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�PRESIDENT WILLIAM J. CLINTON
INSERT ON SPACE POLICY
September 19,1996
�Every day, we see around us evidence of the
remarkable age of possibility in which we are living. We
all saw the stunning picturesfromspace early this
moming, as the U.S. Space Shuttle Atlantis linked up with
and the Russian Space Station Mir ~ and our American
hero, Shannon Lucid, greeted her American colleagues.
All Americans are proud of her. We know she is eager to
return home, to see her family and "feel the wind on your
face and the sun on your back," after 6 months in space.
We all look forward to seeing her and wishing her well.
�The announcement by NASA last month of evidence
of possible microscopic life on Mars underscored how
much we have to leam. And it redoubled our
determination to continue exploring space, to widen the
frontiers of knowledge and to harness science to serve our
people.
Today, our administration will announce the results of
a top-to-bottom review of space policy -- the first new
space policy since the end of the Cold War. The new
realities of this world compel new priorities. I want to tell
you about a few of them.
�First, we will step up our exploration of Mars to
continue the search for evidence oflife and to expand our
knowledge of the universe. N©?to*enth, America will
launch a long-planned robotic probe to the surface of
Mars. Today, we commit for the first time to a continuous
robotic presence on the surface of Mars by the Year 2000.
As often as necessary, we will launch probes that will give
us a sustained, continuous flow of informationfromthe
surface of the red planet. This data will help determine
whether, how, and when to send human missions to Mars.
Second, we will tear down barriers that block the full
development of the American space industry.
�[Boeing recently announced an innovative proposal to
work with Russia, Ukraine, and Norway to launch
satellites at sea.] For the first time, we are committing to
movingfromcountry-by-country quotas, which limit the
access of U.S. satellite companies to rockets launched by
other countries, to afreemarket in space. This will help
spur a telecommunications revolution, with hundreds of
low-altitude satellites girding the globe »fromworldwide
computer networks beamed satellite-to-satellite, to cellphones that will work anywhere in the world.
�^ ,
7
I /
I/) Mrr^
1
Third, this report gives us a blueprint for national
security space activities in the post-Cold War era. We
commit: Our military will continue to use space to protect
our national security, to maintain ourfreedomof action in
space, to monitor threats and compliance with arms
control treaties.
All of this owes a great deal to the leadership of VicePresident Gore. I asked the Vice-President to convene a
bipartisan space summit this year. We expect to hold this
in December. It will reorder our spending to match our
new priorities.
7d
�Our children and their children will look back on this
as a time when new vistas opened to us. I want to build a
bridge to the 21st Century where we create opportunity
for all our people, where our children work in new
industries in jobs that haven't been invented yet ~ and
where our horizons stretch to the heavens.
�In commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Apollo landing, President Clinton had these
words to say:
By advancing a program in robotic exploration using smaller, less costly spacecraft, we
can further expand our understanding
By renewing our commitment to human space
flight in concert with other nations, we can strengthen the bonds of international
friendship, while fostering the technological development that holds the key to long term
economic growth....By completing our "Mission to Planet Earth," we will gain unique
insight into our planet's dynamic environment. We have one chance to keep our covenant
with generations to come-safeguarding the thin blue shield that sustains all of earth's
inhabitants."
The policy we've released today is the blue-print for expanding our understanding of the
universe, encouraging technical innovation, and strengthening our national security; all of which
will ensure that we can keep the covenant we have with future generations for years to come.
Thank you very much.
�THE WHITE HOUSE
National Science and Technology Council
For Immediate Release
September 19, 1996
FACT SHEET
NATIONAL SPACE POLICY
Introduction
(1)
For over three decades, the United States has led the world in the exploration and use of
outer space. Our achievements in space have inspired a generation of Americans and
people throughout the world. We will maintain this leadership role by supporting a
strong, stable and balanced national space program that serves our goals in national
security, foreign policy, economic growth, environmental stewardship and scientific and
technical excellence. Access to and use of space is central for preserving peace and
protecting U.S. national security as well as civil and commercial interests. The United
States will pursue greater levels of partnership and cooperation in national and
international space activities and work with other nations to ensure the continued
exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes.
(2)
The goals of the U.S. space program are to:
(a)
(b)
Strengthen and maintain the national security of the United States;
(c)
Enhance the economic competitiveness, and scientific and technical capabilities of
the United States;
(d)
Encourage State, local and private sector investment in, and use of, space
technologies;
(e)
(3)
Enhance knowledge of the Earth, the solar system and the universe through
human and robotic exploration;
Promote international cooperation to further U.S. domestic, national security, and
foreign policies.
