plants and trees.
Visitor's Information
Poplar Forest remained private property until 1984 but when the home became
endangered, a nonprofit organization was formed to rescue this landmark for the public.
Tours are conducted Wednesday through Sunday and major holidays, from 10:00 a.m. to
4:00 p.m. (last tour begins at 3:45), April through October. Admission fees range from
$1.00 for youth to $5.00 for adults. Telephone: (804) 525-1806.
Poplar Forest is just southwest of Lj/nchburg on Rt. 661, 1 mile from Rt. 221. To reach
the entrance, take either Rt. 221 to Rt. 661, or take Rt. 460 and follow Routes 622
(Waterlick Road) and 811.
Thomas Jefferson Memorial
Washington, D.C.
In preparation of the plan for the memorial, the architects were clearly influenced by
Jefferson's own taste as expressed in his writings and demonstrated by his designs of the
rotunda at tlie University of Virginia and his famous home, Mondcello. Thus the circular
colonnaded structure is an adaptation of the classic style which Jefferson himself is
credited with having introduced into this country.
The central memorial room contains a heroic bronze statue of Jefferson by sculptor
Rudulph Evans, surrounded by panels inscribed with Jefferson's most significant writings.
62
�Thomas Jefferson
The height of the statue is 19 feet and it stands in the center of tlie room on a pedestal
of black Minnesota granite reaching 6 feet above the floor. The domed ceiling of Indiana
limestone reaches approximately 67 feet above the head of the statue. The memorial was
dedicated on April 13, 1943, the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birth, and is administered by the Nadonal Park Service.
Visitor's Information
Open daily 8:00 a.m. to midnight; closed December 25. Free admission. Telephone: (202)
619-7222.
The Memorial is on the south bank of the Tidal Basin, 900 Ohio Drive SW, near
downtown Washington. From Virginia, take the George Washington Parkway to
Memorial Bridge, cross the bridge and follow Ohio Drive to the Memorial.
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
St. Louis, Missouri
The vision of President Thomas Jefferson, the great architect of westward expansion, led
to the purchase of the vast French empire of Louisiana from Napoleon in 1803. This
brilliant act doubled the land area of the infant republic and assured the United States of
a major role in the setdement of the North American continent.
With the Louisiana Purchase, St. Louis, which was founded in 1764 by French fur traders
from New Orleans, became part of the United States. For many decades thereafter, the
city was a key one on the western United States fronder. Its strategic locadon convenient
to the Ohio, Missouri, and other river approaches made St. Louis the hub of midcondnental commerce, transportation, and culture, and a gateway to the wilderness
beyond.
To dramadze the westward expansion and rich cultural, polidcal and economic benefits
that accrued to the Nadon from the Louisiana Purchase, a memorial was established on
the site of the original St. Louis setdement. In 1947, a nadonal competition to select a
suitable design for the memorial was won by the late Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch. This
63
J
�Abraham Lincoln
Magazine. On display are several signatures of Abraham , Lincoln, die table of Mentor
Graham upon which Lincoln studied, and the desk used by Lincoln in the Illinois State
Legislature at Springfield.
Visitor's Informadon
Open Monday-Friday 10:00 a.m.-noon, 1:00 p.m.-4:30 p.m.; Saturday-Sunday 1:00 p.m.4:30 p.m.
Admission: Free.
The Museum is located on the intersection of State Routes 10 and 121.
Lincoln Memorial
West Potomac Park
Washington, D.C.
This memorial ranks with die Washington Monument and the Jefferson Memorial as one
of the most beloved shrines in the nation. It is also one of the most impressive examples
of classical architecture in the United States.
A nadonal Lincoln memorial had been urged since 1867, but not unul 1911 did Congress
provide legislation for it. The cornerstone was laid on February 12, 1915 and dedicated
on Memorial Day, May 30, 1922. It is administered by the Nadonal Park Service.
The memorial, constructed primarily of white Colorado-Yule marble, is of classical design
and resembles the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. The basic structure, rectangular in shape,
is surrounded on all four sides by a colonnade of 36 Doric columns, one for each state at
the time of Lincoln's death. Their names are carved into the frieze above the colonnade.
Inscribed on the walls over the frieze are the names of the 48 states at the time of the
dedication.
Within the memorial chamber are three commemorative features, a colossal seated statue
of Lincoln and two huge inscribed tablets. The marble statue of Lincoln occupies the place
181
�Abraham Lincoln
of honor. It is centrally located near the back of the chamber and faces the Washington
Monument and the Capitol. The statue from head to foot is 19 feet high. The scale is such
that if Lincoln was standing he would be 28 feet tall. On the north wall inscribed in stone
is Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address; on the south wall, similarly inscribed, is the
Gettysburg Address. Above each of these tablets are murals, 60 feet long and 12 feet high,
which allegorically depict principles espoused by Lincoln.
Visitor's Information
The memorial is always open. A ranger is in attendance 8:00 a.m.-midnight except on
December 25. Telephone: (202) 619-7222.
Admission: Free.
The memorial is in downtown Washington at the beginning of 23rd Street NW, between
Consdtudon and Independence Avenues. From Virginia, follow Route 50 west to
Washington and turn right on 23rd Street or take George Washington Parkway to
Memorial Bridge.
