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DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
In reply refer to
Eu 851. 403/8
June 28, 1940
The Secretar.y of state presents his compliments to the
Honorable the Secretary of the Treasury and encloses a
c~py
and translation of a note of June 21, 1940 from the Ambassador
of the French Republic suggesting that measures be taken to
prevent the importation into the United States of works of
art hich may have been appropriated b,y the German authorities
w
during the militar.y occupation of France.
The Secretar.y of State would appreciate receiving aqy
comments which the Secretary of the Treasury may care to make
regarding the suggestion of the Ambassador of the F'rench Re
public.
Enclosures: .
1. Copy of note
June 21, 1940.
2. Copy of translations.
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('1'ransI3,t:Lon)
of ado:)
of securities and
cou.ntri·::s.
'i1\0
tions tn
the wor;cs l):f a:ct.
':'~~i2·
:.·::<::t-;ll(~;nc~r
:. onn~~,::l ble
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a~ objects might, it seems,:
b.e·drawn .to .the 'illegal' character of the'transactioris· resulting from
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the sale of works9f art imported into the United States during the
war, the origin and identity oF~hiChmight not have been thoroughly
eBtab1iBhed~Such
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operations would not fail later go give rise to
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judicial probeedings on
.Mr. de Saint
:
t~e
~entinis
.Wash1~g1ion,
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part'of ,the true owners •
happy to take this occasion
(etc.)~
June 21,1940.
(1m.tialed)
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August 21, 1940.
M:EMqp.ANDUM, RE DH>ORTATION OF LOOTED DIAMONDS .AND ART TREASORll:S
Yesterday I oonferred with Messrs. Caims,Dwan and Chroubers
o0tlceming possible .action by Customs to, prevent
the~,~
by.~:
into the United Ste.tes of diamonds and art treasures confiscated
the Germans.
In addition to the material contained in' the attached "'/;.c",;"'-Sr,;
file, the British 'have notified us of the possibility that diamonds
may be "sllluggled" in on clippers coming fl'om Europe.
Dwan has been
reanalyzing this subject from. the Customs point of view, and after
careful coust,deration has detsl'lnined, ,with Calms t approval, that
Customs can do nothing in the circumstances, except, of course,to
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take steps in connection wi th goods that are actually smuggled.
Dwan
and Ch81ubers considered the possible application of the National Stolen
Property Act to the articles in question, but are of tlle opinion that
this Act does not apply to articles confiscated by an invader.
Their
conolusionin this respect appears to them to be fortified by the
reoent effort in the McCormick bill to amend the Na.tional Stolen
Property Act soa.s to make it applicable'to confiscated goods.
,dentally,
we
areinfo~ed
(Inoi
that upon the.basis of the State Department
testimony, this bill was tabled by the House .Judiciary Cormn1ttee.)
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Cairns stated that the only way in which Customs could stop the
entry of these articles would be by virtue of their
under some other law than Customs law.
ent~
being unlawful
By a strained process of
reasoning, it might be said that the entry is unlawful under ExecuUve
Order No. 8389, as
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~nended.
Section 9(f) prohibits any transaction for
the purpose or which has the effect of evading or avoiding the fore
going prohibitions.
Presumably, the diamonds
~re,brought
into the
country for purposes of sale, ~ p~ym.ent involved in any such sale
would be a paYfo.ent involving property in whioh a "national" had an
interest on or since the respective dates.') Presumably, such payment
would not be under license.
Therefore, it might be said that the act
of bringing the goods into the United States 1s presumptively a
transaction for the purpose ,of ,avoiding the prohibitions of the Order.
On
this theory, however, the TI:x:ecutiva Order would pennit us to stop
at Customs any goods or merchandise which might have been confiscated
by the Gennans.
It does not seem desirable at this'time to attempt to strain
the meariing of the J!.:xecutive Order so as to include the transactions
in question.
In the first pllJce, there seem to be sufficient fields
which are clearly within the pul'vie:w of, the Executive Order which demand
, more attention and stricter enforcement before we attempt to extend its
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scope.
In the second place, we do not have sufficient information
that the transaotions in question constitute a really acute problem.
Therefol'e, a proposed noncoromi ttal letter is subrn1tted in
response to· the diamond inquiry.
It is not believed necessary to make any response to the
art treasures inquiry (I) because of its age, and (2) :Mr. de Saint
~uentin
is probably now in a concentration cmnp or worse.
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810
July 19, 1940.
MEM,ORANDUM TO
rvffi.
JOHNSeN
mOM MR. STEPHENS.
This section is unaware of any action which may be
_ "'~...b •
taken under the customs laws to comply wi th the req~ ~---.
made in the attached communicatlons'thfit steps be taken
..,.:-,.,,~to prevent the sale in the United States of works of art ~:-~
and diamond appropriated by the German authorities in
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invaded countries.
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We could , of course, carefully investigate all affi
davits as to ownership submitted pursuant to article 457
of the Customs Regulations ot'1937 in connection with
claims :for tree entry ot artistic antiquities and make
seizures if such affidavits are found to be false.
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OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS
July 15, 1940.
MEMO TO W. R. JOHNSON,
: FROM SHIRLEY STEPHENS.
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~_~..".< __q-=-~.~;~~:I\.,;./II.-tIl~~""'(:.'
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The attached letters involve requests that steps be taken
to prevent the sale in the united States of works of art and
, diamonds appropriated by the German authorities in invaded
countries•. In one of the attached communications it is stated
, that the Netherlands Government in exile has announced that it
. is claiming all rights to Netherlands properties on behalf ot
the individual owners. It ma;r be that the Treasury Department
will Wish to ~e steps looking to the regulation of the sale
of such property in somewhat the same manner that transactions
in foreign exchange credits and securities were regulated.
Accordingly. it is believed that these cases should be
referred for comment to the division of the General OOUDsel'.
oftice handling regQiation of transactions in foreign credits •
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�"PROOUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
Cable
A(JJ~e88:
Tele(lltOne:
I31~ynllt 9-9720
Protective - New Yorl.
July 2, 1940
Hon.Henry JlQrgenthau, Jr.
Seoretary of the Treasury
Washington, D.' c. "
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Subjeot:- CONFISCATED DIAMONDS
We enolose h,~rewith a letter just reoeiv_ed from a member
of our' Assooiation, whioll eJi:plaiIU\l itself.
If the Trea,sury Department has given this matter any oon
sideration, 9r does so in the futur~, we would be' very
glad to be informed as to any rulings,whioh we wl11oo~
munioate, to ~r. Prins, as well as to the trade gene~ally.
Very truly yours,
~
~no.
.JUL 5 1940
DIVISlml OF Ef~FORCEMENT
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TELEPHONE'
CIRCLE
7-7393
CABLE ACCRESS
BORTZA
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WARNER
PRINS
10 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA
HOLLANC HOUSE
NEW YORK
July 1, 1940
Mr. Meyer D. Rothschild, President
American Jewelers Protective Association
'17 Wes t 45th Street
New York City
Dear Mr. Roths.child:
Pursuant to our telephone conversation of this
morning, I gladly confirm that there are current
rumors to the effect that diamond cutting has
been taken up again in Amsterdam, Holland since
the invasion by Germany.
It stands to reason that the rough material used
by t his industry mus t, be largely I if not entirely ~
made up of stones which have been, confiscated by
the Germans from the original owners in Holland
shortly after t he invasion.
The ,Netherlands government in exile has announced
,from London that it is claiming all rights to Nether
lands properties in Holland and is to be regarded
as the lawful custoqian on behalf of the original
individual owners for the duration of the' war.
I understand that the United States government
is sympathetic to this view, and I believe that
Washington 'Wi 11 support any effort which would lead
to the exclusion of such confiscated goods being
marketed' in the United States.
Knowing fully that every possible attempt has. been
made by Germany prior to the invasion of Holland to
force its polished diamonds into foreign markets, I
have every reason to believe that the German author
ities will. leave n6 stone unturned in their efforts
to keep the United States as a substantial customer
for polished diamonds from Amsterdam. I wonder wheth
er the United States Customs have seen fit to take
measures in order to prevent a pes sible influx of
material such as described above. I feel confident
NEW YORK
�REP"ODUCEO A~ THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
Mr. Meyer D. Rothschild, p2
July 1, 1940
however that experts will find ways and means to
deal properly with this problem.
Shipments of these diamo.nds may well be expected
any time now, if one takes into consideration that
the Germans must have found considerable material
which was in t he process of cut ting, when they ar
rived in Amsterdam, and further because of the proven
ability of the Netherlands' cutters to work with
speed.
I have received no news regarding the situation
in Antwerp, Belgium so far, but may assume that a
similar condition will develop over there.
.
I remain, dear Mr. Rothschild, with my best
respects
JWP:FH
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FIL.E No.-_ _
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TREASURY DEPARTMENT·"
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UNITED .STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE
SUPERVISING
C~STOMS
AGENT
ROOM 225
SEATTLE.:.WASH.
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July 11, 1941
Commissioner of Customs'
Pivisial of Investigations and Patrol
Treasury Department
Washington, D. C.
Sir:
'Reference is made to the_Bureauls teletype message of
December 20, 1940, wherein' it w,as stated ·thatthe "Commissioner
desired verification of confidential,iIlformationtothe ,effect'
that fourteen very valuable paintings "from IIKaiser 'WilhelmI!,
might be on a Japanese vessel' enroute to Colombia, South Amer- '
ica.
This matter has been the subject of special "attention.but
to date no' such articles have come to the attention ,of this" of
fice. However, the matter will be given further attention and
should these paintings arrive or be 'in transit.through this.dis
trict the Bureau will be promptly advi.sed.
Joseph L. Green
.,
Supervisil1;gCustoms Agent
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GWH/VIPF
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NATIONAI:ARCHI
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS
CUSTOMS AGENCY SERVICE
SUPERVISING GUST-OMS AGENT
ROOM 225
FEDERAL OFFICE BUILDING
SEATTLE. WASH.
July 11, 1941
Commi8sioner of Customs
Divisioo of Invostigatbns and Patrol
Tr'0asury Department
'Washington, D. COl
Sir,
Ralerenoe is made to the Bureau IS teletype lIlessage of
December 20, 1940, \!fherein it was stated that the Commissioner
desired verif'ioat.ionof oonfidential information to the effect
that fOl.lrteen veryvall.lab1e paintings from "Kaiser lilhelm" .
might be or. a Japanese ve~H'.el enroute to Colombia, South Aluer
ioa.
This mEo¥tt~r hlas been the aubj'Sct of special attention but
bo de,te nQ ~lUoh 9.rticles have come to the a.ttention of this of
fiee. Howe\Ter; the matt':T will be given r\1rther attention and
~;h(iuld these ps1ntings arrive or be in tranait tr..rough this d18
t.rl.ct the Bureau tjill b9 promptly advised.
Respeotfully,
Joseph L.. Green
strpervi8ing Customs Agent
crm/VIPF
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202-5
TREASURY DEPARTMENT'
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE
SUPER
SING CUSTOMS AGENT
P. O. Box 2109
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
Maroh
Commissioner of Customs
Division of Investigations and Patrol
Treasury Department
Washington, D. C.
Sir:
19, 1941
!,~ ~~l!~v.~~;;i~~t~ri U'~'~~;~:'!8;,
~ '-' 't!;:!~hi!,'!~:tton. D, e.
On Deoember 20, 1940, the Bt,treau advis~d"'thi's'~fr1~~"-""""'~'";~~'-'
by teletype that you were partioularly interested in oonfidential
information that 14 valuable paintings from "Kaiser Wilhelm" '
sent to Japan may arrive on the Paoific Coast intransit to Columbia.
Since reoeipt of the above noted teletype message a
oheok has been made of the manifests of Japanese steamers arriving
in San Francisco enroute to Central or South Amerioan ports. To
date no infor,mation ~s been reoeived that these paintings have
uri vedat this port.
Both our Los Angeles and San Diego offioes were notified
of Mr,. Fleishman's message and have been on the lookout for these
paintings. '
Shoul~ there develop any indioation of the presenoe of
these paintings, your office will be i:mmediately notified.
Respeotfully forwarded,
Approved:
."I)J:~ Agent
Supervising Customs
~xoting
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BIr. I. I. Hoover.
DirectoJo, led.eral Bureau of Inv_igat1oJl"
Department at Juatloe,
Wuh:1.octoD, D. C.
I;y dear I'r. Bocmtrt
Bet'ercmee 18 ada to JOUJ' 18t.ter dated. Februaz7 24, 1941,
acklreaae4 too tbe Seore1itu.T of the TnaSUl7, I118.1'ked tor the
atteutlon of JIr•. J. C. WUe:r. I'D the lett.w J01l out,] i ned. 18
tomatloa reoe1ve4 by JOU. tbat hntaB p1.otvea, preau.tDabl,
paia'UDga, of. a:reat val_ II1ght 800ft _ sla.lpped. t r . Japaa to
the United'. states•. tbeDae \0 eolOlllb1a., SOuth Amerlea.
.
S1mU.ar intormatioD 1II'U furnished to this dapart.mcmt in
December, 1940, naming the Japanese steamer SAOm lfAIl1 u the
importing veasel, and the Ia.1ser nlhalm Mueam, Berl1a, Oe:nD8DY,
as t.he shipper•
.PrecautiOns were taken to prevemt· the viQlation of an,. United
or
States laws in; connect1GD with the introduction
this IIlh1pment
and to keep the department. informed otits arrival. To date there
18 no record. that these paintings have. reached t.M.
S1ncenl,.
~•.
)'OUft,
(Slg!'lsd) Herbert w,. G9.sMti
BliUEIT I. GAStoN
Assistant. Seentar)' of the fnara&l')".
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�,PRODUCEr:; ATTHE NATIONAL ARCH'YES
c
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p
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John Edgar !Ioovor
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
wa' ...sh'i 1'lgton , D• "
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February
21~,
1941
The Honorable
The Secretary of the Treasury
Washington, D. C.
Attention:
IlT'. J. C. v'iiley
My
dear
Ml~.
Secretary:
Information has been received from a confidential
source that 3. consignment of German pictures, presumably
paintings, worth 'approximately two and one-half million
sterling, is likely to be shipped, shortly from Japan
to the United States and then to Colombis, South Ameri.ca.
I would appreciate your adVising me if you
have Hny infonnation concerning this particular matter.
Sincerely yours,'
( Signed) J .r~. ,Hoover
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FEB 2 8 1941
My dear'Senator.
Your letter ot February 18, 1941, transmitting a communication
addressed. to you by Mrs. Helen Tutta Bailie regarding the possible
importation ot fourteen famous paintings, ha,s been received.
The paintings referred. to by Mrs. Bailie have not, in 80 far
I am. informed, been imported into the United States. Although
there is no provision ot the customs laws that would prevent the
importation ot these paintings into the United States, it is pos
sible this property may oome wi thin the operation ot Exeoutiva
Order No. 8389 dated. April 10, 1940, QS amended, relating to
control ot foreign credits.
&8
, Very truly yours,
Commissioner or Customs.
Honorable Henr,r Cabot Lodge, Jr.,
United States Senate.
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22 DeWol.fe,S~a:~~et, .pal~bridge, Mass.
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February 15, 1941 •
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Hon. Henry·' Cabot Lodge,
Senate O.ffic~ Building,
Washington, D.C.
,
Dear Sir:
I learn from the newspapers that "14 famous ,paintings
are on their, way to this country for disposal in the American
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market, -examples of' the, 'work o.f Rembrandt, Van Eyck, Bottice 11$.-11
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Vermeer, Velasquez,and Raphael. '. Every painting is from the
KaiserF:rled~1chuMuBeUtih!.in BerlinII' }.
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Is it not likely that you have
s~en
some orall.·ot
these in PariS, in the Louvre?
.Some time ago a collection of books from Freudts'
library was shippE:}d here and sold.
Is
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the United states·
Government.to' permit .Naai loo.t to come into this country and
be sold for -Nazi benefit, without challenge?
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What can be done
about it?
I am sure this appeals to you.
Yours truly,
·c~,)JfL.·
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�REPROOUCEO AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
DAVID I~ WAL.BHs MASS.
ALBEN W. DARKLEY. KY.;
TOM CONNALLY, TEx. . .
JOSIAH W.'BAILEY. N. C.