The United States is committed to the exploration and use of outer space by all nations for
peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humanity. "Peaceful purposes" allow defense
and intelligence-related activities in pursuit of national security and other goals. The
United States rejects any claims to sovereignty by any nation over outer space or celestial
�bodies, or any portion thereof, and rejects any limitations on the fundamental right of
sovereign nations to acquire data from space. The United States considers the space
systems of any nation to be national property with the right of passage through and
operations in space without interference. Purposeful interference with space systems shall
be viewed as an infringement on sovereign rights.
(4)
The U.S. Government will maintain and coordinate separate national security and civil
space systems where differing needs dictate. All actions undertaken by agencies and
departments in implementing the national space policy shall be consistent with U.S. law,
regulations, national security requirements, foreign policy, international obligations and
nonproliferation policy.
(5)
The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal forum for resolving
issues related to national space policy. As appropriate, the NSTC and NSC will co-chair
policy processes.
This policy will be implemented within the overall resource and policy guidance provided by the
President.
Civil Space Guidelines
(1)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the lead agency for research and
development in civil space activities.
(2)
NASA, in coordination with other departments and agencies as appropriate, will focus its
research and development efforts in: space science to enhance knowledge of the solar
system, the universe, and fundamental natural and physical sciences; Earth observation to
better understand global change and the effect of natural and human influences on the
environment; human space flight to conduct scientific, commercial, and exploration
activities; and space technologies and applications to develop new technologies in support
of U.S. Government needs and our economic competitiveness.
(3)
To enable these activities, NASA will:
(a)
Develop and operate the International Space Station to support activities requiring
the unique attributes of humans in space and establish a permanent human presence
in Earth orbit. The International Space Station will support future decisions on the
feasibility and desirability of conducting further human exploration activities.
(b)
Work with the private sector to develop flight demonstrators that will support a
decision by the end of the decade on development of a next-generation reusable
launch system.
�(c)
Continue a strong commitment to space science and Earth science programs.
NASA will undertake:
(i)
(ii)
a long-term program to identify and characterize planetary bodies in orbit
around other stars;
(iv)
(4)
a long-term program, using innovative new technologies, to obtain in-situ
measurements and sample returns from the celestial bodies in the solar
system;.
(iii)
(d)
a sustained program to support a robotic presence on the surface of Mars
by year 2000 for the purposes of scientific research, exploration and
technology development;
a program of long-term observation, research, and analysis of the Earth's
land, oceans, atmosphere and their interactions, including continual
measurements from the Earth Observing System by 1998.
In carrying out these activities, NASA will develop new and innovative space
technologies and smaller more capable spacecraft to improve the performance and
lower the cost of future space missions.
In the conduct of these research and development programs, NASA will:
(a)
Ensure safety on all space flight missions involving the Space Shuttle and the
International Space Station.
(b)
Emphasize flight programs that reduce mission costs and development times by
implementing innovative procurement practices, validating new technologies and
promoting partnerships between government, industry, and academia.
(c)
Acquire spacecraft from the private sector unless, as determined by the NASA
Administrator, development requires the unique technical capabilities of a NASA
center.
(d)
Make use of relevant private sector remote sensing capabilities, data, and
information products and establish a demonstration program to purchase data
products from the U.S. private sector.
(e)
Use competition and peer review to select scientific investigators.
(f)
Seek to privatize or commercialize its space communications operations no later
than 2005.
�(g)
(5)
Examine with DoD, NOAA and other appropriate federal agencies, the feasibility
of consolidating ground facilities and data communications systems that cannot
otherwise be provided by the private sector.
The Department of Commerce (DoC), through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), has the lead responsibility for managing Federal space-based civil
operational Earth observations necessary to meet civil requirements. In this role, the DoC,
in coordination with other appropriate agencies, will:
(a)
acquire data, conduct research and analyses, and make required predictions about
the Earth's environment;
(b)
consolidate operational U.S. Government civil requirements for data products, and
define and operate Earth observation systems in support of operational monitoring
needs; and
(c)
in accordance with current policy and Public Law 102-555 provide for the
regulation and licensing of the operation of private sector remote sensing systems.
(6)
The Department of the Interior, through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), will
maintain a national archive of land remote sensing data and other surface data as
appropriate, making such data available to U.S. Government and other users.