Lincoln Memorial Shrine
125 West Vine Street
Redlands, California
Robert Watchorn, an easterner who early in his life became fascinated with Lincoln and
the Civil War period, began to collect Lincolniana. In 1931, he and his wife started to
formulate plans for the construction of a memorial to Lincoln and a repository for their
Lincoln collection. Choosing their winter home in Redlands, California, die Watchorns
presented to the city a memorial to Lincoln, the only one in existence west of the
Mississippi River, monument, museum, library and archives.
The Lincoln Memorial building was designed in an octagon shape with construction of
reinforced concrete faced with Bedford Indiana limestone plates upon which are incised
excerpts from Lincoln's addresses. The Shrine houses the famous Carrara bust of Lincoln
by the noted sculptor George Gray Barnard. Ceiling murals were painted on canvas by
182
�A GUIDE TO NATIONAL
MONUMENTS AND
HISTORIC SITES
Jill MacNeice
*
PRENTICE HALL
New York
v.
�District of Columbia I 83
tion rooms if no performances or rehearsals are underway. The broad
roof terrace offers a terrific panorama of the Washington skyline, the
Potomac River, and the northern Virginia palisades. Four restaurants
—The Roof Terrace, Hors d'Oeuverie, Curtain Call Cafe, and Encore Cafeteria—accommodate all types of diners, from those seeking
an elegant, formal meal to those wishing a quick, inexpensive snack.
Hours vary. For information and reservations, call 202-416-8555.
Open: 10 a.m. until half an hour after last performance ends, daily.
Fees: None for tours; ticket prices for performances vary; check
with the box office.
Mailing Address: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing
Arts, Washington, DC 20566.
Telephone: General information, 202-467-4600. Instant Charge:
202-467-4600 or 800-444-1324.
Getting There: The Kennedy Center is in Washington, DC, near
the Watergate complex. Parking is available for a fee. Or take the subway to the Foggy Bottom Metro stop, walk south along 23rd Street
for 3 blocks and northwest along Virginia Avenue for iVi blocks.
II Lincoln Memorial
Perched on a bluff above the Potomac River is the Lincoln Memorial. Inside this white marble monument, modeled after the Parthenon
in Athens, Greece, is a seated statue of Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States. His expression is one of deep contemplation,
as if he were musing on the words of his Gettysburg Address which
are carved into the walls of the memorial chamber. Delivered during
the Civil War on November 19,1863, the speech was an eloquent plea
for unity, "that government of the people, by the people, and for the
people shall not perish from the earth."
Part temple, part monument, the Lincoln Memorial combines grandeur and simplicity into one of the most impressive memorials in the
country. The harmony and unity of its classical design symbolizes
the Union that Lincoln struggled to preserve. Thirty-six Doric marble
columns surrounding the walls represent the 36 states of the Union
at the time of Lincoln's death; state names are carved into the frieze.
�84 I District of Columbia
The 19-foot-high seated statue of Abraham Lincoln, which dominates the Lincoln Memorial,
was sculpted by Daniel Chester French.
—NPS photograph
Above these are the names of the 48 states in the Union when the
monument was built in 1922.
The statue of Lincoln himself, sculpted of Georgia white marble
by Daniel Chester French, sits in the monument's center with Lincoln gazing toward the Washington Monument. His proportions are
enormous. He measures 19 feet by 19 feet; if he were standing, his
figure would be 28 feet tall. Flanking the great man are marble inscriptions of his two best-known speeches, the Gettysburg Address
and the Second Inaugural Address, along with allegorical murals that
portray national unity and the freeing of the slaves. In the foreground,
a 2,000-foot-Iong, 160-foot-wide reflecting pool stretches like a carpet
of water.
�District of Columbia I 85
Although Congress incorporated the Lincoln Monument Association in 1867, two years after Lincoln's death, the ground was not broken until 1914. The spot was chosen on dredged land known as West
Potomac Park, which lay on an axis with the Washington Monument
and the Capitol Building. The site symbolically connects Lincoln to the
major institutions and influences in American history. The memorial
was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1922, when Chief Justice
(and former President) William Howard Taft presented the memorial to President Warren G. Harding. Since its opening, the Lincoln
Memorial has become one of the most popular sites in the park system.
Some two million people from around the world visit the memorial
each year.
One of the best times to see the site is at night, when the crowds are
thin, the city is still, and the white marble glows under the spotlights.
From the base of the monument, one can look east over the reflecting pool towards the obelisk of the Washington Monument, or west
over the Potomac River to the Virginia skyline. Rangers give short
historical talks about the monument and its construction on request.
Over the years, water dripping through minute cracks in the limestone has formed stalactites and stalagmites in the cavity underneath
the monument. Visitors can see them, along with rusting tools and
charcoal drawings left by the workmen, by joining free "Looking
Under Lincoln" tours given daily in spring and fall. The stalactites,
called soda straws, are thin hollow tubes that resemble the fringe of
a spaghetti mop. They are most common under the front steps to
the monument, where waters drain into the foundation. Because the
tours are limited to 15 people, they are booked months in advance. For
a reservation, call 202-426-6841. The memorial observes Lincoln's
birthday, February 12, with an honor guard, speeches, and a military
band. A souvenir shop and public restrooms are open when rangers
are on duty.
Open: The memorial is always open. Rangers are on duty from
8 a.m. to midnight daily, except Christmas Day.
Fees: None.