BENNETT CHAMP C1.ARK. MO.
HARRY FLOOD BYRD~ VA.
PETER G. GERRY ~ R. I.
JOSEPH F~ GUFFEY, PA~
PFiENTISS M. BROWN. MICH.
CLYDE '- HERRING. IOWA:
. £OwtN C. JOHNSON, COLQ.
GEORGe: L~' RADCLIFFE, MD..
ARTHUR CAPPER, KANS.
ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG, MICH.
JAMES J. DAVIS. PA.
HENRY CABOT LQDGE, JR~, MASS,
JOHN A. DANAHER. CON~
ROBERT A. TAFT, OHIO
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE '
February 18, 1941
PELTON M. JOHNSTON. CLERk
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W.R. Johnson, Commissioner
Bureau of Customs
Depar tment of the Treasur,{
Vlashington, D. C•
. Dear' Mr. Commissioner:
I have ,received the enclosed
letter from Mrs. Helen TUfts Bailie of Cam
bridge, Massachusetts. I presume that you
would have a. record of the arrival of these
paintings.in the event that the report which
she cites is correct. Will you please inform
me regarding this matter~
Very sincerely yours,
H.
!lfI.LO~;~ 'i
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CONFERENCE CALL S K 284' AND"' SEAT 146}': '.. O K , . . ' " ....::.." "
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KAISER;:"WIL'HELMJ¥~kwr:I':":'
.' THATJ' FOURTEEN',VERY/VALUABLE' PAINTINGS:;FROW':'ft"
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'TO JAPAN ',LAST: HE'ARD OF',IN 'KOBE: MAY: ',ARRIVr: ON: TH:E':, M , v~~ SAG:AMt MARtJi:~:" "
o.R T; OTHER 'JAPANESE. SHIP, AT SAN' FRAN, OR> o.THER PAC'IFlt:, CO'AST:";, Po.RT:,' ' < , : : , : ;;
IN TRANSIT TO COLUMBIA
THIS MATTER· SHOUL'D BEH,ANDl.ED.'AS': DtSCREETLy/·,;, !,",
AS POSSIBLE WITW,A VIEW TO, OBTAINING 'A',MAX:IMUM ,OF/INFORMATION"',C'ON"', .:,', .... ::,:.;.
OERNIN.G, SHIPPER' o.WNER .VALUE' DESTI NA:T,I ON": ANDANY':OTHER'; PE'RTINENT,:: FACTS:;', '
ALSO. IF 'THERE.. IS ANY ELEMENT
WHICHCOULD'BE'·CONSTRUEDAS·:A~ v:i: O'i.'ATI ON'' ' ,: ..
OF UNITED STATES LAWS
END o.R
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S·F,::'.ACKNOWLEDGES:
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OKEH'
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TREASURY DEPARTMENT
LF
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS
WASHINGTON
. OFFICE OF DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
fCUS:tOMS)M.GENa~
.
December 20, 1940
,t;,
Memorandum to the COlwnissioner
From Mr. Fleishman:
Suggested text of teletype message to be sent by two-way call to
the Supervising Customs Agents at San Francisco, California, and Seattle,
Washington, concerning the paintings expected to arrive by a Japanese
ship at a Pacific Coast port. This message can be sent at 12:00 noon, .
due to difference in t~ne.
"Cormnissioner- desires verification of confidential information
that fourteen ,very valuable paintirigs from "Kaiser Wilhelmu sent
to Japan, last heard of in Kobe, may arrive on the M/V SAGAMI
MARU or other Japanese ship at San Francisco or other Pacific
Coast port. in transit to Columbia. This matter should be handled
as discreetly as possible with a view to obtaining a maximum of
infonllation concerning shipper, owner, value, destination and any
.other pertinent facts. Also if there is ~element which could be..,
construed as a violation of United States l'tl.ws."
.
The December 19, 1940, issue of the New York Maritime Register gives
the following infonnation concerning theM/V SAGAMI MAnU: 3938 tons;
New York September 24th; New Orleans arrive September 29th; sailed October
1st; Balt:imore; Los Angeles, arrived October 14th; sailed. October 14th
Yokohama, arrived about 26th; sailed Osaka, Kobe, arrived November 7th;
sailed Yokohama, arrived November loth; sailed November 20th Seattle and
Vancouver,B. C.
"l'he daily list published by U. S. Coast Guardshows·no record of
M/V SAGAMI MARU at any United States port in December, todate •
. The Coast Guard daily list records' the arrival of fJ. Japanese ship
M/V SAGARA MARU at Seattle, Washington, on December 8, 1940, from Kobe
and shows this vessel at several Pacific Coast ports in'the United states
to December 14, 1940, on which date she departed for Japan.
The M/V SAGARA ~~U is shownher.ein beca~se of the similarity in
names of the' two vessels.
The above.re~d by Commissioner ~ohnson,
who instructed that the quoted teletype
message be sent as soon as possible,
Friday December 20, 1940•.
~~i
.
,.".
".
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�~EPRQOUCEO AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
c
o
p
November 9. 1940.
Y
TO:
FHOl'li:
. ASSISTANT SEChET1.RY Gl:..S'rON
,
w.
E.
JOl:IE'SOl~.
The recentdeoisions to apply "freezing" oontrol to certain
works of art of ]'renoh ownership arriving. at New York on the SIS
DONliLD MoKii.Y and to two lote of French and Belgian property en
tered for exhibition at .the New YOI'k World's Fair ha,ve created
unoertainties in cust.oms administration which should be resolved
as clourly and quickly as possible.
Field custOlllS officers at pOl'ts other than New York are pr6
surr.ably .proceeding on a.nassumption that chattels are not af..
feoted by "fI'ee'zing". controlS6xcept that' oertain speoific report
ing has been required. At New York .·the customs officors k.tlOVI that
the control hus b(;;sne.ppliedto certain chattels.through assertion
of control over documents of title or ot[Ji; I' evidences of ownersh5.p •
. but· the officers Hl'O wi'thout any s'bandards for determining:
(a) What goods'may be cleared through customs dtllout
"freez.in€ t " cle!;,n.';J'loo;
(1) What goods Eo.re or may be subjec-t to "freezing"
olearw:~ce
bt:;fo:.'e customs clearance; and
(0) Wha'v kind of oases and what faots in conney,tion
therewith should ..:be brought to the attention of .
those who adminisier ..~.he "freezing" controls.
The following cases. nOvi pending at New.York illustrate the
Cluandary in whioh our officers, there are, plaoed;
.
.
.
.
.
(1). The steamship company operating the SIS DONALD M~KAY
has been notified that delivery of ths'F r~noh-owne<i
works of fl,rt imported on -that vesss'l is subjeot to,
tIle issuance of a license ·a.f.d th~ works of art ,llitve
been removed from the vessel to customs publio .:
stores. The consignee of the articles wants to for.
ward them .to San Francisco for olearance I and cus
toms officers have been &ble to advise him only
that the disposition of the .matter is under con
sideration. .
-
.
Mr. Bernstein advises ..me tl1.8.t the French Embassy haa
asked the State Departrnent woo t requirements must be
---
,----_.
�'. J
'
-2
;'
-/
, ·l
:1
/
met regarding this shipment. A oustoms ..broker also
. oalled yesterday at the New York Federal Reserve
Bank and was there advised that a license must be
obtained before the articles Illay be forwarded -to
$an Franoisco. Mr. Bernstein believes that an 'ap
plication will be mad6 in due course and that the
matter is prooeeding smoothly.
Exhibitors at the New York World's Fair appare~tly
know that some question has been raised regarding
the disposal of foreign-owned exhibits, and numerous
questions are being presented at the customhouse to
which no replycun be made.
Mr. Bernstein suggests tnat all inquiries oonoerning
lioensing requirements be referred to Mr. Norman
Davis, of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and I
shall so advise our colleotor's office. Mr. Bernstein
also advises me that the French and Belgians in
charge of certain exhibits at the fair are working
out classes of oases suoh as,(a) property to be
destroyed undGr oustoms supervision for which no li
oense will be required, (b) property to be trans
ferred to customs bonded warehouses, for which trans
fer no lioenses will be required, (c) property to be
sold, in respect of which -tre licenSing requirements
will apparently be oonsidered on the basis of eaoh
'oontemplated transaotion.
(3) An importation of diamonds valued at ~1070, and
'probably of Belgian ownership, has reoently arrived.
at New. York by clipper. Our colleotor is making
some inquiries as to tile aotual ownership of the
,goods but doesn't know just what to do or how far to
go. Mr. Bernstein oan only advise me that the full
facts regarding the case are needed for deoision and
that Mr. Norman Davis, of the New York Federal Re
serve Bank, may be oontacted by our colleotor's of
fioe if advioe is urgently needed in any oase.· He
sUggests that our people report all oases of this
kind Pof speoial interest n , but I am fearful that
this is not an adequate classifioation for instruc
tions to field officers.
(4) The Roumanian SIS MANGALIA has been at New York
fully loaded and ready for departure since June 3,
'1940, but no application r.as been made for clearance'
�UCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
.
-3
or for a permit to depart. .Our collector wonders
whether there is any "freezingll question to be con
sidered regarding .either the vessel or its cargo.
"
Mr. Bernstein is of the opinion that no IIfreezing ll
question is presently evident in this case, but if
the cargo is of Roumanian ownership and any sale
or other transfer of title is com;emplated a li
oense may be required. Otherwise the oase seems
one to be handled merely as a problem regarding.a
departure permit.
(Signed) W. R. Johnson
-vVRJ-esb
I
/,
�\EPROOUCEO AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
JaeJl .k6
MIL JvnI'JSON:
for'
YOUl'
infor'maLion.
Further r~f'erunoEil is mwie to the .!!~!.~-!...2.tg!~A~J:,:g8
whioh arri vad on the SSDONALD MoKAY on October Slat at
eAr'.:'
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IAft
Dley we:.c'u ~rmi tted under apecia.l
Pial' 16, Brooklyn.
transfer order and were designatod for l{oom 216"
u. ,3., Appraiser"s Stores, 201 Voriok street.,
'fuey loft the pier on th~ following tru(,l~sfOf the JitDtor '
:t
man) :, this mOrning a '
17 oaseD
on'fruOkNo." 811330
20
"
"
"
;~322298
II
II
11
322,330
14
u
61 oases
Stores., All
at tb.epaintings are now
.. 1 'guard
a~(,()mpanied same.,
.. 2 guardli
2
iIi room 216
"
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"
atti18 ,', '
, above p1a'oe _,
JannG. C., Fit zger,ald "
Station Inspeotor No. 23_,<,
,i
�REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
IN REPLY REFER TO:
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
O'K:hs
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
OFFICE OF THE COLLECTOR
DISTRICT NO. 10
ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS FOR THIS Ofn:'1!:
TO TIl!! COWCTOR OF CUmiNS
HEW YORJI, H, Y.
October 31, 1940.
Y
.• l~D'
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D1C'C ~ St.;;3l'.ifT,'
E.O. 12356, S''!i!. 3;3
TreasurY Dept. Guidelhl~s, Jsm. ~~ 1
By ;:f&P NARS, Date__
q~OL".=-+.;r-}.,~
.1.
Q #
Honorable ~n. R. Johnson,
Commissioner of Customs,
Treasur~ Department,
.
Washington, D. C.
'!
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Referring to telephone conversation this evening,
and for your information and use in connection ~~th the
matter of the'paintings on the SS DONALD McKAY, there
are 'enclosed herewith copies of three memoranda, all
dated today, given me by Station Inspector Fitzgerald
who has been watching 'the case. As far as we know at
the present tline, the value of the paintings is said to
be about $1,500,000.
Also, for your file, copy of the letter which was
sent to the Moore & McCormack Lines, Inc •. in accordance
¥dth your instructions.
Respectfully,
;'
G:w.td!:
Assistant Collector.
Encla: 4.
.
I
I
I
1
�PRODUCED AT THe. NATIONAL ARCHIVe.S
JGCF:ks
October 31, 1940.
MEMOR1iNDUhl P'OR .DlE ASSISTAHl' COLLEC'roH.
Referenoe is made tot5l C8S8sot paintings on
the SS DONALD MoKAY whioh arrived atPler 15, Drooklyn,
this morning at 6aOO a.m.
A Mr. ChQhor
(may be in
oorrectly spelled) phoned from the Hotel Br1atol to the
steamship company early this morning and made inquiries
as to thf) above-mentionod piotures.
Eo was asked if he
had any proof of owner8hip for same and he· e.D.sw6redin
the negative.
Further; he would not state what interest
he:ii:.·
'lie 1s axpe'oted· at the .offioe oJ: the l.!oore .. MoCormllok
S'bslamship Company, 11 DroadwllY, Hoom 204, at ll.OO a.m.
today.
The appointmen:tis with a Mr. MoNally, Clerk in
Charge oJ: the Inward Freight Departmont.
John G. C. Fl t&ger ald,
S tation Ins pee tor lio.· 23.
".'
�ROOUCEO AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
J:;CF&k8
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE
OFFICE OF THE COLLECTOR
NEW YORK. N. Y.
DISTRICT NO. 10
ADDRESS ALL COMMIJNICATIONS FOR THlS OFFICE
TO THE COLLEctOR OF CUSTOMS
HEW '(ORK,H. Y.
IN RI!PLV
R~r-£R
TO
October 31, 1940.
Chules Chenier, Comm1.8sioner General du Gowrnment
.,'
8
Francais Pour L'Exposit1on d'Art Em Amerique.
He frm8 requested the steamship COJAPfUl¥ to ship them
at once to San Franoisoo.
He has no bill or lading
and states that all th.e papers are out in Sen t'ralloisoo.
tie is
Street.
stoppin~
at the hotel Bristol, 129Viest 48th
The steamship compsny is not takinc any
aotion at this time relative to the relGaee of tile
JrJCF.
Stat Insp_ 23 •
.
�IN,REPl.Y REFER TO:
",,~'~y-
' '"'- .............' ..,}
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
I
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE
~,
.. , '
NEW YORK. N. Y.
.:.)'THE COl.l.ECTOR
,f,,',STRICT NO, 10
~DDRESS.ALL COMMUNICATIONS FOR THIS OfFICE
TO ntE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS
HEW YORK. N. Y.
.HQore and McCormack L1nee, Ino.;
" Brofil.dway,
New York, l'd,·Y.
At.t.ention
~r,
lk>bert C, Lee,
llix6Cut i'Vt1 Viee Freddl9nt.
, Sir;
, :.
'eaaOfi Qf ilflintiflB". on
b()i~rc1
t;ht\ $S DONALD McKAY expocted
;;i'1."rive o.t th1.\!! port tOClo1;'row, 'lihleh
lU"~
tiO
the proporty' oJ the
Fr.<;nch Gove,mment;?~nO/or l"rencb nation,[!;b .:lnd as s'lcb f~ll
�\
a licenf.l8 autbor1nng the tender andrectdpt of $uch biU.
ot
laa.d1ng or other evidence of o,-morshlp has been ir:Hiued by
. t.he Secl'crti'l.l";y of the Trel".~rury ..
, Reapeottully.
Harry •• Durning,
,Collector.
�REPRODUCED AT. THE NATIONAL ARCHI:'ES
(Handed by Mr.Stopfordof, the" British Embassr to Mr. Cochran
in the Treasury at 1 IJ- m., Octob,er 17, 1940.)
I p. reUably infor;me~ ~~ the Steall.Dl.ships
,
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"Donal.d McKqI and'IIArgentina" .hi~h ~~ed recentlY
OIl
$9uth Am~ri,ca, are
. . the east coast of; ":,:,;
i:
bringing wlth,th,em $l,600,OOO'wor,th each of French
from ports
:').~~.
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Moore "
We are:uncertain about the movements
McCormack '
,';1
boat.s ".•
,','the
, . ,
.'
"
ot'
'Don~d ~~8 ,:which 'we bel±~v~:Wa8 recently
requis1t1oned by the
ill
she will arrive
*ni ted Sta:t;l::iS ':OO~rnment,b",t '
New York about, the end of the
,month,' having "sa11e~ from'Rio or'Bu,nos Aires "On '
Octob'er 15th.
The"~gentina"
iadue .inNew York
onOctdber 28th.
GOPY'
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.