(7)
The Department of Energy will maintain the necessary capability to support civil space
missions, including research on space energy technologies and space radiation effects and
safety.
National Securitv Space Guidelines
(1)
The United States will conduct those space activities necessary for national security.
These activities will be overseen by the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central
Intelligence (DCI) consistent with their respective responsibilities as set forth in the
National Security Act of 1947, as amended, other applicable law, and Executive Order
12333. Other departments and agencies will assist as appropriate.
(2)
Improving our ability to support military operations worldwide, monitor and respond to
strategic military threats, and monitor arms control and non-proliferation agreements and
activities are key priorities for national security space activities. The Secretary of Defense
and DCI shall ensure that defense and intelligence space activities are closely coordinated;
that space architectures are integrated to the maximum extent feasible; and will continue
to modernize and improve their respective activities to collect against, and respond to,
changing threats, environments and adversaries.
�(3)
National security space activities shall contribute to U.S. national security by:
(a)
(b)
providing support for the United States' inherent right of self-defense and our
defense commitments to allies and friends;
deterring, warning, and if necessary, defending against enemy attack;
(c)
assuring that hostile forces cannot prevent our own use of space;
(d)
countering, if necessary, space systems and services used for hostile purposes;
(e)
enhancing operations of U.S. and allied forces;
(f)
ensuring our ability to conduct military and intelligence space-related activities;
(g)
satisfying military and intelligence requirements during peace and crisis as well as
through all levels of conflict;
(h)
supporting the activities of national policy makers, the intelligence community, the
National Command Authorities, combatant commanders and the military services,
other federal officials, and continuity of government operations.
(4)
Critical capabilities necessary for executing space missions must be assured. This
requirement will be considered and implemented at all stages of architecture and system
planning, development, acquisition, operation, and support.
(5)
The Department of Energy, in coordination with DoD, ACDA and the DCI will carry out
research on and development of technologies needed to effectively verify international
agreements to control special nuclear materials and nuclear weapons.
(6)
Defense Space Sector Guidelines:
(a)
DoD shall maintain the capability to execute the mission areas of space support,
force enhancement, space control, and force application.
(b)
In accordance with Executive Orders and applicable directives, DoD shall protect
critical space-related technologies and mission aspects.
(c)
DoD, as launch agent for both the defense and intelligence sectors, will maintain
the capability to evolve and support those space transportation systems,
infrastructure, and support activities necessary to meet national security
requirements. DoD will be the lead agency for improvement and evolution of the
current expendable launch vehicle fleet, including appropriate technology
development.
�(d)
(e)
The Secretary of Defense will establish DoD's specific requirements for military
and national-level intelligence information.
(f)
The Secretary of Defense, in concert with the DCI, and for the purpose of
supporting operational military forces, may propose modifications or
augmentations to intelligence space systems as necessary. The DoD may develop
and operate space systems to support military operations in the event that
intelligence space systems cannot provide the necessary intelligence support to the
DoD.
(g)
Consistent with treaty obligations, the United States will develop, operate and
maintain space control capabilities to ensure freedom of action in space and, if
directed, deny such freedom of action to adversaries. These capabilities may also
be enhanced by diplomatic, legal or military measures to preclude an adversary's
hostile use of space systems and services. The U.S. will maintain and modernize
space surveillance and associated battle management command, control,
communications, computers, and intelligence to effectively detect, track,
categorize, monitor, and characterize threats to U.S. and friendly space systems
and contribute to the protection of U.S. military activities.
(h)
(7)
DoD will pursue integrated satellite control and continue to enhance the
robustness of its satellite control capability. DoD will coordinate with other
departments and agencies, as appropriate, to foster the integration and
interoperability of satellite control for all governmental space activities.
The United States will pursue a ballistic missile defense program to provide for:
enhanced theater missile defense capability later this decade; a national missile
defense deployment readiness program as a hedge against the emergence of a
long-range ballistic missile threat to the United States; and an advanced technology
program to provide options for improvements to planned and deployed defenses.
Intelligence Space Sector Guidelines:
(a)
The DCI shall ensure that the intelligence space sector provides timely information
and data to support foreign, defense and economic policies; military operations;
diplomatic activities; indications and warning; crisis management; and treaty
verification, and that the sector performs research and development related to
these functions.
(b)
The DCI shall continue to develop and apply advanced technologies that respond
to changes in the threat environment and support national intelligence priorities.