Mailing Address: Lincoln Memorial, c/o National Park Service,
National Capital Parks-Central, 900 Ohio Drive, S.W., Washington,
DC 20242.
Telephone: 202-426-6841.
Getting There: The memorial is located between Constitution and
'1.1,. *' •
.^^^^ft'S'^v
�86 I District of Columbia
Independence avenues, at 23rd Street, N.W. Arlington Memorial
Bridge leads right to the memorial from Virginia. Two-hour parking
is available along West Basin Drive and Ohio Drive, near Independence Avenue; there is all-day parking at West Potomac Park and
Sunday parking on Constitution Avenue. Or take the subway to the
Foggy Bottom Metro Stop; walk south along 23rd Street (past the
State Department) to the memorial, about 8 long blocks.
II National Mall
One of the most striking features of the nation's capital is the
National Mall, a swath of green that sweeps across the city's midsection from Capitol Hill to the Potomac River. This grassy, tree-lined
boulevard, flanked by the Smithsonian Museums and the National
Gallery of Art, is a favorite spot for joggers, picnickers, and tourists.
Technically, the Mall extends from First to 14th streets N.W., between Constitution and Independence avenues, after which the land is
occupied by two other parks, the Washington Monument Grounds and
West Potomac Park. But to the visitor, all three parks meld into one,
and the unbroken vista from the Capitol Building to the Potomac
River seems part of a unified park covering 545 acres of downtown
Washington.
When French engineer Pierre L'Enfant laid out Washington in
1791, the area that is now the Mall was a forbidding swamp. Along this
swamp, which formed the base of a triangle linking the White House
with the Capitol Building, he proposed a canal linking the Potomac
and Anacostia rivers. Bordered by gardens, the canal paralleled Constitution Avenue and dipped southward to the Anacostia just before
reaching the Capitol grounds.
In the 1850s, landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing attempted to turn the Mall into a romantic park with serpentine carriage
lanes and an assortment of American evergreens. But in mid-project,
Downing died in a steamboat accident and the park that remains today
more nearly resembles L'Enfant's proposal.
A final phase in the evolution of the Mall took place in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, when the canal was drained, earthworks
were constructed to level the ground throughout, and trains were rerouted to Union Station. During the same time period, the land that
�District of Columbia I 95
II Thomas Jefferson Memorial
This circular, colonnaded monument to Thomas Jefferson, philosopher, author of the Declaration of Independence, and third president
of the United States, is built in an architectural style that Jefferson
himself introduced to this country. Jefferson's designs for his home,
Monticello, in Charlottesville, Virginia, and for the University of Virginia nearby also reflect his fondness for classical buildings.
As befits one of the seminal thinkers of American political theory,
the memorial occupies a symbolically important site in the national
capital. Together with the White House it forms one axis of a giant
cross that is completed by the axis extending from the Capitol Building to the Lincoln Memorial. This arrangement not only preserves the
symmetry Pierre L'Enfant envisioned when he laid out the District
of Columbia in 1791, it also links Jefferson's influence to the major
institutions and ideas upon which the nation was built.
Jefferson was only 33 years old in 1776 when he wrote the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This eloquent
document declared that "All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." From this
beginning as Virginia's delegate to the Constitutional Convention,
Jefferson's political rise was meteoric. After the Revolutionary War,
he served as a foreign minister to Europe, helping gain support for
the newly established United States. He returned to become George
Washington's secretary of state then John Adams' vice president. He
was elected president in 1801, the first of two terms during which he
doubled the size of the country with the Louisiana Purchase (1803).
National politics was not the only arena for Jefferson's genius. He
was active in state politics, he was also a gentleman farmer, a naturalist, and an inventor fond of technology and gadgets. He even wrote his
own version of the Bible, which he published as Jefferson's Bible. Jefferson died on July 4,1826, one year after his final project, the University
of Virginia, opened near his home in Charlottesville, Virginia.
In Washington, the white marble memorial honoring this great man
was dedicated in 1943 on reclaimed marshland at the edge of the
Tidal Basin. Inside the domed structure, a pedestal of black Minnesota
'Sit.''-
-:#
�g6 I District of Columbia
granite supports a gleaming 19-foot-high statue of Jefferson by Rudolph Evans. Above the entrance is a group of sculptures by Adolph A.
Weinman depicting Jefferson before the Continental Congress with
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. Inscriptions from Jefferson's writings are carved into the wall
panels. The outside terrace affords spectacular views of the White
House, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, and the
Capitol. Rangers are on duty to answer questions and give talks about
the memorial on request.
One of the most popular times to visit the Jefferson Memorial is in
early April, when the 650 Oriental Flowering Cherry Trees that ring
the Tidal Basin burst into a glorious display of pink popcorn blooms.
The annual Cherry Blossom Festival, a week-long celebration with
beauty pageants and parades, begins on Easter Monday. Jefferson's
birthday is commemorated at noon on April 13 with a wreath-laying
ceremony, speeches, a color guard, and music.
From spring through fall, paddle boats are available for rent at a
concession stand near the Tidal Basin. The stand operates daily.
Open: The memorial is open daily, except Christmas Day. Rangers
are on duty from 8 a.m. to midnight daily. Summer concerts begin at
8 p.m., dates vary. Paddleboat concession open from 9 a.m. to dusk
daily in season.