�REPRODUCED AT Tl-IE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
,
,
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Procedure to be followed in French paintings case:
1.
Have New York customshouse get ill touch ,;itl
he
:.::::~"C~
operating the t'ao bo~,ts in question (appe.r,· _1tly Moore-McCo:::mack)
~.c:ut
'
and :l8.VO them ascertain frOlfl til':) C11ptc'.ins of' It:, bO!:its in cl u8f;tion
;'--;k-./;-.
nh0ther ther0; are on board. Frdlch paint:Lngf.; ove:ced by bills of lading. $~-:
'n:l'.:! c:;I.ptains should Dr:; requ86ted to fu1'ni::;h t,he llU.mer:' of the consignor
~ ,
,
.~nd consi~ne: of any :3Uch bills o~ la~il1g, If it is ascertained that, ~':!
J! renc.h ;:)1n\1t~ngs are on b03.rc1 suen slu pscovered by bills of lading,
.,
the sh:ippi.ng co;ap::.my should be' advised as follovlS:
l!By reason of t.hE, Pl'ovi:3ions of' Executive Order
No. ::),389, as amenc1ecl, no officer or employ:~e or represen
tat.:i.ve 01 the Moore:-NicCor!J.l(.1.ck Steamship Company, and
(!],)h no offiJ'er ol'::2·.::mber of the crew of the t Donald McKay'
xi j'),~~ and. fArgenti).1a f may 1.~(:Jc8ive from any person bills 0"'·
'I~,;~ .-~.~ladini.?: or ot.herevidence13 of ovmership COVGrill'7
'.1
If:.-"-'~""'"
ill~ being shipped on board the I Donald McKayt and t,ArgEm--.....;
tina.' until a license L't1.1.thm:'izing the tcmder and receipt
. J 0 ... 2.~
of such bills of h~,-iing 01' other evidence::: of ol'mership
.AXe·'f) J I
has. been issued by the Secretary of the Treasury."
j ' I,Ji..-..i!
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NeV'! York customs officials should be advised that any ~ ptd.nt ,.vi fr1 ~ 1(1fl
,~
ings which arrive on the "Done.ld McKayll and lIArgentina ll should be
,
,Ai.J~7,'·.1
,A).c':"'''''· X
t.?J{en to appruif.!erfl. stores and should not be released until instruc
tions are received from Washingtorl.
2.
3.
If it ascert::.:L:lE':d th1:1.t the I:DonC:l.ld I·,lcKayll and IlArgontina ll are
is
to dock at 80me other American port before reachi1.1g New York,
simili:'.J.' instruct, ions to thE: foregoing f~hould be given to the customs
offIcials at the port viller", such ships 1:'.1'8 going to clock.
t..· •
C.
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[COMMITTEE PRINT]
k,L-4s?
:P?~3
£z ';"htb~/ iZ;f-ZUf:U ~,,_/t!-e-.
82d Congress, 2d-Session
THE ALIEN PROPERTY 'CUSTODIAN:
A LEGISLATIVE CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE TRADING WITH THE
ENEMY ACT, 50 U. S. CODE APP. 1-40, AND THE .
'OPERATIONS OF THE OFFICE'OF ,ALIEN:
: PROPERTY· CUSTODIAN, 1917~1952
, A REPORT PREPARED BY FREEMAN W. SHARP,
OF THE AMERICAN LAW' SECTION, LEGISLA
TIVE REFERENCE SERVICE, LIBRARY OF CON
.' GRESS, AND RAYMOND' s. C·OX, OF COUNSEL,
SUBCOMMITTEE STAFF
.
/
j3 .
I'
(,.d
,.fy-·
.
SENATOR WILLIS SMITH, CHAffiMAN,' SENATE .
SUBCOMMITTEE, TRADING WITH THE ENEMY
ACT. ARMISTEAD W. SAPP, COUNSEL
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
~
:
FM~.O"
J.T3~Al'.li).
.~~
D... 14YlU•••,
"UITI., orr":I. till
Tn
t:t.rfo,,,,nESS
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~~
. . ._ . . . . _
..
�CONTENTS
Column
Tile Congresses covered.._______________'-_____________________________
1
2
l.,egislative Illstories ____________________________________________
Congressional Record and Law Review arUclea...____________________
Executive Orders 'ot tile Presldent_________________________________
Leading law CBBeB_______________________________________________
3
International Relatlons__ ~_------------~-----------------------_,_---
Cilronology of eventa.._____________________________________________ _
8
Foreword______ ~____________________________________________________
Preface___ _____________ _______________ _______________ _ ______________
I. World War I and Its aftermatll, 1917-1929: ,
Sixty-fiftll Congress, 1st sesslon______________________________,
Sixty-Oftil Congress, 2d sesslon _____________________________ _
Sixty-fifth Congress, 3d session ______________________________ _
Sixty-sixill Congress, 1st sesslon____________________________ _
Sixty-sixtil COnb'TeSS, 2d sesslon___________________________ _
Sixty-sixth Congress, 3d session _____________________________
Sixty-seventh Congress, lst sesslon _________________________ _
Sixly-seventll Congress, 2d sesslon_______________________'___ _
Sixty-se-ventll Congress, 3d sesslon__________________________ _
Sixty-seven til Congress, 4tb Sesslon ___________________~ _____ _
Sixty·elgbtll Congress, 1st sesslon ________________________ _
Sixty-elgbtll Congress, 2d sesslon________________ ---------:.~-Sixty-nlntll Congress, lst
__________________________ _
SlxtY'nlntll Congress, 2d session and extra session, Senate___ _
Seventletb Congress, 1st sesslolL__________________________ _
Seventletll ()oogress, 2d sesslOIL _________________________ _
sesslon~
4
I)
7
Page
111
VII
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
10
12
14
15
20
21
22
II. eacetime hibernation, 1929-1941:
P
Seveoty-lIrst Congress, lst sessloo __________._________________ _
II. Peacetime hibernation, 1!l29-1IMl :-Contlnued
' Page
Seventy·llrst Coo gress, 2d sesslon_____________________________
24
Seventy-Orst Congress, silecini session of the Sennte____________
28
. Seventy-lIrst Congress, 3d sesslon _________:.___________________
28
Seventy-second Congress, 1st session__________________________
28
Seventy-second Congress, 2d sesslon___________________________
28
Seventy-third Congress, 1st seSSioD____________________________
28
Seventy·third Congress. 2d session __________________ .:_________
21
Sevenly-tourtll Congress, 1st session__________________________
21
Seventy-tourtb Congress, 2d scsslon ______:.____________________
21
Seventy-llfth CongresS, 1st sesslon______________:.~_____________
21
Seventy·fifth Coogress, 2d sesslon___________________________ ~_
28
28
Seventy-sixth Congress, lst sesslon____________________________
28
Seventy-sixth Congress, 2d sesslon____________________________
Seventy-slxtb Congress, 3d sesslon________________ ~___________
29
III. Total war operations, 1941-1946:
Seventy-seventh Congress, 1st sesslon ________________________ _
2'J
Seventy-seventh Congress, 2d sesslon _________________________ _
30
Seventy-eighth Cong.-.,ss, 1st seSSIOD_________________________ _
30
Seventy-eigbth Congress, 2d sesslon __________________________ _
32
Seventy-nlntb Congress, 1st scsslo __________________________ _
sa
ll
Seventy-ninth Congress, 2d sesslon_~:: ________________________ _
35
IV. Cold-hot war operations, 1947-1052:
Elghtietb Congress,
37
E'lgbUctil Congress, 2d sessioll _______________________________ _
41
Elghty-Orst Congress, 1st session _____________________________ _
42
Eighty-first Congress, 2d sesslon _____________________________ _
44
Elgbty-second Congress,lst sesslon _____________..:__________ ~ __ _
48
Elgbty-secood Congress, 2d sesslon _________:.._________________ _
49
24
...
~
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..... _ .... "
J..
Ji>
.;....
';-'.,
" . v ....;.
.'
FOHh:WOHD
The suhcommittee, at tbe onts"! of ItR Invel't.igationl', recognized the need for
bask docnment which could I)(~ lIfled as a ~eneral legislative lind cbronological
l1istory and, lit the same tlrot', as a bibliogrllphic guide to all the published
authoritative material pt~rtainillg to the wOl'k of the Alien Pl'operty Custodian
and the IIdministration of the 'J'rading With the Enemy Act, It is my belief thnt
this docnment will supply that need.
Its preparation bas been a jOint venture of the Amerknn Law Spet!on of till;
Legislative fieference Service, Library of Congresfl, ,Jamp!,; I~. Hadigan, .Jr,. Chief,
nnd the stuff of the Senate ,lndicinry Subcommittee on Trading With the Enemy
Act, Armistead W. Sapp, suhcummittee connsel. The IIctual reSearch lind COID
Ililation of the rloculIlent was l1erfornwd by Freeman ·W. Sharp, American Law
Section, and RaYIllOlltl S. Cox, subcommittee staff. 'I'he prefatory remarks aptly
state the purpose and ::;cope of the document.
WIIJ.IS SMITH, North CaroliIlII,
Cltairm.1n, .\;lIl1cotnmillee un 'I'rading With the l1nemll Act.
II
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�PREFACE
The 'Clvll War:
Act of July 13, 1861 (12 Stat. 255) : Act of MAy 2, 1862 (12 Stat. 4(4) : and Act of
July 2, 1864 (13 Stat. 375).
.
The Spanlsb·Amerlcan War:
problbltlon of clearance of American vessels for Spanish ports by the TreasUry
Department, 8ee 7 Moore, International Law Digest, section 1135.
The Trading Witb the Enemy Act (50 U. S. 0. App. 1-40) was originally enacted to
1917 for World War I and bas been in use to date. Tbis document presents an orderly ,
chronologlcai guide to tile Allen Property Cnstodlan's administration of that act from
the legislative point of view. Read croaswise it atrords a general picture ot the activities
. during tbe period of eacb session of the Congress from the Sixty·tlftb through the Elgbty
second Congresses. The columns cover tbe various main subj.,ct fields Involved. Legisla·
tive histories of ali blils Introdueed on tile subject of the act or tbe .A.lien Property Custodian
are Included under "Bills, Resolutions, and Laws". Tbls column Indudes all the apprG
prlatlon bills as well as b..llrlngs and tbe action taken upon legislation.
The ne:.:t column Is blbliograpbical In nature and contains nil the Congresslonal'
Record and Law Review' articles found. pnly tbree volumes appear to bave been spectt
Icaily written on the act: Charles H. Huberlcb on Trading With tbe Enemy (1918):
Martin Domke 011 Trading With the l<~nemy in World War II (1943) ; and a supplementlng
volume by the same author, The Control of Alien Property (1947). These books, together
wIth the articles cited, and a few brief sections wblch appear In the works of ,writers on
International Law, snch as -Wheaton, sopra, seem to constitute the entire literature on
tbe subject. Huberlcb Is a gold mine of tnlormation on the historical setting of the Act
of 191'1 Including similar acts of the principal belligerents of tbe First World War. Domke.
of course, COVers the Second World War and 'contains a wealth of material on actual
operative tbeory and practice.
Tbe two columns on Presidential ExecutiVe orders and-International Relations are
more or less self-explanatory. The former e<lntalns all the Execntlve orders Issued by the
President wblie the latter lists the principal Idtern.ational events sucb as treatlen and
declarations of war.
Raymond S. Cox of the subcommittee staff has been responsible tor tbe column on
Leading Cases In tile Courts. These Ca.ses are of special Interest -inasmncb as they point
the way to the construction or Interpretation of the act by tbe courts of the Land. The
early construction viewed the taklug of property by the Allen Property Custodian as vesting
the title In the Custodian as trustee rather than as owner. Later decisions are contra,
givlng-tbe Custodian an absolute tltie. Becan.ee of the piecemeal amendment of the act,
conllicts bave arisen between various sectlOI18. The cases digested bere olrer a composite
picture of 'the construction by the Courts of these contllcting sections and must be read
barmonlously with the enUre act In order to arrive at the Intent of Congress.
The finnl column, Chronology of Events, is designed to atrord references to the principal
,events, wbich bav!) transpired concerning the operations of tbe Ollice of the Allen Property
Custodian aud the administration ot tbe Trading Witb the Enemy Act. Tbe references
are to the news stories published In the New York Times newspaper. Tbese news Items
are Invaluable as history In the making. Their inclusion bere wlll enable Inveatiglltors to
properly evaluate tbose events wltb the social, polltlcal,_ and economic aspects of their
tlinee.
Fmi:EIr.I:..N W. SHARP, ,
The purpose of this document Is to afford the subcommittee Ii framework upon wblch
to base Its Investigation and study of the operations of tbe Office of the Allen PropertY
-Custodian and tbe administration of tbe Trading Wltb the Enemy Act. It Is llterally, as
Its titie suggests, a legislative chronological blstory and bibliography deslgued In cbart form
to provide a qulek orientutlon of legislation and events, related In time, as well as In subject
content.
The seizure of enemy property by a belligerent In war Is directed at the enemy's
potential to earry on the war. The immediate objects being 'to weaken the enemy's capacity
to wage war and to strengthen one's own. The secondary etrect of such seizures may be ~
far reacblrig In the pence. -The rapid growtb of tbe United States dye and cbemlcal industry
atter World War I, whicb was In a large measure due to the seizure ot German dye and
cbemical patents during tbat war, Is a case In point.
t' '
Originally, an alien enemy bad no rlgllts. Tbe Roman 'Jurlst Gains stated tbe tbeory
ot the ancient world whim be said tbat all that Is taken tram tbe enemy becomes ours.
The practice was that all movables became tbe property of tbe soldiers 8$ epulis, of war _
wbile the Immovables became the property of the Roman State (see,2 Sberman, Roman
Lo.w in the MOdern World, sec~ 634, citing Galus, 2, 69, Dig. 41, 1, 51, 1, Dig. 49, 14, 31, Dig.
49. 15,20, 1; for a mor!) modern statement of the theory see GroLlns. De jure belli et paoo,
- III. 3, 9). -With the French ReVOlution and tbe rise of liberalism and tbe democratic
age In Europe, nousseau formulated a new tIleory that war Is solely the relatlng ot state
to state and not of Individual to Individual; that Individuals are enemies oniy by accident
and ,not as men, not eVen as citizens but as soldiers only (fioo,al ContT...,t, Book I. c. 4; see
also: Talleyrund, A/onitcur Universal, Dec. 5, 1806. and Masse, Droit Comme1"c/aI, 1,121).
British and American writers bave never adopted Uousseau's doctrine and certainly modern
Utotal war" has blasted the last vestiges of any -foundntlollll It mlgbt have bad. The
modern' Brltlsb-Amerlcan view Is e>:pressed In Keltb's edition (1929, p. 7(9) of Wbeaton's
International Law:
"War Is sometimes regarded as primarily a relation between states and govern·
ments. represented In the confiict by definite military and navai forces. and as only
secondarlly a relation between the respective subjects Individually. P~ceable and
inoffensive Inhabitants taking no part in the contest -should, on this view. be immune
from attack, but modern war conditions, by turning enemy countries Into something
approacbing armed campa, bave weakened tbls doctrine. On any tbeory of war,
however, neither person nor property should be Injured or damaged, If the legitimate
purpose of the belligerent Is not thereby clearly promoted, and the overcoming of
bis enemy not facilitated. • • ...
The first acts of tbe United States respecting limitationS on trade with the enemy and
seizure of enemy property prior to World War I began with tbe American Revolution
as follows:
The HevolutIon:
Act of Sep/<"uher 3fJ, 1174, of the Conllnental Congress, prohibiting exports to
G"eat III·Ualll. In-lund, and the West Indies (1 American Arcblves, 4th series,
900; .e" uk'" ,,(-Is ill 117S, 4 Journal of Congress 254; 1780, 6 Journal of Con
gress lU3; 1781, 7 Journal of Congress 6(); and New York, Act of MAr. 9, 1'179,
2d seas, c. 28; New York Act of Apr. 13, 1782, litb sess., c. 39).
Tbe F~ench nonintercourse acts:
.
-.
Act at June 13,1798 (Stat. 5(5) ; Act 'of l"ebruary 9, 1700 (1 Stat. 613); and the
Act of February 27, 1800 (2 Stat. 'I).