(c)
The DCI shall work closely with the Secretary of Defense to improve the
intelligence space sector's ability to support military operations worldwide.
�(d)
The nature, the attributable collected information and the operational details of
intelligence space activities will be classified. The DCI shall establish and
implement policies to provide appropriate protection for such data, including
provisions for the declassification and release of such information when the DCI
deems that protection is no longer required.
(e)
Collected information that cannot be attributed to space systems will be classified
according to its content.
(f)
These guidelines do not apply to imagery product, the protection of which is
governed by Executive Order 12951.
(g)
Strict security procedures will be maintained to ensure that public discussion of
satellite reconnaissance by Executive Branch personnel and contractors is
consistent with DCI guidance. Executive Branch personnel and contractors should
refrain from acknowledging or releasing information regarding satellite
reconnaissance until a security review has been made.
(h)
The following facts are UNCLASSIFIED:
(i)
That the United States conducts satellite photoreconnaissance for peaceful
purposes, including intelligence collection and monitoring arms control
agreements.
(ii)
That satellite photoreconnaissance includes a near real-time capability and
is used to provide defense-related information for indications and warning,
and the planning and conduct of military operations.
(iii)
That satellite photoreconnaissance is used in the collection of mapping,
charting, and geodetic data and such data is provided to authorized federal
agencies.
(iv)
That satellite photoreconnaissance is used to collect mapping, charting and
geodetic data to develop global geodetic and cartographic materials to
support defense and other mapping-related activities.
(v)
That satellite photoreconnaissance can be used to collect scientific and
environmental data and data on natural or man-made disasters, and such
data can be disseminated to authorized federal agencies.
(vi)
That photoreconnaissance assets can be used to image the United States
and its territories and possessions.
(vii)
That the U.S. conducts overhead signals intelligence collection.
�(viii)
That the U.S. conducts overhead measurement and signature intelligence
collection.
(ix)
The existence of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the
identification and official titles of its senior officials.
All other details, facts and products of intelligence space activities are subject to
appropriate classification and security controls as determined by the DCI.
(i)
Changes to the space intelligence security policy set forth in the national space
policy can be authorized only by the President.
Commercial Space Guidelines
(1)
The fundamental goal of U.S. commercial space policy is to support and enhance U.S.
economic competitiveness in space activities while protecting U.S. national security and
foreign policy interests. Expanding U.S. commercial space activities will generate
economic benefits for the Nation and provide the U.S. Government with an increasing
range of space goods and services.
(2)
U.S. Government agencies shall purchase commercially available space goods and services
to the fullest extent feasible and shall not conduct activities with commercial applications
that preclude or deter commercial space activities except for reasons of national security
or public safety. A space good or service is "commercially available" ifit is currently
offered commercially, or if it could be supplied commercially in response to a government
service procurement request. "Feasible" means that such goods or services meet mission
requirements in a cost-effective manner.
(3)
The United States will pursue its commercial space objectives without the use of direct
Federal subsidies. Commercial Sector space activities shall be supervised or regulated
only to the extent required by law, national security, international obligations and public
safety.
(4)
To stimulate private sector investment, ownership, and operation of space assets, the U.S.
Government will facilitate stable and predictable U.S. commercial sector access to
appropriate U.S. Government space-related hardware, facilities and data. The U.S.
Government reserves the right to use such hardware, facilities and data on a priority basis
to meet national security and critical civil sector requirements. Government Space Sectors
shall:
(a)
Enter into appropriate cooperative agreements to encourage and advance private
sector basic research, development, and operations while protecting the
commercial value of the intellectual property developed.
�(b)
Identify, and propose appropriate amendments to or the elimination of, applicable
portions of United States laws and regulations that unnecessarily impede
commercial space sector activities.
(c)
Consistent with national security, provide for the timely transfer of
government-developed space technology to the private sector in such a manner as
to protect its commercial value, including retention of technical data rights by the
private sector.
(d)
To the extent feasible, pursue innovative methods for procurement of space
products and services.
(5)
Free and fair trade in commercial space launch services is a goal of the United States. In
support of this goal, the United States will implement, at the expiration of current space
launch agreements, a strategy for transitioning from negotiated trade in launch services
towards a trade environmenUGharacterizedL^ythFfree^^open interaction of market '
economiesTTheUrST^fradeRepresentative, incoordinatioriwitirfhe"Offrce"of Science
and Technology Policy and the National Economic Council, will develop a strategy to
guide this implementation.