Fees: None for monument or concerts; paddleboat rentals, about
$3.75 an hour.
Mailing Address: Thomas Jefferson Memorial, c/o National Park
Service National Capital Parks-Central, 900 Ohio Drive, S. W., Washington, DC 20242.
Telephone: 202-426-6841.
Getting There: Take 15th Street south past the Washington Monument and the Bureau of Engraving toward the 14th Street Bridge.
Keep to the right around the the Tidal Basin to avoid taking the bridge
into Virginia. There is free parking at the site.
II Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Since it was dedicated on Memorial Day, 1982,10,000 people a da\
come to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Some leave a flower or tapt
�District of Columbia I 97
letter by one of the 58,156 names on the memorial, a silent tribute
o friends and family members who died in Vietnam. Some run their
ands over the inscriptions, trying, perhaps, to catch the essence of
he person. Others weep openly before the monument that has beome America's "wailing wall." The purpose of this solemn memorial,
iccording to founder Jan C. Scruggs, is to heal the wounds the Vietlam War caused to the national psyche and to allow Vietnam veterans
a rightful place beside others who have fought—and died—for their
country.
Designed by Maya Ying Lin, the Yale University student who in
1980 (then only 21) won a nationwide design competition, the monument is strikingly simple. Two 247-foot-long walls of black granite
from India meet at a 125 degree angle, tapering from a height of ten
feet to a few inches. One end points to the Washington Monument,
the other to the Lincoln Memorial, thus giving a historical context to
the ultimate sacrifice these names represent. These walls have been
polished so they reflect the faces and city around them like a dark
mirror. They are inscribed with the names of those who were killed
in Vietnam, died of wounds received there, or are missing. The names
are arranged by date, starting in 1959 with panel 1 on the east wall,
and ending in 1975 with panel 1 on the west wall. A sculpture by
Frederick Hart of three servicemen in combat gear stands nearby, a
graphic reminder of the Vietnam experience.
As early as 1959, two military advisors to Vietnam were shot.
By 1964, when Congress authorized full-scale U.S. participation with
its "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution," 20,000 troops were there. At the
height of American involvement, in 1969, American military personnel numbered 550,000. When the Republic of Vietnam surrendered to
the North Vietnamese in 1975, the United States evacuated the country, ending one of the longest and most unpopular wars in American
history.
Jan C. Scruggs, the monument's founder, was a 19-year-old native
of Washington, D.C, who served with the Army's 199th Light Infantry Brigade. Half of his company was killed or injured in the fighting,
ind Scruggs himself was hospitalized when he was wounded in the
back with shrapnel from an exploding grenade.
In April 1979, Scruggs, who had earned a graduate degree in
psychological counseling, incorporated the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund to raise money for a national memorial. The money would
�g8 I District of Columbia
come from the people, a sign that ambivalence over the war had
ended. Within three years more than 250,000 donors, most of them
individuals, had contributed $6 million.
It took five months to "gritblast" the names, which were taken from
official Vietnam casualty lists, into the monument's 19 marble panels
using a photographic process that had been specially developed for
the task. A diamond beside a name indicates the person died; a cross
indicates the person is missing or a P.O.W. Visitors can watch new
names being added to the monument each year near Memorial Day.
Park Service personnel are stationed at the monument from 8 a.m.
to midnight every day except Christmas. Volunteers, many of them
Vietnam veterans, are also there during that time to help visitors locate
specific names. Even before the monument was lighted at night, a surprising number of people would come with flashlights and Coleman
lanterns. Memorial Day and Veterans Day events at the monuments
have become very popular, and sometimes feature congressmen and
the President as speakers. Posters, books, statues and other souvenirs
are available at the kiosk near the base of the Lincoln Memorial, across
the Reflecting Pool from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and in the
Lincoln Memorial bookstore.
Open: Always open.
Fees: None.
Mailing Address: Vietnam Veterans Memorial, c/o National Park
Service National Capital Parks-Central, 900 Ohio Drive, S. W., Washington, DC 20242.
Telephone: 202-426-6841.
Getting There: The memorial is located in Constitution Gardens,
between the Reflecting Pool and Constitution Avenue. From the
Smithsonian subway stop, the Mall exit, walk west through the Washington Monument Grounds to 17th Street and north to Constitution
Avenue. The monument is near 20th and 21st streets and Constitution
Avenue, but is set into the ground and cannot be seen easily from the
street.
II Washington Monument
Tennessee Senator Howard Baker once wrote that the Washington
Monument ". . . soars above the city as nothing else—as I sus-
�District of Columbia I gg
pect Washington soared above his time." This white marble obelisk
honoring George Washington is the premier monument in a city of
monuments. It stands at the center, more or less, of two visual and
symbolic axes formed by the city's layout—one extending south from
the White House, the other extending west from the Capitol. That, at
least, is how Pierre L'Enfant envisioned the monument when he laid
out the nation's capital in 1791. But the site he chose turned out to
be too marshy to support a monument, so it was moved to more solid
ground 360 feet east and 120 feet south of the original position. The
true center of the axes is marked today by a small stone pier.
As every American school child knows, George Washington was
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of
the United States. With the help of great statesmen such as Thomas
Jefferson, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin,
he managed to gain the respect of European nations, restore public credit, and steer a mid-course between the powers of the federal
government and the states. Washington retired to his Mount Vernon
estate just south of the District of Columbia on the Virginia side of the
Potomac River in March 1797 after serving two terms as president.