_Tbe War of IS12:
Act of July 6,lS12 (2 Stat. 77.8).
American Lo.w Sectw...
S. Cox,
Subcommittee Staff.
RA Yl40ND
(""T1" ,
�"
I. WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1917-1929
CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actions iDdic:ated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND 'LAW REVIEW
,
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
SLxty·fltth Congress:
First session, Mar. 5-Octoher,6,
1917 (page references are to
vol 55, Cong. Bee.)
S. 2H;:>-To deline, regulate. and punish trading with
the enemy, and for other purposes. Mr. Fletcher;
, Committee on Commerce, p. 3487.
H. R. 4704--'1'0 define, regulate and punish trading with
tbe enemy, and for other purposes. Mr. Adam
son; Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com
merCi!, p. 2009.
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on H. R. 4104: L. C. call no ill!' 3030
A51917c
il. R. c!OOO-To define, regulate aod punish trading with
the enemy, aod for other purposes. Mr. Adamson;
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,
p. &184.
House RepOrt No. 85, p. 4054
Debated, p. 4840-4879, 4907-4030, 400s-4989
Passed House, amended, p. 4989
Semite Committee on Commerce, p. 5027
Senate Report No. 111, p. 6298
Recommitted, p. 6437
Senate Report No. 113, p. 6469
Debuted, p. 694~ 1007-7025
Passed Sellate Amended, p. 7025
Conference RePort-House Report No. 155, De
hated and agreed to In Bonae and Senate, p.
7340-7353, 7417-7428
.
Approved (Publle Law, No. 91), p. 7018
Hearings-Senate Committee on Commerce on H. R.
4000L. C. call no. HF 3030A51917d
H. R. 5325-ln relation to tradlng with the ene'my.
Mr. Mann; Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, p. 4765.
1. Article by Theodore H, TbleSing on trading with
the enemy published a8 Senate Doc. No. 101
2. Text of acts of British Parliament relating to trad
Ing with,the enemy, p, 4870
E. O. 2729A--Oct. 12,1917, prescribing powers and du
ties of APC, see also E. O. No. 2801, 2813
111. O. 2744-Oet. 29, 1917, salary, bond. powers and,
. duties of APC, see also E. O. 2790.
Declaration of W'ar with Gern
Stat. 1).
S. 3523-'1'0 amend' an aet entitled "An act to define,
regnlate anti punisb tradIng with the enemy, and
for other pnrposes," Approved Oct. 6, 1917. Mr.
Ransdell; Committee on Commerce, p. 894.
S. 4292-'1'0 conserve the gold supply of tbe United
States; to permit the settlement In sliver of trade
balances adverse to the United States; 'to provide
sliver for subsidiary coinage and for commercial
ose; to ass\st foreign governments at war wltb
tbe enemies of tile United States; and tor the above
purposes to stabillze the price and encoorage the
production of silver. Mr. Pittman; Committee on
Ranking and Currency, p. 4824:
- Senate Report No. 400, p. 5191.
Debated and passed Senate, pp. 5241-5251.
House Report No. 004, p. 5465.
Debated and passed House, pp. 5431-5435.
Approved (Public Law No. 139), p. 5591.
'1. Estimate of appropriations required (House Docs.
E. O. 2790.-Jan. 22, 1918, allotment of $80.000 for
enforcement of Trading With the Enemy Act, see
also E. O. 2744.
E. O. 2796-Jan. 26, 1918, regulatlon8 concerolng
foreign exchange.
E. O. 280l-Feb. 5, 1918, prescrlb.ing powers and duties
of Allen Property Custodlan;:see also E. O. 2729-.11.,
2813.
E. O. 2813-Feb. 26, 1918, prescribing powers and duties
of Allen Property Custodian, see also E. O. 2729-A,
2801.
E. O. 2832-Apr. 2, 1918, sale of certain property wltll
out advertisement.
E. O. 2843-Apr. 24, 1918, sale or 50 hogshead of to
'bacco, property of Scbilllng '" Burning Co.
Declaration of war with A'
1917 (40 Stat. 429).
Armistice with Austrla-Hu~
ties, etc., Senate Doc. 348, 67tl
pp. :u.U, i!-'>29, 3537).
Armistice witb Germaoy, :r
etc.. Senate Doe. 34S, 67tb C
Second session, Dec. 3, 1917
Nov 21, 1918 (page references
are to Vol. 56, Congo Bee.).
J.211704---3
904. 998, 1()73), pp. 1680, 4108, 5910.
2. Sale of Allen property, pp. 4001, 4083.
3. The work of tbe Allen Property Custodian, p. 3316.
4,' Report or Alien Property Custodian (Hoose Doc.
840), pp. 1045, 1081.
5. List of employees e:.erupted from Military Service,
P. 00llQ.
.
6. J. 1.. Davis Interviewed on work of the CustodJan,
New York Times, December 9, IX, 8: 6.
7. Spechll a rticle on aetivltles of Allen Property Cu....
todiim, New York Times, January 27"Vn, 7: 1.
Custodian nnder the 'finding With the Enemy Acta.
Amerl<.-an Jouroal of International Law, Vol; 12, p.
147,1918.
.
(1)
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
INTERNATIONAL II
~).
.
�~j
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND JAWS
(with actions indicated) .
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAl. EXECUTIVE ORDERS
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
Gummings, .t1ttOf"llell a,,,,eral, et al. v. Deulsche Bank
Continued
Seventy-tlftb Congress-Contlnued
First session, Jan. 5-Aug. 21,
lJl31-COntlnued
tain~>d tbe motion and dismissed tbe bill. Court of
AppeaLs reversed; Supreme Court affirmed lower court.
. Tbis is a case wherein the Custodian determined that
a piL'Ce of property belonged to an alien enemy and
seiz~..:I it, its money nnd prollCl'ty in this country, and
deposited SlIme in bank:. Tbe court said, among otber
things. that the snit under Section 1) (n) of tbe Act
IIgalnst tbe Attorney General and tbe Treasurer of tbe
United States to reeover property seized Is a suit against
the United States. In postponing restoration of prop
erty to former enemy owners, Publle Resolution No. 53 .
did not Infringe tbelr rlgbts under tbe Fiftb ....mend·
ment. .Further, that the seizures under the Trading
wltb the Enemy Act divested tbe enemy owners of aU
rigbt to the property seized and vested abSOlute title In
the United Stotes. TI.ls (llse bolds that wilh the
United States v. Ghemical Foundoti<m, 272 U. S. 1,9-11,
supra. p. 16, nod .Woodso/l v. Deutsche, etc. Vormais,
~02 U. S. 449. Tbe court cOlltinuing said that tbe fact
tbot the Congress had manifest f"om tile beginning that
it Wllij the Intention tbat after tbe war the property
seized would be dealt with justly. and the former own
ers WOUld, by restitution or compensation. be able to
arneliornte bardsbips resulting from such seizure. Dut
this did not detract from tbe title acquired by the
United 8tates or its power to retain or dispose of the
prollerty lIud"r sucb terms. The court sa id that by a
suit IInder the Settlement of War Clnims Act, a former
ene.ny owner could not gain title to the prol"",·ty prior
to tina I Judgment, and that tbe privileges of becoming
re-entitled to the seized property exteoded the former
enelllY owners. and upon specltic conditions by the War
Claims Act was a matter of grace and Wus subjeet to
wlthdrawnl by Congress.
Second session. Nov. 15-Dee. 21,
1931 (page references are to>
vol. 82. Cong. Ree.).
Third session, Jan. :!-June 16.
1938 (page references are to>
vol. 83. Cong. Rec.).
E. O. 1894-May 23. 11138 powers under section 12 of
the Trading witb the Enemey Act delegated to tbe
Attorney General.
E. O. 7901-May 31, 1938 property_Ie by the Attor
ney General. 3 F. R. 1055_
.
E. O. 8136-May 15. 1939, Allen Property Custodian's
powere trallSterred to Attorney GeneraL
seventy-sixth Congress;
First' session, Jan. 3-Aug. 1>.
1039 (page references are to
Vol. 84. Cong. Bee.).
Balka.. National In,urance Gompany 11. Gommi8¥i<mer
Of Internal Revenue, Jan. 9. 1939. 101 F. 2d 75
In tbls case the collrt. among other things, bad this
to s ...y: thnt tbe seizure of alien property untler Trud
ing With tbe Enemy Act di.ested alien OWller
of every right In resllCCt of l>roperty or money so
seized anti jmsses title Ihereto to tbe United Stutes.
Tbi" aguin is one of the cases wbich estuhUsbes the
absolute title ,"estetj in the Allen Property ouee 8. vest
ing order bu" been issued. Tbe alleu enemy retains
no right or Interest in the property whatsoever. The
Wortl ",·.",t" itself mellns u complete divesting of the
U
28
INTERNATlON,
�. CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actioDs iDdicated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
lfITERNATIO
Balkan National IWfUrance Company v ..Oommissioner
SeventY-SixUl Congress--Contiuued
Second session. Nov..I-No\·. 3,
HI;]9 (puge references ure to
Vol. sa, Cong. Rec.)".
Third session, Jun. 3, 194O-Jan.
3,1941 (page references are to
vol. 86, Congo Rec.).
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
01 Intemal Revellue-:.Continued
person who bud title" in this case nn enemy alien, and
vested the comillete title, without reservations, in tile
Alien Property" Custodian.
S. J. Res. 2ii2-To amend section 5 (b) of tbe Act of
October 6, 11117, as umended, and for otber
purposes.
!IIr. Wagner; Committee on Banking and Currency,.
p.4943:
Senate Report No. 1400, p. 4946.
Dehated, p. 5103, 5168.
Passed Sena te, p. 5184.
Pussed House (In lieu .of H. J. Res. 522), p .
1. Alien Property Bureau-Letter from United States
Archivist containing list of useless papers In, p.
8758.
. 5;135, 5.'l36.
Approved (Puhlie Luw No. 69), p. 6357.
H. . Res. &22-To amend section 5 (b) of the 'Act of.
J
October 6, 1917, as umended, and for other
purposes.
!IIr. Steagall; Committee on Banking and Currency,
p.4979:
House Report No. 2009, p. 5056.
Laid on table (S. J. ReB. 252 passed In lieu),
p. 5335, 5336.
III. TOTAL WAR OPERATIONS, 1941-1946
CONGRESS
BillS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actioDs iDdicated)
Seventy-seventh Congress:
Ii'irst session, Jan; 3, 1941-JaD.
2, H)-l2 (page references are to
vol. 87, Congo Rec-).
S. 2l2!l-To expedite the prosecution of the war effort.
!IIr. Vun !'iuys: Committee on the Judiciary, p. 9753.
Scnate Iteport No. 91l, p. 9789.
Debated, p. !J837.
Pnssed Sellute amended, p. Ds-tU.
hl(leli';itely IMIS1IMJlled (see H. It. (j:!:~), pp.
98!l3-!J8!I;;.
S. :!3(XJ--To pro"oide tm' the use of putents in tile inter
eMt of IlU tiona 1 defense or tile prosecution of the
war. and tor other purposes.
Mr. O'~luhoney, IIlr. HOlle, and !IIr. La ~'ollette:
COllllllittee on Patents, p. 1~.
t-leal'inl-,rs-Senate Committee
H. it.
(j2:!:~To
011
Patents
011
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
1. Remarks in Senate on the Trading with the Enemy
Act, (lp. 98:17, !lS:\8, !lS!I:I.
Practical aspects of foreigll VrOI>erty control. New
York Univel"~ity La",,' Qnarterly Review, Vol. 19,
PII. l-:~n, ~O\'(~IIIII4~r 19-41.
Presidential DeclarutIon (General licenses under sec
section 3 (a) of Trading with the Enemy .Act),
December 13, 1941, 6 ~'. R. 6420.
INTERNATIO
'PCl'larutjon of Wltr wil
,1l5).
Decla ration of \Var wi
stat. 7116).
Declaration of War wll
71)7) .
S. 2303.
expedite the prosecution of the war
efIort.
Mr. SUlIlners of Texas: Committee on the JudiCiary,
II. U8".!S.
llnuse Heport No. 1,.07, p. 9801, 9828.
onJer (11. ltes. as!). II. HS;;;)--DS.-.s.
Passed House umenlied, p. H858-HSGS.
PassL~1 Sellate (in lieu of S. Z12!l), p. 9893
~ppdal
HSU~.
House coucurs in Seuute amendment, p. 9946
9917.
Approved (Public Law No. 3ii4), p.10100, De
cember 18, 1941 (First War Powers Act,
1941).
J.26704----10
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
29
�CONGRESS'
:
Seventy~seventh
Congress:
Secullll session, Jan. :>-Dec. 16.
19~:! (pnl'e references are to
vol. 88. Coug. nee.).
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND
LAWS '
,CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTiCLES
(with DcfioD. indicated)
S. lies. 107-Authorizing n study of ,tbe possibilities
of better mobilizing tbe DatioDal resources of tbe
United Htates.
lIr. l{i1gort.~; Committee hn Military Affuin:;. p.
1186:
. PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERs:
1. "Enemy Private'Property", article by EdWin M. Bor
ebard, I'. A:l6.
Presidential Memo, Feb. 12, 1042-1Section 3 (a) nnd
5' (b), delegution of powers to Secretary of tbe
Treasury, 7 F. n. 1409.
hl: O. 91J'J5 lIlar. 11, 1042 establishment of Office of
Alien Property Custodian in Office of Emergency
Management, powers aDd duties, 7 F. R. Ifl71 t see
a Iso K O. !H1l3, 9567, 9788.
.
E. ,0. 9012, section 5, Mar. 18, 1042 cooperation with
Director of War Uclocatlon authorized, 7 F. R.
2165.
E. O. 9142-Apr. 21, 1942 transfer of Alien Property
Custodian powers from Attorney General, 7 F. R.
2985.
E. O. 9193-July 6:1!)42 Office of Alien Property Cus
todian in Office of Emergency Management, powers
and duties, 7 Ii'. R. 5205; see also E. O. 9095, !l[i67.
1l788.
Il!z Parte Kumcgo KalCuto, Nov. 9, 1942, 311 U. S. 69
1i1neUlY owned trade marks in Great Britain. 'rrndLL.
Mark lIe!,orl"... V..1. :12, p. 119-1:!1, November 11H2.
Hcgnlatiolls on alien pI"oI)l~rtY. California State Bar
Journal, \'01. 17, p. 107-108, Mareh-April 1042.
Vesting orders under Lhe J;.'irst 'Var l~o\Vers Act, 1941.
American Journal of Internatiollul Luw+ Vol. 30,
p. 400-4G5, July 1(H2.
t:onnnittpe to Audit nnd Control the Contin
gent E"pen><es of the Senate, p. 1461.
Agrecd to, p. 30'Jil.
Hearings-Senate Committee on limitary Mairs on
S. Res. 107.
H. R. 3030-Mnking appropriations to supply deficien
cies in certain appropriations for the tlscal year
ending June 30, 1943, and prior fiscal ye&rs, to
provide supplemental npproprintions for the
tlscal year ending June 30,' 1944, and for other
purposes.
Mr. Cannon of Missouri; Committee on Appropria
tions:
'
,
House Heport No. 577, p. 63-13, (>312.
Pussed i-IQuse amended, p. 6420-&150.
Senate Ueport No. 3861, p. 7H16.
Dehated, p. 7i69, 7174.
Pas.~ed SeDate amended, p. 7181.
Conference-House Report No. 675, p. 7310.
Al'reed to, p. TJG8-7362, 7363-7382, 7342
Second Conference-House Report No. 095, p.
7342-73~a, 7,100, 7479.
Agreed to, p. 748:>-7490,7446.
Approved (Public Law No. 140), p. 7550.
Elearings-House and Senute Committees on Appro
priations on H. R. 3030.
.
Seventy-elgbtb Congress: '
First session, JaD. 6-Dcc. 21,
'; 1043 (page :referenceS ilre to'
Vol. 89, Cong.'Uee.): '
'
1
~
H. R. 3672-To umend the Trading with the Enemy
Act. as amended, nnd tu.r other purposes.
Mr. G~nrhnrt;" Committee' 'on' tnterstnteand"
Foreign ComUl~rcet p. 9557.