(6)
Consistent with Executive Order 12046 and applicable statutes, U.S. Government
agencies and departments will ensure that U.S. Government telecommunications policies
support a competitive international environment for space-based telecommunications.
Intersector Guidelines
The following paragraphs identify priority intersector guidance to support major United States
space policy objectives.
(1)
International Cooperation
The United States will pursue and conduct international cooperative space-related activities that
achieve scientific, foreign policy, economic, or national security benefits for the nation.
International agreements related to space activities shall be subject to normal interagency
coordination procedures, consistent with applicable laws and regulations. United States
cooperation in international civil space activities will:
(a)
Promote equitable cost-sharing and yield benefits to the United States by
increasing access to foreign scientific and technological data and expertise and
foreign research and development facilities;
(b)
Enhance relations with U.S. allies and Russia while supporting initiatives with
other states of the former Soviet Union and emerging spacefaring nations;
Support U.S. technology transfer and nonproliferation objectives;
(c)
�10
(d)
Create new opportunities for U.S. commercial space activities; and
(e)
Protect the commercial value of intellectual property developed with Federal
support and ensure that technology transfers resulting from cooperation do not
undermine U.S. competitiveness and national security.
(f)
In support of these objectives:
(i)
(ii)
(2)
NASA and the Department of State will negotiate changes in the existing
legal framework for International Space Station cooperation to include
Russia in the program along with the United States, Europe, Japan, and
Canada; and
NASA, in coordination with concerned U.S. Government agencies, will
explore with foreign space agencies and international organizations the
possible adoption of international standards for the interoperability of civil
research spacecraft communication and control facilities.
Space Transportation
(a)
Assuring reliable and affordable access to space through U.S. space transportation
capabilities is fundamental to achieving national space policy goals. Therefore, the
United States will:
(i)
Balance efforts to modernize existing space transportation capabilities with
the need to invest in the development of improved future capabilities;
(ii)
Maintain a strong transportation capability and technology base to meet
national needs for space transport of personnel and payloads;
(iii)
Promote reduction in the cost of current space transportation systems while
improving their reliability, operability, responsiveness, and safety;
(iv)
Foster technology development and demonstration to support a future
decision on the development of next generation reusable space
transportation systems that greatly reduce the cost of access to space;
(v)
Encourage, to the fullest extent feasible, the cost-effective use of
commercially provided U.S. products and services that meet mission
requirements; and
(vi)
Foster the international competitiveness of the U.S. commercial space
transportation industry, actively considering commercial needs and
�11
factoring them into decisions on improvements to launch facilities and
vehicles.
(b)
(c)
(3)
The Department of Transportation (DoT) is the lead agency within the Federal
government for regulatory guidance pertaining to commercial space transportation
activities, as set forth in 49 U.S.C. § 701, et seq., and Executive Order 12465.
The U.S. Government encourages and will facilitate U.S. private sector and state
and local government space launch and recovery activities.
All activities related to space transportation undertaken by U.S. agencies and
departments will be consistent with PDD/NSTC-4.
Space-based Earth Observation
(a)
The United States requires a continuing capability for space-based Earth
observation to provide information useful for protecting public health, safety, and
national security. Such a capability contributes to economic growth and stimulates
educational, scientific and technological advancement. The U.S. Government will:
(i)
Continue to develop and operate space-based Earth observing systems,
including satellites, instruments, data management and dissemination
activities;
(ii)
Continue research and development of advanced space-based Earth
observation technologies to improve the quality and reduce the costs of
Earth observations;
(iii)
Support the development of U.S. commercial Earth observation capabilities
by:
pursuing technology development programs, including partnerships
with industry;
licensing the operation and, as appropriate, the export of private
Earth observation systems and technologies, consistent with
existing policy;
providing U.S. Government civil data to commercial firms on a
non-discriminatory basis to foster the growth of the "value-added"
data enhancement industry; and
making use, as appropriate, of relevant private sector capabilities,
data, and information products in implementing this policy.
�12
(iv)
Produce and archive long-term environmental data sets.
(b)
The U.S. Government will continue to use Earth observation systems to collect
environmental data and provide all U.S. Government civil environmental data and
data products consistent with OMB Circular A-130, applicable statute and
guidelines contained in this directive.