He died two years later.
The Continental Congress considered erecting a monument to
Washington as early as 1783, but it was not until 1847 that the Washington Monument Society had raised sufficient public funds to hire
an architect. The design, by Robert Mills, called for a 600-foot-high
Egyptian obelisk projecting from a circular colonnaded Greek temple,
100 feet high and 250 feet in diameter. This structure was to be an
American pantheon, with statues of presidents and national heroes.
Fortunately, that grandiose plan was never realized. The monument today conforms to the proportions of a classical obelisk, with its
height measuring ten times its base. It is a simple, elegant statement of
Washington's greatness. It stands 555 feet, 5/8 inches high, with walls
that are 15 feet thick at the base of the shaft tapering to 18 inches at
the top. The structure weighs 90,054 tons and is held together without
any mortar. (Some mortar was used for fitting but it was not necessary for structural support.) The cornerstone was laid on July 4,1848,
amid great fanfare and with the same trowel Washington used to lay
the cornerstone of the Capitol in 1793.
But the project was plagued with difficulties. In 1854, after a stone
donated by Pope Pius IX was stolen by The American Party, an
anti-Catholic, xenophobic political group called the "Know-Nothings,"
1
�ioo I Diiitrict of Columbia
contributionsflagged.The Know-Nothings also took over the Monument Society and controlled it from 1855 to 1858, when they turned it
over to the proper officials. As a result of Know-Nothing control. Con-,
gress tabled action on a $200,000 appropriation, bringing construction
on the monument to a halt.
By the time Monument Society officials regained their grip on the
project, the Civil War was imminent and the monument remained a
154-foot-high marble stub. "It has the aspect of a factory chimney
with the top broken off," observed Mark Twain.
Construction resumed in 1880—with work on the foundation starting somewhat earlier—this time with publicfinancing.But the marble
used in the renewed construction did not come from the same vein as
the original marble. The result: A darkish ring 150 feet up the monument demarcates the later construction. Work was completed when
the structure was topped with an 8.9-foot aluminum pyramid. The
monument was dedicated in 1885.
An elevator whisks visitors to the top of the monument in 70 seconds for one of the best views in the city. (By law, no buildings in
Washington, D.C, can be taller than 150 feet; the actual limit is 110
to 130 feet.) Inside, at the monument's top, there are two windows in
each of the four walls with diagrams explaining the buildings that can
be glimpsed in the background. Visitors can stay as long as they like.
But come early as waiting time can last for up to two hours during the
peak tourist season.
It is no longer possible to walk up the monument's 897 steps, but
the Park Service leads special guided tours down the monument, which
are available by reservation only. The staircase route reveals the 192
memorial stones including the Pope's Stone, engraved with A Roma
Americae, which was added in 1982. The stones were donated by state
and local governments, foreign countries, fire departments, professional organizations like the American Medical Association, and even
temperance groups. Some have elaborately carved bas-reliefs, others
are simple engravings on indigenous stones such as the petrified wood
donated by the state of Arizona. Rangers lead free, iVi-hour tours
daily when staffing permits. For a reservation, call the day you plan
to visit. Telephone: 202-426-6841.
Special activities and festivals are held throughout the year on the
monument grounds. Washington's birthday is celebrated on February
22 with a wreath-laying ceremony. On the Mall, the Smithsonian
�District of Columbia I 101
hosts the annual kite festival in March and the Festival of American Folklife, with performances, crafts, and food, in early July. Dates
and themes vary. There are also-free music and dance concerts at the
Sylvan Theater just south of the monument. (Public restrooms are
located nearby.)
Open: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily in winter; 8 a.m. to midnight from
mid-April to Labor Day. Free tours conducted at 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
daily.
Fees: None.
Mailing Address: Washington Monument, c/o National Park Service, National Capital Parks-Central, National Park Service, 900 Ohio
Drive, S.W., Washington, DC 20242.
Telephone: 202-426-6841.
Getting There: The monument is between 15th and 17th streets
and Constitution and Independence avenues. There is some parking
on the grounds, and limited free parking is available evenings and
weekends on the Ellipse to the north. Nearby West Potomac Park has
all-day parking between the Tidal Basin and the Potomac River. The
nearest subway stop is the Smithsonian (Mall), a ten-minute walk
from the site.
II White House
The White House has been the official residence of every president
of the United States except George Washington. Designed by James
Hoban, an Irishman who won $500 for his proposal in the design
competition, the three-story building has the harmonious proportions of a late 18th-century English country mansion. Some say the
White House resembles the house of the Duke of Leinster in Dublin;
others dispute the comparison. Whatever the architectural influence,
the name "White House" is unique: It comes from the coat of white
paint used to cover the charred limestone after the British burned the
building in 1814. Mansion features include a characteristic circular
portico, graceful Ionic columns, tall windows with alternating arched
and triangular pediments, and a sweeping balustrade.
The cornerstone was laid on October 13,1792, on a spot selected by
George Washington, but the building was still not complete in 1800
�Korean War Veterans' Memorial Virtual Visitors' Center
http://www.nps.gov/kwvm/index2.htm
They went not for conquest and not for gain,
but only to protect the anguished and the innocent.