,INTERNATIO
'LEADING CASES IN· THE COURTS
E. O. 9325-Apr. 7, 1943 expenses of Omce pllymimt from
funds in custody, of Allen Property CllStoillan,,8
F., R 4682.
'
.'.
" . ,
,
todian', ll, 002H. A '1848.
3: Loentioil of nn Alien Property Custodian Office In
.:"
_
Portland,
Oregon~ lLA5a36~
,',; '4: 'S;'izur~ of lJU tents. p. 677.
The Alien ProllCrty Custodian, Wisconsin State Bur
Association Bulletin, Vol. 16, p. 12-18, February
11)43.
Alien Property Cuslodiun--Po\\'crs and Duties, Title
,
News, Vol. 23, p. 1-21), Deccmber 1W3.
'
Conliscation of the Property of Technical Enemies, Yale
Law Journal, Vol. ::;2. ll, 739-770, Selltemher 1!l4:~.
Enemy Interests in I·:st.ates nmJ 'l~rusts nntI Other Court
or Administrative Actions or Proceedings. Journul
of the Bar Association of the District of Columbia,
Vol. 10. &07-:-'18, November 1043.
~:nemy Un.ler Ihe Trading with the Enemy Act and
Some Prohlcms of Interna.ionul I~uw. i\iichigan
I,uw HeYicw. Vol. 42, p. 38:Hre, Dccember 19-13.
Foreign ~'unds llnd Property Control-tbe Power and
Duties of tbe Alien Property Custodian, George
Wasbington Law !levie\\', Vol. 11, p. 357-366,
April 194:1.
'-\
30
f)e<:lnration of War wi
Stat. 307). Declaration
5, l!l,12 (00 Stut. 307). I
mania, June 5. 1942 (aO :
grounds thnt petitioner hud become an enemy nHm.
ullder Trniling with the Enemy Act. Section 2, of the
Trading with tbe Enemy Act; definllS',9nceneIDY as those'
residing within nn ,.enemy,; cou~try. or' ,unless' n citizeli!:
of enemy nation, wberever residing as the President
may Include. SlnL"e the President bus not made any
<Ieclaration as to resident ullens tbe Act does not bar
petitioner suit. Lower court reversed.
.~ ..\',; .1:;;/)..~ .~~·i~
.,;.
1. f!::.....Umate of personnel retluircmcnts for Office of
Alien Property Custodian, I'. 7518, 75:!2, 8107, 8185.
2: Disposal of property held by Alien Prol>erty Cus
['ctitioner, a non·cltizen of the United State. but
resident thereof, hrought this suit against other" for
s('rvkes, etc.. ,Motion to nba te case wns allowed 011
li
Stern v. NCtolon, Feb. 5, 194", 39 N. Y. So 2nd 593
I'lnintifr brou::ht··thi., nctlonllgninst' defendant to
"r.;co'ver· possession of, certain securities held In the
, ;lccount of ,1\ .'reiltii 'Company: 'The' Alien Property
Custodian applied to interyene contendlrig that be hllel
Issued a vestlng order vesting tbe securities.'
The conrt nllowed tbe intervention, saying tbnt
wbere the Alien Property CustodIan had iSSlIed tl U
ord." vesting in blmself tbe securlUes he was entitled
to Intervene.
'l'be fnct that securities were plnlntlff's property untl
b<'ing held In name of French Company ns nominee did
not prevent seizure by Allen Property CustOdian.
Where the Alien Property Custodian seizes only the
right, title, and interest of an enemy national a ques
tion Is presented us to the ext'?nt ot that Interest, but
wbere the Alien Property Custodian. vests the !)nr
ticular property, the Alien Property Custodian ttlkes
the entire right, title, and Interest, regardless of the
quantum owned by enemy national.
It was for Alien Property Custodian to determine
wbether interests of United StateS would be effectively
.erved by vesting of enemy property, and vulidity of
tbut determination, or validity on any otber basis ot
,vesting order was not for Supreme Court to review.
Unconditional Surrender
1943 (Treaties and Internl
1rol):
�...:. ..
":-'4!""""'~"''''
Seventy·eighth Congress-Con.
First session, Jan. 6-Dec. 21,
1943-ContIDned
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with action. in~)
....,... .•._~ '-""-"
_ ............... ,...............,,""'._.... ~~k.~""'''_ •
.... _ ...... _.:..:.......tt..--:.: ..~
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW'
.
ARTICLES' ..
~.
~~.
.i PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
..
..
_ ___ ....... "'"""-... ~~~ • • _c...:;;;....
_~
.
___ N ..........
LEADING' CASES IN THE COURTS
.'1161''' v. NClotOll-Continued
~'unctions
of the l'lstatcand·Trust Section of the Allen,
Property Cusl,odian's Office, ·California. State. Bar
Journal, Vol, 18, p. 30-41, January·February
1943.
.
Legislation on Trt!atnwnt of l,nemy ·~roperty, Ameri·
cun Journal of international Luw, Vol.. 37, p.
611-IlaO, October W34.
.
~ati~na1izati()n of }I~ueruy Patents, American Journal
of Interilllti,;nal Law, Vol. :{7, p. 9Z-97, January
1943.
.
New Concepts of ~~Ilemy in the Trading with the
Enemy Act, Suint Jobns Lnw Review, Vol, 18, p.
.
56--61, November 1943.
Powers and Duties of the' Alien Property Custodian,
Title News, Vol. 23, p. 1-:!9, December 1943.
Recent Innovations. in Legal Ilnd Regulatory Concepts
as to the Alieu lind His Property, American Jour·
nal of International Law, Vol. 37, p. 5&-73, Janu·
ary 1943.
Vesting Powers of tbe Alien Property Custodian, Cor·
nell Quarterly, Vol. 28, p. 24[...200, March 1943.
War Measures, the Alien Property Custodian and Pat·
ents, J ouroal of the Patent Office Society, Vol. 25,
p. 6Il2-72B, October 1943.
The vesting order ot' Alien Property Custudian, vest·
Ing in bimself s!!<!urities in name of enemy national
didn't determine whether plaintiff or enemy WU~ en·
titled to securities, but It did give Alien Property Cus·
t'Kliuu right to Immediate possessiou,
Draeger Shippi1lg Co., It/c., et al. v. Crololcll, Alie/l'
l'ropertll CUI/odia", Feb. 13, 1943, 49 Fell. Supp. 215
A case wherein the Draeger Shipping Company and
Draeger, brougbt this suit under section I)
ot tbe Act against the Allen Prope,·ty Custodian for
the return ot tbelr property. On plalntUl"s motion
for an' order dirceting detendant to retsin In his
custody until finai judgment plalntlll"s property, oud
directing defendant to permit plaintiff corporation to
curry on its huslness and Individual plaintiff to net
as Its president under tbe supervision of the defendant,
and on tbe defendant's motion to dismiss complaint
2'hls ease WIIN tried and decided In 1943 In District
Court of New YOI''':
The plalntUf Drae!:er had been a citizen of tbe
United States since 1808. Be was not an "enemy,"
"aHy of enemy" or II "national" of any foreign or
enemy country within tbe meaning of the Act, The
Custodian, acting under the Act, had taken the plain·
tllf's property and stock, and had elected anotber presi
dent In bls place and had proceeded .to liquidate tbe
company. The order vesti ng In the Allen Property
Custodian tbe stock of the corporation In Draeger's
name alleges tho t he holds it for the beneHt of on
organization In Gernlany. Of course, this the plain·
tiff denIes. The defendant contends furtber that the
court Is without jurisdiction and tbot section 9 (a) of
tbe Act, as amended, appUes only to seizures of prop
erty ot enemieS or ailles of enemies under section 7
(c) of tbe Act aud not to action taken with respect to
property of II foreign "national" under section 5 (b)
of the Act. as amended by tbe First War Powers Act
IOU.
Where title 3 of the ~'irst War Powers Act by Its
language amended only ''TIle Ilrst sentence of 'sub
division (b) of section 5 of the Act", It would be
assumed that Congress Intended tbat all provisions of
the Act shonld be held applicable to such amendment
. a8 far as It conSistently caD be done. Section I) (a)
of the Act 08 amended autborizlng a return of property
seized under tbe Act to any person not an enemy or an
ally ot an enemy claiming title in property would
Dfll.ly to property taken by Allen Property Custodian
under section 5 (b) ot the Act 88 amended hy First
~'rederick
31
.; INTERNAT!
�BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS'
CONGRESS
(with acti0l11 indicated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
!Venty-eighth Congresa--Oon.
First session. Jun. 6-000. ,21.
1Il411-0)0tinued
Secoud session. J nil. 1Q-Dec. Ill,
1944 (Puge referencea are ~o
Vol. 00, Cong. Bee.).
INTERNATIONAL RE
Draeger Shipping 00., Inc., v. OrOlO/ev-Continued
Wur 'Powers Act relnthig to tsking of property of a
foreign "national", as aguinst contention that section
!l (a) upplied only to seizures of property of enemies
or ullies of enemies under sectlQll 7 (c) of the Act.
The plaintiff's motion to retain property pending de
termination of the litigation granted. Defendant's
motion to dismiss denled..
S. 1925-To amend the Trading with the Ellemy Act.
us amended.
Mr. 'McCarruD; Committee on the Judiciary. p.
~569.
<:)
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
S. 20:18--To amend the Trading wilh the Enemy Act.
as amended. and for other purposes.
Mr. Glass; Committee on the Judiciary, P. 65!l3.
U. Res. Gal-Requesting informution from the Allen
Property Custodian as to ownership and con·
trol of J. M. Lehmann Compuny. Inc.
Mr. Deckstein; Committee on tbe Judiciary, pHSI.
.
H. R . ·18~O-To amend un net to authorize administru·
tive returns and payment of dehl claims.
Mr. Sumner of Texas; House Committee on the
Judicla.'Y. p. 4776.
Hearings-House Committee on the Judiciary on H. R.
48-10.
H. R. 5llS-To amend the Trading with the Enemy
Act, as amended, and for other purposes.
Mr. Satterlleld; Committee on the Judiciary, p.
6680.
H. It. 5,,s7-Making approprlntions to supply defi·
ciencles In certain appropriations for the tlsclIl
year ending June 30, 1044, and for prior fiscal
years and to provide supplemental appropria
tion. for the lisen I year. ending June 30, 1945
and June 30, i046, and for other purpose••
Mr. Cannon of Missouri; Committee on Appro
priations:
House lteport No. 20"..3, p. 89f,o.
Debated, p. S9H-!l!H6, 8!l!l:H<999, !lOCH-007S.
. P assed .HouSe amended. p. '0078.
Sena te U<,port No. 1384, p. ~8.
Dehated, p. 9493, 9501-9507, 9501-9516
Passed Senate amended, p. 0::>111.
Conference-House Heport No. 2087. p. 0008.
Agreed to, p. 0008-0010, 0010-0017, 9630-9632,
0033.
Approved (Public Law No. 529), p. 9S06.
Hearings-Hollse and Senate Committees on Appro
prilltlons on H. R. 5587.
1. Sale of patents, p. 7292. A 1563, A371!l.
2. Annual Heport of Allen Property Custodian (House
Doc. 417), p.l6..."7,l632, 7655.
3. Personnel estImates for olllee of. 3672,3727,5002
4. Proposed amendment to First War Powers Act. p.
4775.
.
Coordination of Allied Enemy Property Department,
Journal of the Society of Comparative Legisla·
tion (3d Series), Vol. 26, p. 51--55, November 1944.
Power and Policies of the Alien Property Custodian He
luting to Patents, George Washington Law Re
view, Vol. 12, p. 330-345, Aprill!l44.
Seizure of Property of Enemy Aliens. Fortnigbtly Law
Journal; Vol. fi3. p. 312-314, May 15. 1044.
E. O. 9423-Feb. 16, 1944 cooperation with Director of
War lteloention Authority' (see E. 0.9100, section
li) 9 F. R.l!103.
~j
32
Unconditional Surrender of RUI
(Executive Agreement Series, 490
Unconditional Surrender of BUl
(Executive Agreement Series 437;
�CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
( with actions indicated)
Seventy-ninth Congress:
First session, Jun. 3- Dec. 21,
1945 (page references are to
VoL 91, Congo Rec.).
S. 1297-'1'0,pt'oIDote the progress of science and the
useful arts, to secure tile national defense, to
advance the national health and welfare, and
for other purposes.
Mr. Kilgore, Mr. Johnson of Colorndo; Committee
on lUilitary Alfnirs, p, 7938.
II€ i trings-Sennte Com'!1ittee' on Military, AlTairs on
, S.12'J1.
S. 1322-To amend tbe Trading with the Enemy Act,
as amen<ied, and for other purposes.
Mr. McCarrnn; Committee on the Judiciary, p.
800<1.
Henrings-Scnate Committee on tile Judiciary on S.
1322. T C. call
•.
JX ;;313 U6 A5 1946,
n. Res. 1:13-He<juesting intonuation from the Allen
Property Custodian liS to ownership nnd control
of J. M. Lehmnnn Company, Inc.
Mr. Deckstein; Committee on the Judiciary, p.
no.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
1. Disposition of Anen Enemy I'roperty, p. 5523,
A2722. A3376. A502G.
2. "Postwar l'roblems for Treatment of Enemy Prop
erty", by llcpresenntive G'earhnrt, p. ,&;1381.
3. I.etter from !$e<:relary Brrnes to Representative
Beckworth on, A51);12.
4. "Prnctical Democrncy", editorial from New York
Times, p. A5327.
5. Estimates of personnel' requirements for, p. 1094,
2072,833[;.8574,8583.
6. Nazi films, release of, p. A2008.
7. Annual Report of Alien Property Custodian, p. 4778,
E. O. D5G7-June 8, 1945 Office of Alien Property Cus
todian in Office for Emergency Management, pow
ers ond duties. 10 F. R. 0017, see also E. O. 0095,
9193.
E. O. 9789--0ct. '14, 1946 Transfer of pertinent powerS
to Philippine Aiien Property Adminlstrntor 11 F. R
11983, see also E. O. 0818 and 10254_
4817.
8. Estimnte of nppropriations (Senate Doc. 126), p.
11856.
O. Hugo Stinnes Corporntion, report of June 1944, p.
A3337.
.
10. Policy of A lien Property Custodian, p. 11358.
1080.
11. Hcmarks ou Trading with the Enemy Act, p. 5683,
5681, 11858, A3376.
n. Res. 411l-To lIuthorize the Committee on Interstote
nlul ~'orcign Commerce to conduct a study with, Enemy Property-a Symposium, Law nnd Contem
respect to the holding and disposition of nllen
pornry Problems, Vol. II, p. 1-:!0I, Winter-Spring
property.
1045.
Mr. lleckworth; Committee on Rules, 1'.11018. '
Foreign Funds Control and' the Alien Property Cus
H. R 2111-Tn extend temporarily the time for filing
todion, Cornell Law Quarterly, ,Vol. 31, p. 1-30,
September, 1045.
applications for letters, patents, and for other
purposes.
lIlr. Boykin; Committee on Patents, p. 1013.
Hearings-House Committee' on Patents on H. R 2111.
H. R. 3368-M:tking apprOl>rnltlons for wor agencies
for the tIscal year ending June 30, IIli6, and for,
other purposes.
Mr. Cannon of Missouri; Committee on Appropria
7519.
Agreed to. p_ 751!}-7525. 752.;....7534. 7500, 7513.
Approved (Public Law No. 156), p. 8321.
Hearings-House and Senate Committees on Appro
,
priatlon's on H. R 8368.
B. R. 337l-To amend the Trnding with the Enemy' Act.
a8 amended. and for other purposes.
Mr. Gearhart; Committee 00 Ioterstate and For.
eign Commerce, p. 5528.
,aj)
V.
Bora", Consol., Limited, et a!~, Ju11l27.
J945,62 Fed. SuPP. !20
This action under tbe 8herman Antitrust Act by
,the United Stotes of America ngninst Ibe Borax Con
solidated, Ltd., and others charging defendants with
monopoly lind conspitacy and for dissolution of alleged
combine and other relief. Alien Property' OUice had
'Vested one of the nlleged co-conspirators in 1942. On de
fendant's motion to dismiSS, to separately state clnims,
to strike out parts of complaint, to make more certoin
or tor bill of particulars, nnd on piaintill's motion to
strike certain nffidavits.