(c)
The U. S. Government will seek mutually beneficial cooperation with U.S.
commercial and other national and international Earth observation system
developers and operators, to:
(i)
(ii)
develop U.S. Government civil Earth observing systems in coordination
with other national and international systems to ensure the efficient
collection and dissemination of the widest possible set of environmental
measurements;
(iii)
obtain Earth observation data from non-U. S. sources, and seek to make
such data available to users consistent with OMB Circular A-130, national
security requirements, and commercial sector guidance contained in the
national space policy; and
(iv)
(d)
define an integrated global observing strategy for civil applications;
support, as appropriate, the public, non-discriminatory direct read-out of
data from Federal civil systems.
The U.S. Government space sectors will coordinate, and where feasible, seek to
consolidate Earth observation activities to reduce overlaps in development,
measurements, information processing, and archiving where cost-effective and
consistent with U.S. space goals.
(i)
In accordance with PDD/NSTC-2, DoC/NOAA, DoD, and NASA shall
establish a single, converged, National Polar-Orbiting Environmental
Satellite System (NPOESS) to satisfy civil and national security
requirements.
(ii)
NASA, DoC/NOAA, DoD, the Intelligence Community, and DoE shall
work together to identify, develop, demonstrate, and transition advanced
technologies to U.S. Earth observation satellite systems.
(iii)
In accordance with PDD/NSTC-3, NASA, DoC/NOAA, and DoI/USGS
shall develop and operate an ongoing program to measure the Earth's land
surface from space and ensure the continuity of the Landsat-type data set.
�13
(iv)
(4)
Consistent with national security, the U.S. Government space sectors shall
continue to identify national security products and services that can
contribute to global change research and civil environmental monitoring,
and seek to make technology, products and services available to civil
agencies for such uses. Both unclassified and, as appropriate, classified
data from national security programs will be provided through established
mechanisms.
Nonproliferation, Export Controls, and Technology Transfer
(a)
(b)
The United States will maintain its general policy of not supporting the
development or acquisition of space launch vehicle systems in non-MTCR states.
(c)
For MTCR countries we will not encourage new space launch vehicle programs
which raise questions from a proliferation and economic standpoint. The United
States will, however, consider exports of MTCR-controlled items to MTCR
countries. Additional safeguard measures could also be considered for such
exports, where appropriate. Any exports would remain subject to the non-transfer
provisions of the INF and START treaties.
(d)
The United States will work to stem the flow of advanced space technology to
unauthorized destinations. Executive departments and agencies will be fully
responsible for protecting against adverse technology transfer in the conduct of
their programs.
(e)
(5)
The MTCR Guidelines are not designed to impede national space programs or
international cooperation in such programs as long as such programs could not
contribute to delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction. Consistent with
U.S. nonproliferation policy, the United States will continue to oppose missile
programs of proliferation concern, and will exercise particular restraint in
missile-related cooperation. The United States will continue to retain a strong
presumption of denial against exports of complete space launch vehicles or other
MTCR Category I components.
In entering into space-related technology development and transfer agreements
with other countries, Executive Departments and Agencies will take into
consideration whether such countries practice and encourage free and fair trade in
commercial space activities.
Arms Control
The United States will consider and, as appropriate, formulate policy positions on arms
control and related measures governing activities in space, and will conclude agreements
on such measures only if they are equitable, effectively verifiable, and enhance the security
�14
of the United States and our allies. The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA)
is the principal agency within the Federal government for arms control matters; ACDA, in
coordination with the DoD, DCI, State, DoE, and other appropriate Federal agencies, will
identify arms control issues and opportunities related to space activities and examine
concepts for measures that support national security objectives.
(6)
Space Nuclear Power
The Department of Energy will maintain the necessary capability to support space
missions which may require the use of space nuclear power systems. U.S. Government
agency proposals for international cooperation involving space nuclear power systems are
subject to normal interagency review procedures. Space nuclear reactors will not be used
in Earth orbit without specific approval by the President or his designee. Such requests
for approval will take into account public safety, economic considerations, international
treaty obligations, and U.S. national security and foreign policy interests. The Office of
Science and Technology Policy, in coordination with the NSC staff, will examine the
existing approval process, including measures to address possible commercial use of space
nuclear systems.
(7)
Space Debris
(a)
(b)
(8)
The United States will seek to minimize the creation of space debris. NASA, the
Intelligence Community, and the DoD, in cooperation with the private sector, will
develop design guidelines for future government procurements of spacecraft,
launch vehicles, and services. The design and operation of space tests,
experiments and systems, will minimize or reduce accumulation of space debris
consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness.