They suffered greatly and by their heroism
in a thousand forgotten battles they added a
luster to the codes we hold most dear:
duty, honor, country, fidelity, bravery, integrity....
William Sessions, former FBI director and a veteran of the Korean War
Begun in the shadow of World War II, waged in a faraway land,
and concluded not with the enemy's surrender but with a negotiated armistice, the Korean
War gave most Americans little to remember and much to forget. But for the 1.5 million
U.S. men and women who served there and the families and friends of those who did not
return, the Korean War could never be The Forgotten War.
The end of the Cold War has
brought renewed interest in the
conflict that helped determine its
course and has generated a new
appreciation for the contributions
of those who left home and
homeland to aid in the struggle
against aggression.
The Korean War Veterans
Memorial honors the men and
women who served in Korea, for
their struggles and sacrifices under
trying circumstances in service to
their country and the cause of
freedom.
Only five years had passed since the end of the World War II when a war-weary United
States found itself again embroiled in a major international conflict. In the early moming
hours of June 25, 1950, the communist government of North Korea launched an attack
into South Korea.
Determined to support the world's imperiled democracies, the United States immediately
led a United Nations force to the remote Asian peninsula. What was envisioned as a short,
decisive repelling of the enemy became a prolonged, bitter, and frustrating fight that
threatened to explode beyond Korean borders.
For three years the fighting raged until at last an uneasy peace returned to the region with
a negotiated settlement that re-established the earlier boundary between North and South.
One and a half million American men and women, a cross-section of the nation's
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population, struggled side by side during the conflict. They served as soldiers, chaplains,
nurses, clerks, and in a host of other combat and support roles. One hundred thirty-one
were awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest commendation for combat
bravery. Of the recipients, ninety-four had given their lives in the acts that earned them
that honor.
Visitors approaching the memorial come first to the
triangular "field of service." Here 19 stainless steel
statues, the creation of World War II veteran Frank
Gaylord, depict a squad on patrol and evoke the
experience of American ground troops in Korea.
Strips of granite and scrubby juniper bushes suggest the
rugged Korean terrain, while windblown ponchos recall
the harsh weather also endured. This symbolic patrol
brings together members of the Air Force, Army,
Marines, and Navy, and portrays servicemen from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
A granite curb on the north side of the statues lists the 22 countries of the United Nations
that sent troops or gave medical support in defense of South Korea. On the south side
stands a wall of California Academy black granite,
intermingling in its polished surface the reflections of
the statues with the etched images of more than 2,400
unnamed service men and women. These images
reveal the determination of the U.S. forces and the
countless ways in which Americans answered the call
to duty.
Louis Nelson Associates, using period photographs,
composed the mural; a computer-generated stencil
then guided the sandblasting that carved in stone this
tribute to all who served.The adjacent "pool of remembrance", encircled by a grove of
linden trees, provides a setting for quiet reflection.
Numbers of those killed, wounded, missing in
action, and prisoners of war are etched into the
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action, and prisoners of war are etched into the
curb. Opposite this counting of the war's toll the
granite wall bears a message inlaid in silver:
Freedom is Not Free.
Injtatober 1986, the U.S. Congress authorized^,
creation of a Korean War veterans memorial inWashington, D . C , to be directed by a l^membef board of Korean War veterans appointed by the
President.
On June 1, 1989, following a national^
competition, the board officiall&selected a
design m^^y0m^^^s&Wn§m.
ing
the project.
Nearly three years elapsed before a revised plan,
devetep^tby^
1
memorial wa^jde^atjedon- M y 27, 1995, th&42nd anniversary of the armistice that
'end'ed fffe Korean War.
K
The memorial is staffed from 8 a.m. to midnight every day except December 25 by park rangers who are
available to answer questions and present interpretive themes. A bookstore in the nearby Lincoln
Memorial sells informational items relating to both the memorial and the Korean War. The Korean War
Veterans Memorial is part of the National Park System, one of more than 360 parks representing our
nation's natural and cultural heritage . Address inquiries to: Superintendent, National Capital
Parks-Central, 900 Ohio Drive SW, Washington, DC 20242.
EDUCATION
PROGRAMS
Korean Memorial
Quote
Washington
Monument
Thomas
Jefferson
Memorial
National Mall
Constitution
Gardens
FDR Memorial
Pennsylvania
Avenue NHS
Nat'l Cap Parks
Korean War
Veterans
Memorial
Old Post Office
Tower
Ford's Theatre
NHS
Vietnam Veterans
Memorial
Lincoln
Memorial
hltp://www.nps.gov/kwvm/index2.htm
joe hood^nps.eqv
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�Vietnam Veterans Memorial Virtual Visitors Center
http://www.nps.gov/vive/index2.htm
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial serves as a testament to the sacrifice of
American military personnel during one of this nation's least popular wars.
By erecting this memorial, it was hoped that the issue of the veterans and
their sacrifice could be separated from the U.S. policy in the war, thereby
creating a venue for reconciliation.
Congress authorized the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1980, stating that
it would be located prominently on the National Mall on two acres of
Constitution Gardens.
Following a contest involving over 1400 entries, a jury selected the design
of Maya Ying Lin of Athens, Ohio, who at the time was a 21 -year old
architectural student at Yale University. The Wall that Lin designed drew
criticism from various veterans groups. Rather than allow the memorial to
the veterans of a controversial war to itself become divisive and
controversial, it was decided to add Frederick Hart's Statue of the Three
Servicemen to the overall design.