'
In this case t!le important thing to bring out is tllnt
the court said that the Alien Property Custodian holds
full and complete title to enemy pl'Ollerty on behalf
of the United States, without any benefiCial interest
remaIning In the fonner owner, and he may deal with
such property, Including the selling ot it, in any manner
appropriate to the lntorests ot the United States.
Respondent brought thIs suit ngoinst tile Allen Prop
erty Custodian and Treasurer of the United States
to recover, from the assets of an Italian, a deht tor
legal services. Motion to dismiss on ground that 9 (e)
barred any debt not due and owing October 1017, or
applications made prior to 1928, dnte of War Clnims
Act. Court maIntained that Trading with the Enemy
Act becnme effective at outhreak ot World War II, and
that () (e) relates to claims of World War I; 9 (e)
Is not applicable to this type ot SUit under 9 (a).
-;
'1419, 7474-1494, 1452-7463, 7464.
2nd Conference-Douse RepOrt No. 013, p.
United Slates
Markham, Alien Proper/II CU8todian, v. Cabell,
Dec. JO, 1945,326 U. S. 40,.
tions:
House Report No. 653, p. 5400, 5463.
Debated, p. 5732-5750, 519;;-5799. 5799-5831.
Passed House, p. 5833.
Senate Report No. 380, p. 6322.
Deba ted. p. 6724-6739, 6803-tl823. 6865--6893,
6S95-6906, 692"2-6929, 6991-700i;, 7000-7056,
7051-1002, 7064-7008_
Passed Senote amended, p. 706S.
Conference-House Report No_ 880, p. 7404,
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
INTERNAT
Unconditional Surrt
(59 Stol. 1321).
Unconditional Surr.
(59 Stat. S67).
Unconditional Surn
Stat. S78}.
�...
'
CONGREsS
Seventy-ninth Con~ntlIlue4
First session, Jail. 3-Dee. 2l.
1945-Contlnued
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actions indicated)
-'
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL 'EXECUTIVE ORDERS
LEADING CASES IN THE, COURTS
INTERNATIONAL
H. R. 3750-To amend the jI'irst War Powers Act..
Mr_ Sumners ot Te"as; House Committee on the
Judiciary. p. 740·t.
Bearings-House COUlmittee on the Judiciary on H. R.
3750.
H. R. 4{l(ll-To amend the Trnding with the Enemy Act,
as 1l1Oemled.
Mr. Burch; Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, p. 8574.
H. R. 4079---To extend temporer!!y the time for filing
applica tions tor patents, for tuking action in the
United Stutes Putent Office with respect thereto,
for preventing proof of acts abroad with respect
to the making of' an invention nnd tor other
purposes.
1I1r. Boykin; Committee on Patents. p. 8659.
Hearings-House Committee on Putents on H. R. 40711.
H. R. 4571-To amend the First War Powers Act, 11141..
IIlr. Sumners of Texas; Committee on the Judici
ary, p. 1();l21:
House Report No. 1200, p. 10873.
Debated, p. 11354-11300.
Passed House, p. 11366.
(2ild, seSSion, vol. 112. Cong. Record).
Seuate Heport No. (120. p. 793.
Passed Senate amended, p. 1524.
Honse concurs, p. 1762.
Approved (Public Law No. 322), p. 2056.
H. . 480:>-Making appropriations to supply deflden
R
cies in certain npproprintions for the flacaI year
ending June 30, 1946, and for prior flacal years.
to provide supplemental appropriations tor the
fiscal year ending June SO, 1946, aDd for other
purposes.
Mr. Cannon of lIlissoori; Committee on Appropria
tions:
House Report No. 1288, p. 11006.
Debated, p. '11041-11075, 11124-11l~7, 11181
11228, 11255-11200.
Passed House, p. 11200.
Sena te Report No. 857, p. 12030.
Debated,p. 12034-12038, 12039,.12061, 12105-:-.
12135. 12124-12132.
Passed Senate amended. p. 12132.
Conference-Hous.. Report No. 1464, Po 123M.
Agreed to. p. l2:J54...12363. l2329. l233O, l2362,
1:1419, 12482.
.
Secoud Conference-House Report No. 1468, p.
12448.
'
Agreed to, p. 12448, 12483.
Approved (Public Law No. 200), p. l2547.
Hearings-House and Sennte CommIttees on Appl'&
printloDs on H. R. 4805.
H. R. 4003-To create an Enemy Property Commission,
to provide for the disposal of certain enemy prop
erty, aud tor otller purposes.
Mr. Beckworth; Committee ou Interstate and
Foreign Commerce. p. 1103L
:'"
.... :~: ,; ';
.,
,
.'
',,!
34
:,..1.:
�__ ~ttESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with adioo"indic:ated)
Seventy-ninth Congress-Contlnued.
Sl"Cono session, Jan. 14-Aug. 2,
1946 (Page references are to
Vol. 92 Congo Bec.).
'
S. 2Q39--I'ro n mend section 32 (a) ot the Trading with
the Enemy Act of Octohel' G, 1!ll7, as nmclIlled.
Mr. Mead; Committee on the Judiciary.. p. 3262.
Hearings-Sennte Comlllittee on the Judicinry on S.
2O:~9.
S. 210l-To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act
ns lImellded, to permit the shipping. of relief
Hupplies.
Mr. llridges; Committee on the Judiciary, p. 4017;
Senate Report No. 12G2, p. 4174.
Passed Senate. unH~ntletl, p. 4:!ut:I.
Passed House, p. 4~04.
Approved (Public Law No, 362), p. 5168.
S. 233(}-1'o provide for the transfer of certain tuac
tions under the Trading with tbe Enemy Act, as
amended, from the 'I'rcasury Depnrlment to the
Department ot Justice, lind tor other purposes.
Mr. Bridges an(j Mr. Enstland: Committee on the
Judiciary, p.-6773.
S. 234:>-To provide tor the retention by the United
States Government or its ngendcs or instrumen
talities,of real uud person properly within the
Philippines now owned or later acquired and for
the administration of the Trading with the
Enemy Act ot Octoher 6, 1917, liS nmended, in
the Philippines, subsetluent to independence.
Mr. Tydings; Committee on Territories and Insular
Afrnirs. 1'. 7039:
Senate Report No. 1578,1'_ 7200;
Passed Senate amended, p. 8101-8110.
Passed House (in lieu of H. R. 6801). p. 8Hl2.
Approved (Public Luw No. 485), p. 8:141.
.
S. 2378-'£0 amend the. First Wur Powers Act, 19-11.
Mr. McCarran; Committee 00 the Judlcinry, p.
7603:
'
Senute Report No. 1889, p. 10115.
Debntell, p: 10301.
Indefinitely postponed-H. R. 68{)() passed in
lieu, P. 10371.
Hearings-Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
H. R. 5089-To nmend the First War Powers Act.
Mr. Sumners ot Texas; House Committee on the
Jutllciary, p. 12491.
_
_
'
Bearings-House Committee on the Judiciary on B. R.
[;08!).
B. R.' 5223-To extend temporarily the time for filing
upplications for put"uts, for takln!,; action in the
United States Potent Office with res\lect thereto,
for preventln/-: proof of nets abroad with respect
to the making of, on invention, and for other
purposes.
Mr. Boykin; Committee on Patents, p. 313:
House Report No. 1498, p. 400.
Pussed House, p. 14:12.
Senate Report No. 1502, p. 6886.
l'HHscd Senute nmended. p. 9223.
Conference Report-House Report No. 2696,
agreed to in botb Houses, p. 10471, 1052.5.
Approved (Public Law No. 600), p. 11Ji89.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
1. Disposition of certain property, p. 10217.
2. Annual Heport of Alien Property Custodiao, p. 7000,
7037.
3. Shipment of relief supplies, p. .'12597.
Duties ot Citi7Ams Concerning Property of Alien l!;ne
wies, Nevada State Bar Journal 11: 14-15, Janu
ary 1946.
Enemy Business Enterprises nnd the, Alien Property
Custodian, Fordham Lnw Iteview, Vol. 15, p. 2-"2
241 and Vol. 16, p. 51>-85, November 1946 and
•Mureh 1947,
Judie/al Heview of Alien Property Control, Ya!.e Law
Journal, Vol. 55, p. 8:1&-842, June lIM6.
Hepresentational Jurisdiction of the Alien Property
Custodiao, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 17, p. 82-91,
Murch 1940.
Shull Enemy Property Be Returned?, American PoilU
cal Science Review, Vol. 40, p. 101-112. February,
1!J46.
Trenirnclit o f Enemy Property, Georgetown Law Jour
nnl. Vol. 34. p. 389-400, May 1946.
E. O. 97211--l\!ay 16, ]946 Alien Property Custodian to
administer sections 20 and 32-return of property,
11 F. It. 5381.
Cenlral Hanover /Junk ana Trusl Co. v. Ma"kham,
Alien Prop~rl1l CU81~dian, el 01. Ocl. 11, 1946, 68 Ji'elf..
811/;p.829
El. O. !lH2-June 25, ]9~6 cooperation witb Director of
Wur Helocation Authority 11 F. R. 7125 see also
R O. 9423 ami 910'2, section 5.
E. O. 9741-Juiy 3, 1946 continuation of functions in
Philippines after July 4. 1946. 11 F. R. 7518.
E. O. 976(}-July 23, 1946 restriction on authority over
diplomatic and consular property of Germaoy and
Jal",n, 11 F. R. 7999.
))1. O. 9188-Oct: H, 10-16 Ollice of Alieo Property Cus
todiao In olllee of Emergency Management ter
minated, 11 /<'. R 11981, see also E. O. 00!l5, 9193,
9567.
.Action by the Trust COInIUlny to. recover stock and
dividends vested hy Alien !'rollCrty Custodian, as suc
cessor trustee. Cross-motion for summury judgment.
The i'lalntitr does not dispute the right of Alien
Property Custodian 10 vest or seize the inlerest of the
lite beneficiary, but doe~ contend as successor. in title
to the interest of life beneficiary and the remainderman
thai Alieo ProllC~ty Custodian does'not become entitled
to posseSSion of the corpus ot the trust.
The court held that the Alien Property Custodian
WIIS entitled to possessiou und dividends wllere bene
ficiaries and remainderman. of a ·trust agreement, were
residents Hnd citizeu~ of Germany; notwithstnnding u
New York stutute prohibiting aSSignment of a trust
interest.
\Vhen he .s(j tukes :tOrrms ot n trust he mny handle
trust property as though he were absolute owner,
though he is nnl required to .10 unytbing but preserve
It (section 12, uS amendcd).
In Rc: Yokohama 8pecie Bun!:, Lla., Nov. 111, 1946, 66
.
N. Y. 8. :!?d llIl9
This Is nn action by the Superintendent of Banks
who is muking un applicution:tor un order authorizing
him to pay to the Alien Property Custodian ""rtain
fllllds which he holds liS leglltor of the New York agency
of the Yokohuma Specie Bonk. Bondbolders who
e1uim to be beneficiaries of a trust of the funds In que....
tlon op[lose.1 the application.' The United Stutes sup
ports the npplicntion. The court hClt! that the Allen
Property Custodian had authority to take possession
of wbat he determines to be property ot enemy na
tionals lind his deterillination [s conclusive. The fact
that the 'fighting hus ~",ased does not uffect the stntu
tory power of the Alien Property Custodinn on tbe
constitutionnl validity of the statutes which grant those
powers.
This application by the Superintendent authorizes
him to lillY over to the Alieo Property Custodian certain
, funds which could oot be opposed by bondholders on
the ground thnt the funds constituted trust funds 10
their favor nnd thnt the Ilndlng and determination of
the Alien Property Custodian was conclusive and
shoul,l not bt, determined by tbe Supreme Court. D ...
terminlltion by the Alien Property Custodian that these
funds represent ohligations owed by tbe bunk to obli
gators hut did not constitute tnUlt funds In favor ot
bondholders was conclusive upon bor.dholders. Not
withstanding bondholder'. actions agniost the Superin
tendent to determine their interest prior to turno"er
dln'etlve.
A determination by the Alien Property, CustodlilD
tbat -property is property of an enemy conntry or na
tlonnl would be equally effective whether or not It ap
peared in vestiog orders or turnover directives, since
statute does not specify ally particular form that the
35
INTI
�CONGRESS
Seventy-ninth CongreSJr-Continued
Second session, Jan. 14-Aug. 2
. 1946-----Dontinued
"
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actions iDclicaled),' "
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
· '
ARTICLES
'
PRESIDENTIAl. EXECUTIVE ORDERS
H, R. 6521-To amend section 32 (a) of the Trading,
,vUh tile .~nemy Act ot October' 6. 11l17. as
amendrd.
In Rc: Yokohama
~pecic
Bank, Ltd.-Continued
determinatIon must 'take. Tile detennination that til is
prOlJerty represented obligll tions owed by the bank to
the obligator was in a linal determination that the trust
funds Were not trust funds in the favor of bondholders,
because they were afforded aCCess to the court under
§ 9 of the Act.
.
Mr. Lynch; Committee on Interstate IUld Foreign
Commerce, p. MOO.
H. R. 6801-To provide tor tile retention by the United
States or its agencies or Instrumentalities of
real and personal property witilin the Philip
pines noW owned or later acquired and for tile
administration of the Trading with the Enemy
Act of oCtober 6, 1917, as amended, In tile Philip
pines, subsequent to Independence.
.
Mr. Bell; Committee on InsUlar Mairs, Po 7036:
House Report No. 2296, p. 7122.
PasSed House amended, p. 8165.
Proceedings.vacated-So 2345 paased In lieu,
p.8192.
H. R. 68s5-Mnking appropriations to suppty dell·
ciencies in certain appropriations for tbe IIscai
year ending June 30, 1946, Bnd prior IIscai years,
to provide supplemental appropriations for the
fiscal yenr ending June 30, 1946, to provide ap
prop;iBtions tor the fiscal year ending June 30,
1947, and for otber purposes.
Hr. Cannon of Missouri; Committee on' Appro
pria tions:
'
llouse Report No. 2345, P. 7587, 7601.
Debated, p. 7734-7768, 7911-'Ill23.
Passed House, p. 7925.
Sena te Report No. 1768, p. 873l.
Passed Senate, p. 9067-0089.
Conference-Honse Report No. 2541, p. 9432.
Conference-Honse Report No. 2547, p. 9432.
Agreed to, p. 9432, 9434, 9448-9455.
Approv<td (Public Law No. 521), Po 101M.
Hearings-House and Senate Committeea on Appro
priatlons on H. R. 6885
._
'Ii."R. 6800'-'-To~amend"tIle FlrlltWar Powers ·Act.~:;'
/ "'i94L-~
"
Mr:"Silwners of Texas'; Committee on tile Jndl·
ciary; p. 760i:
, -Honse Report No. 28M, P. 7780. -r
:P;'ssed Hoose, p.10218.
Passed Senate In !leu of S. 2318, p.1037l.
House concurs In Senate amendmentai· p.
10486.
.
Approved (PubliC Law No. 671), p. 10189.
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
.
"'.',
36
INTERNATIONAl
�IV. THE COLD-HOT WAR OPERATIo.N,
'.
CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actions indicated)
;.
r
Eightletb Congress:
First session. Jan. 3-Dec. 19,
1947 (Page references are to
Vol 93, Cong. Ree.).
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
E. O. !lE!lS-Jan. 7, 1947 estnblishment ot Pbllippine
Alien Property Custollilin in Office ot Emergency
lIlanagement, 12 F. R. 133, see also E. O. 9789 and
10254. .
Drewry v. Onas.is, Mar. 31, 19,,7, 69 N. Y. S. lind 850
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
S. J. Ites. 138-To provide for tbe' return ot Italian
1. Analysis of debt claims Illed witb Alien Property
property In the United Stntes, and ror other
CustOdian, p. A3&18.
purposes.
2. Disposition of aU"" property, p. A228!l.
Mr. Vandenberg; Committee on Foreign ltelntiol18:
3. Annual Heport of Alien Property Custodian (Bonse
Doc. 4(5), p. 10698, 10'769.
Senate Report No. 390, p. 7685.
Passed Senate, p. 8247.
The Alien Property Custodian and Conclusive Determi"
House Report No. 1009, p. 9462.
nations of Survivorship; Georgetown Law Jonrnal,
Debated,p. 102;;1.