It is in the interest of the U.S. Government to ensure that space debris
minimization practices are applied by other spacefaring nations and international
organizations. The U.S. Government will take a leadership role in international
fora to adopt policies and practices aimed at debris minimization and will
cooperate internationally in the exchange of information on debris research and the
identification of debris mitigation options.
Government Pricing
The price charged for the use of U.S. Government facilities, equipment, and service, will
be based on the following principles:
(a)
Prices charged to U.S. private sector, state and local government space activities
for the use of U.S. Government facilities, equipment, and services will be based on
costs consistent with Federal guidelines, applicable statutes and the commercial
guidelines contained within the policy. The U.S. Government will not seek to
�15
recover design and development costs or investments associated with any existing
facilities or new facilities required to meet U.S. Government needs and to which
the U.S. Government retains title.
(b)
Consistent with mission requirements, NASA and DoD will seek to use consistent
pricing practices for facilities, equipment, and services.
(c)
Tooling, equipment, and residual hardware on hand at the completion of U.S.
Government programs will be priced and disposed of on a basis that is in the best
overall interest of the United States while not precluding or deterring the
continuing development of the U.S. commercial space sector.
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Clinton Library Photocopy
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
�Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
AND TYPE
001. paper
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
09/19/1996
RE: Phone No.'s (Partial) (1 page)
RESTRICTION
P6/b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Speechwriting
Michael Waldman
OA/Box Number:
14438
FOLDER TITLE:
Misc. 96 Speeches: Space Policy Announcement - 9/19/96
2006-0469-F
dbI595
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)|
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)|
Pl National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA|
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office 1(a)(2) of the PRA|
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(aX3) of the PRA|
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
financial information 1(a)(4) of the PRA|
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(S) of the PRA|
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy 1(a)(6) of the PRA|
b(l) National security classified information [(bXl) of the FOIA)
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
an agency [(b)(2) of the F01A|
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information [(b)(4) of the FOIA|
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personal privacy 1(b)(6) of the FOIA|
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes 1(b)(7) of the FOIA|
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
financial institutions 1(b)(8) of the FOIA|
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA)
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
of gift.
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
2201(3).
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
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�THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
September 19, 1996
Contact: (202) 456-6020
^PRESIDENTiSSUES NEW NATIONAL SPACE POLICY
The White House today released a new national space policy that is the first
post-Cold War assessment of American space goals and activities. The new policy commits
the nation to a strong and stable program in space that addresses both U.S. civil and national
security requirements, and will ensure America's role as the world's space leader.
The new policy results from a year-long review undertaken by the National Science
and Technology Council and the National Security Council. Among its key provisions:
o
Within the civil space program, the policy reaffirms a U.S. commitment to
the International Space Station and to the next-generation of launch vehicle programs; it calls
for an aggressive space science program including the sustained robotic exploration of Mars,
sample return missions from celestial bodies within the solar system and a long-term program
to idegiify_and characterize planets around other stars; and maintains our current commitment
^VprogranTa)long-term program of environmental monitoring from space.
o
I n the commercial sector, the policy seeks to stimulate private-sector
investment by committing the U.S. government to purchase commercially available goods
and services, and by offering stable and predictable access to federal space-related hardware,
facilities, and data. The policy also lays the groundwork for moving away fcrm international
launch quotas toward an international commercial environment characterized4>y free and fair
trade in commercial launch services.
o
For national security, the policy directs closer coordination'^etween
Department of Defense and intelligence community space activities. It directs the Secretary
of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence to improve theQnation's ability to support
military operations worldwide, to monitor and respond to strategic military threats, and to
monitor arms control and nonproliferation agreements and activities.
On August 7, 1996 the President called for a bipartisan summit on the future of
America's space program. The policy announced today is an important milestone in the
preparation for the summit, and will serve as the blueprint for fiiture efforts to maintain a
balanced and robust national space effort. An unclassified summary of the Presidential
Decision Directive implementing the policy is available.
#
#
#
�Times Newspapers L i m i t e d , September 17, 1996
record-breaking woman a s t r o n a u t Shannon L u c i d , who has spent t h e l a s t s i x
months cooped up i n Russia's M i r space s t a t i o n .
Mrs L u c i d , who was t o have r e t u r n e d t o E a r t h almost two months ago, was
e x c i t e d about coming back t o " c y c l i n g , f e e l i n g the wind i n your face and t h e
sun on your back".