The Wall was built in 1982 and the Statue of the Three-Servicemen^as
""addedvinJ284. That same year, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial cani'e
tinder, National Park Service stewardship at a dedication'ceremony with
'President Ronald'Reagan in attendance.*"
In 1993, the Vietnam Womenis_Memorial by sculptor Glenna Goodacre,
was added to represent the work of the women Vietnam veterans.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is today the most visited National Park
Service site in Washington, D.C.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is open daily from 8 a.m. until 11:45
p.m. A ranger station is open during these hours to assist visitors in
locating names on the memorial. The memorial is accessible. Restrooms
are in the nearby Lincoln Memorial. Limited parking is on Constitution
Avenue and on Ohio Drive For assistance finding a name or information
on ranger programs call 202-634-1568.
EDUCATION
Washington
MonumenT
Constitution
National Mall
Gardens
Pennsylvania Avenue
.|
p
Lincoln Memorial
N a t
C
a
p
PROGRAMS
Thomas JefTerson Korean War
Vietnam Veterans
Memorial
Veterans Memorial Memorial
Old Post Office
Ford's Theatre NHS
FDR Memorial
Tower
a r k s
E-mail us: National Mall
http://www.nps.gov/vive/index2.htm
For technical problems: joe hood(S)nps.gov
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Washingtcn Monument Virtual Visitor Center
The Washington Monument will soon be undergoing restoration.
VISIT
THE WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
RESTORATION
PAGE
To see a directional view from the Washington Monument, click below
EAST
NORTHEAST
NORTH
Know-Nothing Party
Statue of Washington
Memorial Stones
Masonic Stones
Lincoln Memorial
Jefferson Memorial
National Mall
Korean Memorial
Vietnam Memorial
Constitution Gardens
FDR Memorial
Old Post Office
Ford's Theatre
Pennsylvania Ave
Nat'l Cap Parks
NORTHWEST
WEST
SOUTHWEST
SOUTH
SOUTHEAST
Authorized by Congress in 1833, construction was not begun until
1848. Architect Robert Mills was hired by the privately funded
Washington National Monument Society to design a great column with
a colonnade at its base. It was intended that the colonnade would have
heroic statues of
Washington and other
revolutionary heroes and
founding fathers. Financial
considerations forced the
abandonment of the
colonnade and statues.
In 1854, members of the
controversial
Know-Nothing Party
gained control of the
Washington National
Monument Society. Private
contributions, which had
only been trickling in,
came to a halt during the Know-Nothing period, effectively
forcing construction to halt for almost 25 years.
'* sir
In 1876, frustrated that the nation's tribute to George
Washington was still incomplete during the Centennial
year, the Grant administration got the Society to donate the
project to the people of the United States, allowing
Congress to appropriate public funding for the Monument's
completion. Construction was resumed in 1878 under the
auspices of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The exterior of the obelisk was completed in 1884. It was dedicated in 1885 by
President Chester A. Arthur and opened to the public in 1888. Stewardship of
the Monument was transferred to the National Park Service in 1933.
The Washington Monument is 555 feet tall. It is made of marble from two
different quarries (One in Maryland and the other in Massachusetts), resulting
in the change of color about one-third of the way up. It has 897 steps which are now closed to the public
except for ranger-led tours. An elevator takes visitors on the 70 second trip up to the 500 foot landing for
magnificent views of the city. A bronze
replica of the Jean Antoine Houdon statue of
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Washington Monument Virtual Visitor Center
replica of the Jean Antoine Houdon statue of
George Washington adorns the waiting room.
The stairwell walls contain 192 memorial
stones honoring Washington, all donated as
gifts of the 50 states, and foreign
governments, organizations, cities, and
individuals.
The Washington Monument is open April to
September from 8 a.m. until 11:45 p.m., and
from 9 a.m. until 4:45 p.m. the rest of the
year. Free tickets for a timed entrance are
available at the ticket kiosk on
15th street at the base of the
Tickets
monument. Visitation can be
heavy and ticket lines can be
required
long. Advance tickets are
available for a service charge through
Ticketmaster of Washington, D.C. There are
no restroom facilities at the monument. The monument is accessible. There is a parking lot on
Constitution Avenue. For further information call 202-426-6839.
n o w
"
write
2 of 2
:
^Education Froapatns
For more information, e-mail us at Nation_Mall@nps.gov
http://www.nps.gov/wamo/index2.htm
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Thom^B-fferson Memorial Virtual Visitors' Center
http://www.nps.gov/thje/index2.htm
Thomas Jefferson Memorial
Congress authorized the creation of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial in 1934 to honor the founding
father most accepted as having been
the political philosopher of the
li
American Revolution.
Through his writings, notably the
Declaration of Independence, Thomas
Jefferson articulated the philosophy of
selfgovemment and how it could be
applied in the fledgling United States.
Constmction^of the,Jeffersbn^Memonak, I
was completed b ^ ^ 9 3 8 ^ # | 4 ^ |
under National Park Sefvice auspicesi^
President Franklin D. Rioosevelt^the^
chief proponent for?building t f i t
memorial, attehd&d the 1943 dedication
ceremony.