Vol. 35,p. 262:-271 (January 1947).
Passed House, p. 10258.
1':nlal':;e(\ Authority ot Allen Property Custodian to
Approved (Public Law No. 370), p. 10567.
Seize Property of Friendly Aliens Under Trading
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
with the Enemy Act, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 56,
p. 1008-1076, June 1947.
Commerre on S. J. Res. 138.
Heco"eI'Y by Friendly Alien of Propert;, Seized under
S. 9S9--To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act so
the Trading with the Enemy Act, Virginia Law
as to permit certain aid to civilian recovery in •
Heview, Vol. 33, p. 3G6-368, 1I1ay 1947.
occupied zones.
Mr. Langer and Mr. Cba~ez; Committee on Civil
Hellledy Available to Allen Friend Where Property Bas
Servlre, p. 2687.
Been Vested by Allen Property Custodian, Colum·
Hearings-Senate Committee on Civil Service on S.989.
bla Law Hevlew, Vol. 47, p. 1052-1001; September
1947.
L. C. call no. HE 63311947 A53.
B. Res. (i5-To autborize the Committee on Interstate
and ·Forelgn Commerce to conduct a study wIth
respect to the boldlng and disposition or alien
property.
Mr. Beckworth, Committee on Rules, p. 49.
";-. ":-"~",
H. Res. 2O!J-Creatlng a selt"'t committee to make an
Investigation with respect to alien' property,
private war losses, foreign loons, and relateii
.':.:;
.i
matters.
Mr. Gearhart;. Committee on Rules, p. 5228.
" ~ - ~\ .j-. ' \
B. R. 873--To create an Enemy Property Commission,
to provide for the disposal ot certain enemy
property. and tor other purposes.
Mr. Beckwortb; Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce;
300.
Hearlngs--House Committee on Interstate and Forel!."ll
Commerce on H. H. 873, 1823, 1000, 2823, etc.
H. R. lCK>O--Creating a commission to examine and
render finai decisions on ali claims by American
nationals ,who wel'e members of tbe Armed
Forces of the United States and who were prison.
ers of war ot Germany, Itnly or Japan, for pay.
ment of its Q\\'ards, and for otber purposes"
Mr. Van Zandt; Committee on Foreign Affairs and
'Interstate and Foreign Commerce, p. 330, 2417,
2423.
Hearings-Bouse Committee on Interstute and Foreign
.. Commerce on.H. R. 813.1823, 100Q, 2823. etc.
'. ~ '. '
11 R. 1823-To create an Enemy Property Commis·
,.l;,';;
slon; to provide tor the disposal of certain enemy
'.t . •
propertY and for otber purposes.
1I1r. Hinshaw; Committee on Intel'stnte Rnd For·
".""
".:.:'
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The plaintiff is a French corporation. A previous
action brought by It against this defendant was
dismissed by order ot the court. The basis of that
dismissal was tbat under the provisions of the Act
the plaintiff was an 'enemy and therefore not entitled
to prosecute an action in United States <'Durts. Tbat
WIIS in 1943 when France was occupied by tbe German
armies. This suit WIIS Instituted in 1!H6 and France
was no longer dominated by the German military au
thority and was no longer nn euemy within the mean
ing'of tbe Act. The defendant argued that the plaintiff
. contlimed to be an enelny until the war had officially
. come to an end. The court beld that at the time ot this
action, France was treed trom tbe Gennan torces and
that sucb a corporation was not barred trom maintain·
Ing tbe action as an enemy, and rurther that a license
trom tbe Tree'sury Department was not a condition
precedent to maintenance ot this action even though a
license would he nec<!lill8ry betore any Judgnient ob
talned.by tbe 'plalnUtf could be enlorced.
Clark
-p:
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Allen, June 9, 19,,7,331 U. S. 503
This Is a suit by tbe United States against the execu
tor under the will and the CaUtornli. heirs-at-Iaw tor
determination tbat they had no interest In tbe estate
ot Alvina Wagner, a resident of Calltornla, who had
dled'and lett ber property by wlll to tour relatives who
are nationals and residents ot Oermany. Six helr.at
law residents ot Culltomla filed a petition tor tbe de- .
termination ot heirShip claiming tbat tbe Gennan
nationals were Ineligible as legatees under California
law. The Alien Property Custodian had vested all
rigbt, title, and Interest, ot the German nationals to
tbe estate of the deceased. Tbe court held that the
provisions ot the Treaty or 1923 wltb Germany prevail
o~er any conflicting provisions of Calltornla law un
less the provisions ot tbe treaty have been abrogated.
'they beld rurther that the treaty had not been
abrogated though the right to sell and withdraw the
proceeds may have been abrogated and tbat the Fed
eral Government bad discretionary powers to vest tbe
property In Itself. 1'hat tbe outbreak of war does not
necessarily sUh-pend or abrogate treaty provisions. And
further tbllt tbe Trading with the Enemy Act as
amended by the First Wa r Powers Act Is not Inoom
patlble with the right of Inberltance ot realty granted
German aliens under the treaty.
.
Tbe provisions of tbe treaty did not cov.;r personalty .
located .. In tbls country ,'wblch an; Amerlcfiocltlzen
undertakes to lea~", to 'fle~mnn iUiilonalil. .bri.t It does
.,::.,
:!.,; 'Ii'-;,; • • ,1
":-"
37
~;.~:
Peace Tr·
1245).
Peace TI
Stat. 1640)
Peare T,
Stnt. 1915)
Peace T,
Stat. 2005)
JIlemorQI
ltaUan a,s.<
nationals,
Agreement
�CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with adion. indicated)
Elghtleth Congresa--C'ontlnued
First session, ;ran. 3-Dec. 19,
1947-COntlnued
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
. . Commerce on H. It. 1823, 1()()(), 2823, etc.
II. R. 2823-To provide for a commlssiou to adjudicate
claims of Americnn nationals who were prison
ers of War of Japan, for payment of Its awardB,
and for other purposes.
Mr. Fernandez; Comulittee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce. p. 2788.
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Forelgo
Commerce on H. R. 873, 1823, 1000, 2823, etc.
H. R. 2849--lIInklng appropriations to supply deficien
Cies In certain appropriations for the fiscal year
ending June 30,1947, and for other purposes.
Mr. Taber; Committee on Appropriations:
House Report No. 200, p. 2M2.
Debated, p. 2901, 2915, 2971.
Passed House amended, p. 2992.
Senate Report No. 107, p. 37m.
Passed Senate amended, p. 3917-3935.
Conference-House Report No. 328, p. 4332.
Agreed to, p. 4332,4300.
Approved (PubliC Law No. 46), p. 5275.
. Hearings-House and Senate CommIttees on Appro
priations on H. R. 2849.
H. R. 33l1-Maklng appropriations for the Departtnenta
of State, Justice and Commerce, and the Jndl
clary, for tbe fiscal year ending Jnne 80, 1948,
and for other purposes.
Mr. Stefan; Committee on Appropriations:
House Report No. 336, p. 4540, 4551. '
Debated, p. 5185, 5211, 5282, 1>290.
Passed House amended. p. 5386.
Senate Report No. 343, p. 7580.
Debated, p. 7880, 7886, 7972
Passed Senate amended, p. 7982.
Conference-House Report No.. 787, p. 8262.
Agreed to, p. 8262, 8264, 8210. 8211.
Approved (PubllcI..aw No. 166), p. 9095.
Hearings-House and Senate Committee on Appro
priations on H. R. 3311.
H. R. 4044-To amend the Trading with the Enemy •
Act,.as amended. to create a commission to make
Inqniry and report with respect to war claims
and to provide for reUef of Internees in certain
cases.
Mr. Hlnshnw; Committee on Interstste and For
elp Comm~rce. p. 7965:
House Report No. 976, p. 9235.
(2nd Session-Vol. 94, Cong. ltecord).
Debated, p.OOO--1)53.
Passed House, p. 1>33.
Senate Report No. 1742, p. IMlO.
Debated, p. 8751.
Passed Senate amended. p.8757.
Conference Report-House Report No. 2439,
. agreed to In both Houses, p. 9091. 9289.
Approved (Public I..aw No. 896), p. 9368.
Hearlng&-Senate Committee on the Jndiclary ou H. R.
4044.
.
CONGRESSIONAl RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
• PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE. ORDERS-
LEADING CASES IN TH£ COURTS
Clark v. Allen-Continned
cover personalty In this country which a German na
tional undertakes to dispoSe of by will. The section
of the California code which mnde the right of non
r"sident aliens to acquire personal property dependent
Ullon the reciprocnl rights of Americans to do likewise
In the countries of \vhlch such aliens or residents is not
unconstitutional.
Slandar4 Oil Companll v. CIa"k, Sepl. 2!, 1947, 163 F.
2nd 917
This is an action by the Standard OU Company et al
against the Attorney General under §!la of the Act to
recover property. From a judb'lDent granting partial
relief both parties appealed. The court held among
other things tbat Violations of the antitrust laws did
not create such "unclean hands" as would prevent an
American' Company from. bringing action under the
Trading with the Enemy Act to recover property.
\"
Silesia,..Amencan 'Corporation, et al v. Clark, Den. 8,
-1947, 33! U. S. 469
The Alien Property Oustodlan, by vesting order,
1942, vested stock In petitioner as being property
of Germans. Alien Property Custodian requested that
the stod!:, held by Swisa banks, be cancelled and new
shares issued to Alien Property Custodian. The ques
tion of whether the Swiss bank owned Or merely held
stock wa.s not raised. Bank was treated Il8 holdlng
stod!: as pledge for loan. Court held that section 5
(b) rendered 8 (a) Inapplicable to property of friendly
aUens. The Allen Property Custodian had the right
. to vest and require the issuing of certlt\catlon of new
stock; merely because the Allen Property Oustodlan
did not have physical possemon was Immaterial
Supreme Court affirmed lower court.
Clark ... UeberBce Finanl' Korporalion, December 8,
19-17, 3!! U. S.480
•
This Is a suit to recQver property vested by the Allen
Property Custodian acting under section 5 (b) of the
Act.as amended by the F'lrst War Powers Act of De,
camber 1941. This su1t Is brought under Section 9
(a) of the A.ct by this Corporation organized nnder the
laws of Switzerland. Tbe PlaintIJI aUeges that It Is
not an enemy or ally of enemy nor a national of either.
and has not done businesa in the territory of the enemy
or an Illiy of an enemy. These allegatious are as
sumed to be true since the motion to dismiss Is based
solely on the fact that Respondent Is a national ot a
foreign country. District Court granted motion to dis·
miss; Court of A.ppeals reversed, and the case here on
certiorarI.
Under the Act prior to the 1941 amendment. the
Pisintiff would have been able to malntsin this action
on shoWing, witbouf more, that 'It was coij,oration
organ.lzed under the laws of a friendly nation and not
doing buslneaa in territory of an enemy or Illly ot an
enemy. In 1941. section 5 (b) of the Act was amended
to allow the Pl~ldent to vest any property or In
terest ot any foreign country or national thereof.
'"
a:
:1' ,
. ,",,1>
Reorganization Plan No.1 of 1947 (61 Stat. 951).
38
a:
INTERNATIOHl
�".
CONGRESS,.
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS ): ,'.
(with actiou. i.udicatecl)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND.LAW: REVIEW ;1'/~1{1 A,PRESIDENTlAL
,
ARTICLES
Elgbtieth Congress--Continued
First session, Jan. 3-Dec. 19,
1947-Qontlnued
,'.
EXEC~IVE
ORDERS
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Slt..... /lk.. Nagano v. McGrol,., 187 P. 2nd 758
KaIw NagfMlO v. McGrollt., 187 F. 2nd 759
;:i>,;,,'
'v·,rr-.i-
Heard and decided in 1951
,;";::I:)',f
Sbln8llku Nagano's case Is one of appeal of a judg
ment dismissing bls action under section 9 (a) of tbe
Act lor return of S. 780 sbares of tbe Fuji Trading
Company. Tbe stock was seized by tbe Allen Property
Custodian In 1m on the basis of his IIndlng tbe shares
ol.stock of bla .wlfe, Itaku Nagano to be t.be property
of an alien enemy. The complaint brougbt by Nagano
was drawn on tbe tbeory that the plalntllf. as owner,
was entltled to recover 11.105 of the 8,780 sbares and
as bailee of his wife to return to bls possession tbe
remaining shares. Thla particular appeal deala only
wltb tbose.shares 01 stOck.that be claims lUI. blsprop.
erty. tbat Is 11,105, because tbe wife in ber companion
case seeks return of tbe remaining shares In ber 'own
name, In the Sinsaku Nagano case, tbe court· beld
tbat'the plalntllf, 'Nagano, was entitled to recover
11,105 sbares. In his wife's appeal we bave several
Important questions. Tbe one with wblch we are mostly
concerned deals wltb tbe Important distinction be
. tween residence and domicile. The court bad tbls to
8ay by way of dicta: Wbere wife of permanent Uutted
Ststes resident bad returned to Japan because of
family necessity of giving ber cblldren Japanese educa
tion and of arrllnglng n:uirrlages, according to Japanese
tradition, tor daugbters wbo could not obtain entry'
Into America under laws of United States, did not
abandon ber permanent residence In United States and
W88 not a "resident wltbln" enemy' territory within
. definition of "enemy" contained In Trading wltb tbe
Enemy Act, SO 8.8 to preclude ber from maintaining
action to establlab ber rlgbt, title and Interest In sbares
of COlP;Orate stock wblcb 1!fel"e vested In Allen Property
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UeberBee-Continued
This was done to allow the property of nil for·
elgners, wbether masquerading onder friendly fronts,
to be reached. The Court found that 9 (a) of
tbe Act granting persons not an enemy or ally of
enemy claiming. Interest In property seized by the
Custodian tbe right to. reclaim It, sbould not in view
of tbe amendment of section 5 (b) be construed as
.. permitting a corporation organized under the laws of
a friendly nation and not doing business In tbe terri·
tory of an enemy nation or of any of its allies to re
claim Irrespective of enemy ownership, property seized
by tbe Allen Property Custodian. The enlargement of
Section 5 (b) of tbe Act wblcb granted the power to
vest "any property or Interest of any foreign country
or national thereof", does not bave the etl'ect of abro
gating the provisions of section 9 (a) wblch permits any
person not an 'enemy or ally claiming au Interest In the
property to sue and recover, Tberefore, sucb remedies
are available to a 'corporatlon organized u.nder tbe laws
of a friendly country. Hasty legislation enacted from
time to time In the exercise of the war power sbould
be given tbe most barmon1ous comprebenslve meaning
possible. The motion was over-ruled. See UeberBee
F/M",,-Kllt'p!lnJtw.. v.. McGral,., 00 L. ed. 511 Intra p. 50.
" .. :~ .
~',"
LEADING .CASES f IN,: THE '.COURTS·' "I .;.\:.I!.l::',;::'
Olark~.
.', "
.,
.
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H"i,!!I~).J,t:.
39
INTERNA'
�CONGRESS
"
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS"
(with actiou iDdicated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW' REVlEW"~"
ARTICLES
. PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERs "
. ,', LEADING CAsES IN THE COURTS
Kaku Nagano v, McGratll.--Continued
Eightieth Congress-Coutlnued
First sessIon, Jan. 3-Dee. 19,
194T-(lontlnued
•
Custoolun, notwithstanding the fuet thllt be{'Uuse of
war and otber cOllslderutions sbe bud remuined in
Japun for approxlmutely 29 years.
,
In thhl particulur case, Nagano hud come to the
United States before the IIrst World War and set up
an Orlentul Trading Company, wbicb he later in
corporated and called the FuJI Trading Company.
Suhsequent to tbut he returned to Japan on a visit and
married Kaku and they had two daugbters born In
Japan, and a son born In this country...
The wife In 1924 bad returned to Jnpan to edu·
cate tbe daughters and marry them off, etc. The
husband had constantly remulned In Chieago and con·
tlnued to operate his business. He had come In under
a, P!'rooanent, residence contract and so had his wife.