The 53-year-old mother of t h r e e a d u l t c h i l d r e n a l s o looked f o r w a r d t o
f a l l i n g i n t o t h e arms o f her husband, Michael, w i t h whom she has communicated
v i a computer e-mail, p l u s o c c a s i o n a l telephone and video t r a n s m i s s i o n s . By t h e
time she r e t u r n s on September 26, she w i l l have s e t an endurance r e c o r d f o r a
woman of 188 days i n o r b i t - her o n l y company being two Russian cosmo nauts, who
helped her t o a d j u s t t o l i f e i n space by o f f e r i n g her t h e o c c a s i o n a l t o t o f
vodka (an unknown l u x u r y f o r American a s t r o n a u t s , who are n o t s u p p l i e d w i t h
alcohol).
"She i s an o u t s t a n d i n g person," s a i d General U r i Glazkov, deputy commander
of t h e Russian cosmonaut t r a i n i n g academy. Before Mrs L u c i d a r r i v e d on M i r ,
General Glazkov committed a minor g a f f e by commenting t h a t he knew women l o v e d
t o clean, i m p l y i n g t h a t she might u s e f u l l y pack a d u s t e r f o r her space
adventure. Any awkwardness soon passed. "Everybody loves her," s a i d t h e g e n e r a l .
��fax # 206-441-1378
�World View, September 18, 1996
JOHN HOLLIMAN: W e l l , I g o t some k i n d of strange answers t o some o f t h e q u e s t i o n s
I asked her, Judy. I s a i d , "What are you going t o do when you f i r s t g e t back t o
e a r t h ? " She s a i d , "I'm going t o go t o t h e book s t o r e and browse t h e new books."
Now, Shannon L u c i d i s 53 years o l d , she's married, she's g o t a couple o f
c h i l d r e n . I t ' s s u r p r i s i n g t o me t h a t t h e f i r s t t h i n g she wants t o do when she
gets home i s go t o t h e book s t o r e , b u t she a l s o s a i d she wants t o g e t on h e r
b i c y c l e , f e e l t h e wind i n her h a i r - which she has n o t f e l t f o r s i x months - and
f e e l t h e sun on her back. So, you know, p a r t s o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t she s a i d t o
me i n d i c a t e d t h a t she r e a l l y n o t o n l y wants t o come home i n a b i g way, she needs
to come home i n a b i g way.
JUDY WOODRUFF: A book s t o r e , r a t h e r than a rock c o n c e r t , I guess.
JOHN HOLLIMAN: I guess.
[laughs]
JUDY WOODRUFF: John H o l l i m a n , thanks.
We'll be watching you l a t e r on.
JOHN HOLLIMAN: Thanks, Judy.
The preceding t e x t has been p r o f e s s i o n a l l y t r a n s c r i b e d . However, a l t h o u g h
the t e x t has been checked a g a i n s t an audio t r a c k , i n order t o meet r i g i d
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Michael Waldman
Description
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<p>Michael Waldman was Assistant to the President and Director of Speechwriting from 1995-1999. His responsibilities were writing and editing nearly 2,000 speeches, which included four State of the Union speeches and two Inaugural Addresses. From 1993 -1995 he served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Coordination.</p>
<p>The collection generally consists of copies of speeches and speech drafts, talking points, memoranda, background material, correspondence, reports, handwritten notes, articles, clippings, and presidential schedules. A large volume of this collection was for the State of the Union speeches. Many of the speech drafts are heavily annotated with additions or deletions. There are a lot of articles and clippings in this collection.</p>
<p>Due to the size of this collection it has been divided into two segments. Use links below for access to the individual segments:<br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+1">Segment One</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=2006-0469-F+Segment+2">Segment Two</a></p>
Creator
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Michael Waldman
Office of Speechwriting
Date
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1993-1999
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2006-0469-F
Extent
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Segment One contains 1071 folders in 72 boxes.
Segment Two contains 868 folders in 66 boxes.
Provenance
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Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
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Adobe Acrobat Document
Still Image
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paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Misc. 96 Speeches: Space Policy Announcement - 9/19/96
Creator
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Office of Speechwriting
Michael Waldman
Is Part Of
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Box 56
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36403"> Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7763296">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Identifier
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2006-0469-F Segment 1
Provenance
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White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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Adobe Acrobat Document
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Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
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6/3/2015
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7763296
42-t-7763296-20060469F-Seg1-056-009-2015