Architect John Russell Pope incorporated Jefferson's own architectural tastes into the design of the
memorial. The memorial, like Jefferson's home Monticello, is based on the Roman Pantheon. The
interior ceiling is modeled on the Pantheon's lacunar design.
The exterior of the monument is made of Vermont Imperial Danby marble. Interior walls are Georgia
White marble; the floor Tennessee pink marble; and the ceiling Indiana
limestone. Standing in the center of the circular chamber is the statue by
Rudolph Evans surrounded by four walls with excerpts of Jefferson's
writings. Above the entrance, on the exterior, is a sculptural depiction by A.
A. Weinman of the Declaration Committee.
•I'm
The Jefferson Memorial overlooks the Tidal Basin around which flourish
the Japanese flowering cherry trees which bloom each Spring for a mere
two weeks. The memorial is currently undergoing restoration.
The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is open seven days a week from 8 a.m.
until 11:45 p.m. The memorial is accessible. Parking is available. The lower
lobby has a book shop, restrooms, and displays on Thomas Jefferson. For information on ranger
programs call 202-426-6821.
EDUCATION
1 of 2
PROGRAMS
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�http://www.nps.gov/thje/index2.htm
1
Thorn, mtffersonMemorial Virtual Visitors' Center
Lincoln Memorial
Washington
Monument
Thomas
Jefferson
Memorial
National Mall
Constitution
Gardens
FDR Memorial
Pennsylvania
Avenue NHS
Korean War
Veterans
Memorial
Old Post Office
Tower
Nat'l Cap Parks
Vietnam Veterans
Memorial
Ford's Theatre
NHS
httpV/www. nps.gov/thjc/index2. htm
joe_hood@nps.gov
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Lincoln Memorial Virtual Visitors' Center
A Decade in
Building
A Spirit
Captured
A National
Forum
The
Dedication
Lincoln Memorial
Mural
Restoration
A Noble
Setting
Classical
Architecture
Building
Statistics
Daniel
Chester
French
The Lincoln
Statue
Volks Life
Mask
Memorial
Top
The Lee
Rumor
Lincoln: The
Person
espafiol)
Itangais)
The Lincoln Memorial is a tribute to President Abraham Lincoln and the
nation he fought to preserve during the Civil War (1861-1865).
The nation's bloodiest
conflict, the Civil War,
which followed the
secession of southern
states, was the supreme
test of the durability of
the Union created by the
founding fathers.
Lincoln's stewardship of
the Union cause
contributed to the final
victory of the Union and
the abolishment of slavery
in the United States.
These victories earned him the sobriquets of "Savior of the Union." Lincoln
was assassinated while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington,
D.C. For many he then became a martyr to the causes of union and
emancipation.
Lincoln: The
President
(espafiol)
(frangais)
Hardinga
1933, the LincotoMemoriai was transferred to the Turisdic.tioh of the
National Park Service.
General
Visitor
Information
Architect Henry Bacon modeled his design for the building after the Greek
Parthenon. Built into the design are symbols of Union like the 36 exterior
Doric columns representing the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's
death~the Union he had fought to preserve. Those states are listed on the
frieze above the columns. Above those states are
Gettysburg
Address
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Address
frieze above the columns. Above those states are
listed the 48 states in the Union when the
Second
Inaugural
memorial was built, making the memorial a
Address
tribute to the Union as much as a tribute to
Lincoln himself. Alaska and Hawaii are represented with a
plaque on the front steps.
The exterior is made of Colorado Yule marble with a
walkway made of Massachusetts granite and Potomac River
stones. The interior walls and columns are Indiana limestone,
the floor Tennessee Pink marble, and the ceiling is made of
panels of Alabama marble soaked in paraffin to make them
translucent.
Dominating the interior is Daniel Chester French's Lincoln
statue along with allegorical murals by Jules Guerin, and
carved inscriptions of two of Lincoln's most important
speeches.
Damaged over the years by heavy visitation and environmental factors, the Lincoln
Memorial is currently undergoing a major restoration.
EDUCATION
PROGRAM:
For questions on the Lincoln Memorial e-mail to: The National Mall
http://www.nps.gov/linc/index2.htm
For technical problems: joe hood@nps.gov
Monday, I O-Feb-97 13:31:22
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�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Michael Waldman
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Michael Waldman was Assistant to the President and Director of Speechwriting from 1995-1999. His responsibilities were writing and editing nearly 2,000 speeches, which included four State of the Union speeches and two Inaugural Addresses. From 1993 -1995 he served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Coordination.</p>
<p>The collection generally consists of copies of speeches and speech drafts, talking points, memoranda, background material, correspondence, reports, handwritten notes, articles, clippings, and presidential schedules. A large volume of this collection was for the State of the Union speeches. Many of the speech drafts are heavily annotated with additions or deletions. There are a lot of articles and clippings in this collection.</p>
<p>Due to the size of this collection it has been divided into two segments. Use links below for access to the individual segments:<br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+1">Segment One</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+2">Segment Two</a></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Michael Waldman
Office of Speechwriting
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1993-1999
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2006-0469-F
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
Segment One contains 1071 folders in 72 boxes.
Segment Two contains 868 folders in 66 boxes.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Info About Other Monuments
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Office of Speechwriting
Michael Waldman
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 32
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36404"> Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7763296">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2006-0469-F Segment 2
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
6/3/2015
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
7763296
42-t-7763296-20060469F-Seg2-032-013-2015