The court had this tnrther to .ay: A frlendy, loyal
resident allen, even tbollgb of enemy nationality,
would be entitled to constitutional guarantees, InchJd
iog right to Just compensation for requisitioning of ber
property. The War Claims Act provision that no prop
erty of any national of Japan shall be returned to for
mer owners or his successor, and no compensation be
paid them, Is not appllcable to action brougbt. under
Trading with the Enemy Act authorizing person other'
tban enemy to sne to establish his rigbt, title or Interest
In property vested. The court In this case by WilY of
dicta said, that Kaku had never abandoned her resi
dence and had no Intention to abandon Slime, and that
the war Intervened, making It Impossible for her to re
turn, and tbut residence being mostly a matter of Inten·
,'!Ion,:from,.tbe,tacts beard It Is clear that tbe plaintiff
never'lntended to change tbelr established residence of
Chicago. They said furtber tbat permanent residence
does not arise ont of a tranSitory abode or out of a tem
porary sojourn In a place otber than that of residene..,.
The ('Ourt said: "resident wltbln tbe territory" as em
ployed In the Act connotes something different f"om and
more tban living within the specified areas. It is ratber
Indicative of a settled and permanent place of abode,
. volitlonally acqulred,andvoluntarlly assumed. It Is a
habitation bavlng "domiciliary properties." It might
be wise to mention that tbe COllrl bad In several previ
ous ca_ held In tbls same view tbat the con1l1ct which
exists between Sections 39, 9 '( a), 2, and T (c), of tbe
Act, must all be read together, and "looking at the In
lentlo'; of Congress tbe results 'a8 herein announced
In tbls case are reached_ It was not the intention of
Congre.... In OIle section to preclude nnd In another sec
tion to Include persons of deSignated stutute, but It
was tbelr Intention to write a harmonious act and
tbose oontlicts mllst be settlet! and are settled herein
by this court, In the light that they are read harmonl·
ously and are not In serious con:tlict with each other;
thut a person In this iype ~itualion wbo has returu'ed
for a' very detlnite pUrpose to a cOllntry for expressed
purpose of remaining there only temporarily to educate
her children and for other reasons and tho t she was
tbe only one who could bave done so, and looking be
bind the veil so to speak, tbey nnd that tbere was no
"·I~l:!l.llf!.~:lD.',to ;give" up .a permanent residence, and the
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40
INTERNATIONA
�CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actioDs indicated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
Kaku Nagano v. McOrath-Cotinued
Eightieth Congresa-Contlnued
First session, Jan. 3-Dee. 19,
1047--Continued
Second seShion, JUD. 6-Dec. 31,
1948 (Page references are to
Vol. 94. Cong. Rec.).
J.267~13
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
husband remaining in tbis country-she was entitled
under the Act .and that the District Court who had dis
missed her complaint that that docree of the lower
court in granting motion to dismiS!$ shou.ld be set
asi,l" and the case remanded with instructions.
S. 2124--To amend the Trading wi th tbe ~]nemy Act, as
umcnded, so as to IlCrOlit American citizens and
charitable. religious, and other nonprofit organ
izntlons to make donations for usc in the repair
of war damage in oIly area· of Germany occu
pied by or under the control of the United States.
Mr. I.,anger and Mr. Eastland; CommiW", on the
Judiciary. p. 944.
S. 2431-To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Wiley; Committee on the Judiciary. p. 4001.
S.21&1--To amend the 'i'rading with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Taft: Committee on the .Judlclliry, p. 6551:
Senate Report No. 1619, p. 8075.
Passed Senate amended, p. 8722.
H. R . 4903-To amend section 32 of the Trading with
the Enemy Act.
Mr. Buck: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce. p. 117.
H. R. 5188-To amend seetion 32 of the Trading with
t.he Enemy Act.
Mr. Leonard W. Hall: Committee on Interstate and
. Foreil,"1l Commerce. p. 716.
H. R. 5200-To amend section 32 of the Trading with
the Enemy ·Act.
Mr. Wolverton: Committee on Interstate and
. Foreign Commerce. p. 717.
H. n. 5607-Maklng appropriations for the Depart
menta of State, Justice, Commerce, and the
Judiciary for the fiscal year endlng June 30.
.1949, and for other purposes:
Mr.. Stefan: Committee on Appropriatlons:
House Report No. 1433, p. 1873, 1912.
Debated, p. 2062, 2143, 2226.
Passed House amended, p. 2251.
Senate Report No. 1166, p.4&I4.
Passed Senate amended. p. 4823.
·Conferenee....:..House·Il.eport No: 2os8, p. 6827.
Agreed to, p. 6827. 6811, 6812, 6830, 6835.
Approv""" (Publlc Law No. 597), p.7980.
Hearings-House and Senate Commltteea on Appro
priations on H. R. scm.
H' R 5ll8O-To. amend Section 32 (a) (2) of· the
Trading with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Wolverton: Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce, p. 2985.
H. R. 5900-To amend section 32 (a) (2) of the Trad
ing with the Enemy Act.
Mr. W'olverton: Committee on Interstate and For.
elgn Commerce, p. 3343 :
House Report No. 1842, p. 1566.
Stricken from calendar, p. 7378.
1. Property returned to owners, p. A300, A1378.
2. List of larger debt and title claims filed, p. A 1447.
3. Remarks ill House on propt!rty held by Allen Prop
erty Custo!linn, p. 551, 2243, 872''!, 8757, 0091.
Payment of _American Creditors from Vested Assets,
Federal Bar Journal. Vol. 9, p. 233-247, April 1948.
Policy and Practice of the United States in the 1c'reat
ment of Enemy Private Property, Virginia Law:ae-·
view, Vol. 34, p. 028-943, November 1948.
Removal of United States Control over Fl,lreign Owned
Property·, Federal Bar Journal. Vol. 10, p. 3-31,
Octoher 1948.
.
Trading with the Enemy ·Act-Vestlng Power of the
Allen Property Custodian, Plttsbnrgh Lnw Review,
Vol. 9, p. 228-235, Ma~ch 1948.
Clark v. Manu/ac.lurer's Trust Companll, Aug. 5, 1948,
169 F. 2d 9311
--..
Petition by Attorney General, under section 17,
agninst Trust Company to compel bank to pay over to
him a debt alleged to be owed by an alien enemy.
A vesting order had been Issued. and also n turnover
dire<:tive; the bank had refused to·comply. Bank con
tended that the alien enemy owed it monies and con
tended that it had a rigbt to apply depositor's balanca
against depositor's debt as a possessory lien within seC·.
tlon 8, of tbe Act. District Court order respondent to
pay over the money.
The respondent- ~nceded that a debtor must pay to
the Alien Property Custodian an acknowledged debt
regardless of any controversy as to who is the creditor.
AmeriC4" Ezchange National Bank v. Gal"Van, 2 dir,
213 F. 43 affirmed 8ub nom. Simcm v. America.. EIlI
change Nalional Bank, 200 U. S. 706, 43 S. Ct. 165.
But they contend that wben the existence of Ii debt Is
denied, and It Is required to be· paid before jcdiclal de
termination Is in effect by Allen Property Custodian•
ex parte determination-a creation of a debt. (See
D. C. S. D. N. Y.• 298 F. 520, 524, 286 ~'. 525, and
72 F. Supp. 497.)
. .
Section 17 of Trndlng wltb the Enemy Act ·glves.court
Jurisdiction In a summary proceeding tn compel de
llvery of enemy own,d property. A debtor must pay
to Allen Property Custodian an acknowledged debt owed
to an alien enemy, regardleSs of any controversy a8 to
who Is the creditor. A set-off is not allowable-tha
admitted Indebtedneaa Is to. be paid over to Alien
Property Custodian, iuid bank is reqUired to resort to
prOVisions of the act.
The bonk alleged set-off didn't give It a possessory nen
against Allen Property Custodian.
'
..... ':.
Koehler el al ". -Clark, Aitornev General,
15, 19.18, 110 P. 2.t 779
",
al. NQ'Ii. _.
Tills Is an action to establlsh Interest in property
which had been vested in the Allen Property CUstodian
by Kurt H. Koehler and William 1.. Brewster, as execu·
tors of the last will and testament and codicil thereto
of Bertha Koehler, deceased. and 08 trustces under
the last will and testament a nd codicil thereto of
Bertha Koehler, deceased, and Knrt H. Koehler In hla·
Individual capacity against Tom C. Clark, and others.
:b'rom a judgment ot dismissal, the plalntitrs appeal.
The defendant Clark contends that this Is 8 suit
against the United Stutes, and Inasmuch as the sov
ereign hUB not consented to be made Ii codefendant,
no foundation In law existed for this suit. Specifically,
the plalntilfs In this case did not have Ii right, title or
,J
41
�CONGRESS
BILU, RESOLUTIONS AND .tAWS,
Eightlelh Congres:a--Cont1n'Oe4
&!rond, session, Jan. 6-Dec. 8l.
1948-ConUn'Oed
Elgbty-Om Congress:
First Session; Jall_ 3-Oct. 19,
IIHO (page references are to
'I'ov05, Congo Rec.).
S. ~To amend tbe Trading witb the Enemy Act.
Mr. Taft and Mr. McGrath: Committee on tbe Ju
diciary, p. 481 :
Senate Report No. 184, p. 10049.
Passed Senate amended, p. 11051.
(2nd Session-Vol. 00, Congo Record).
House Report No. 2338. p.9223.
Objected to, p. 10412,11225.
'
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on S. 603.
S. 129-To amend the Trading with tile Enemy Act so
as to extend the time witbin which claims may
be Oled for return of auy property or interest ac
quired by tbe United States On or after pecem
-ber 18, IIH1,
Mr. Butler; Committee on the Judiciary, p. 611:
Senate Report No. 242, p. 4.."28.
Passed Senate amended, p. 4275_
S. 1017-To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act of
1911. as amended.
Mr. Magnuson; Committee on the Judiciary, p_
1418.
• CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
H. n. 61.16--To amend the Trading with the Enruny
Act.
Mr. \Volvertoll: Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce, p. 4079:
House Report No. 1843, p. 5166.
Passed House amended, Po 5994.
Senate Report No. 1532, Po 122L
Passed Senate amended. Po 8118
House concurs, p. 9223.
Approved (Public raw No. 814). Po 9368.
H. R_ 68l1-To amend the Trading with the EneDlJ'
Act.
Mr_ ~'olverton: Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce, p. 1219.
(with action. indic:ated)
LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
INTERNATIONA
Koehler el al. v. Clark, Allornetl GeneraJ-Continued
Interest to the property vested which would brl ng blm
within the purvIew of Sectlon 9 (a) of the Act. The
court 'had this to say, among' other things: The
dominant objective of Trading with the Eoemy Act Is
to sequester, under government control the property ot
allen enemies and tbelr nationals, 80 that such prop
erty may not be employed In the interest of enemy gov
ernment and against Interests of the United States, and
to accomplish such objective the Allen Property Custo
dian can employ summary and drustic proced'ures under
the Act. The court further saId that the consequences.
of an executed vesting order CaDnot be frustrated by
withholding delivery of accused property trom ells~
dian. In tbls' particular situation where tbe motber
'dies and leaves property to the son, a resident of the
United States, as trustee tor a daughter in Germany.
and a national therefore of Germany. which property,
Is seized or vested b, the Allen Property CustodIan.
that the 80n and trUBtee does not have such an Interest.
right or title In the vested property whlcb would permit
him to maintain Ii suit under 9 (a) of this Act, since
hla Interest, even tbough he would recei ve the property
eventually. provided the sister and all her heirs were
to die, his Interest Is so remote that the law does not
favor contingent remainders.
1. Remarks in Senate on S. 603, p.11051.
2. Remarks In Senate on S. 729, p. 4275.
Allen Property Custodian May Not Recover -Interest
From Date of Demanding Payment ot Debt Owed
Allen, University of Pennsylvania Law Review,
, vol. 97, p. 567-568, March 1949.
Areas Under the Jurisdiction. of tha United State~
George Washington Law ReView, vol. 17, pc 301
:120, Aprll 1949.
'
Enforcement of Seizures of Enemy-Ow-n~ Property liy
the Alien Property Custodlan:--Remedie5, George
Washington Law Review, Vol. 17, p. ~296, Feb-
ruaryl949.
_
"
,
Judicial Construction of tbe Trading with t1ie Enemy"
Act,- Howard Law Review, -V~l62,' Po: 721-700,'
March 1949.
"
, ,
Seizure of DlsputeJ Enemy clal.hs by the',AII~~ i'iO'p."
erty Custodian, Columbia Law Review, 'vol.' 49,'
p. 4$-408, March 1949;
The Supreme Court on Trading with the Enemy, Ph!
Delta Delta, Vol. 27, Po 3-:9. Jan., 1949.
CIaTk, Allometl Glmet'al ollhe Uniled States, V. DTanO
(JorpoTation., Mar. 28. 1949. 811 F. Sup,;_ n!
Attorney General brought this action to compel de
fendaut to pay over to the Allen Property Custodian
. royalties accruing In accoullt of an enemy national.
The Alien Property Custodian had vested the royal
ties. The amount accumulated In enemy's account was
the amount of $15,000. Defendant secured II. general
license to pay withholding taxes of this amount-of
$5,000. The defendant paid over to the Ailen Prop
erty Custodian $10.000. Tbe Allen Property Custo
dian demanded the otber $5,000
By vlrtne of the General License, the payment to
the Bureau of Revenue constituted a defense to plaln
till's claim In this case. i
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42
"
�"
CONGRESS
E1ghty·llrst Congrees--Contlnued
First' session, Jan. 3-Oet. 19.
194~ntinued
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS",' "cONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW ,REVIEW ""\1',,; .', PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS , ',!":"',! LEADING CASES IN THE ,COURTS,
(with actions indicated)
' A R T I C L E S ' " ,', ' , '
,
"
, ,.. , ,
'
,',
S 1292-To amend section 32 (a) (2) ot the Trading
with the Enemy Aet.
'
Mr. Groon; Commlttoo all the Judldary, p. 266l:
(2nd Sessloll-Vol, 00, COllg. Record).
Senate Report No. 2007, p. 10472.
Passed Senate, p. 11109.
House Report No.'3095, p.1498O.
Passed House amended, p. 15126.
Senate eoncurs, p. 15350.
'
Approved (Public Law No, 859), p,l5772.
Hearings-House Committe<! on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on S. 1292
S. 1837-Toamend the Trading with the Enemy Act.
Mr. McCarran; Committee on the-Judiciary. p.
0006:
Senate Report No. '134, p. 9744
Objected to, p. 13398, 14725.
•
(2nd Sesslon-VoLOO; COllg. aecord).
Objected to. p. 13308. 14725.
Passed Senate amended, p. 11952.
House Report No. 2985, p. 13400,
H. R. 1848-To amend section 32 (a) (2) at the Trad·
Ing with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Wolverton: Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce, p. MO.
Hearlog&-'-House Committe<! on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce 011 H. R. 1848.
H. R. 1849-To amend the Trading with the Enemy
Act.
Mr. Wolvertoll.: Committee on Inte~and:'Forelgn Commeree,. p. 540.
'
Hearings-House Commlttoo on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on H. R. 1840.
H. R. 18B9-'ro amend section \I (a) at the Trading
with the Enemy Act as amellded.
Mr. Crosser: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
,
Commerce: p. 664.
',
H. R. 2780-To amend. the Trading with the Enemy
Act.
!dr. Crosser:, Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, p. 1277.
Hearlng&-House Committee on Interstate and lI'orelgn
Commerce on B. R. '2780.
B. R. 4016-Maklng appropriations tor the Depart·
ments
Stste• .Jostlee-, Commerce. and the
Judiciary for the tlseal year ending Jnne 30. '
1950. and tor other purposes.,
,
Mr. Rooney: Committe<! on Approprlntlons:
House Report No. 386, p. ,SOOO, 3954.
Debated, p. 4077, 4080.
Passed House, p. 4111.
Senate Report No. 431>, p. 7041.
Debated, p. 72110, 7321, 7329, 7345.
Passed Senate amellded, p. 7353.
Conference-House Report No. 1068, p. 9li06.
Agreed to, p. 9506, 9533.
Appronid (Public Law No; 179) i p. 10094
Hearing&-House and Senate
on Appropria
t.lons on B.
4016.
'of"
R:
,INTERNATIC
-;;
.,"
.~ ': !
ci>uluees'
43
"r
�"
CONGRESS
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS, :1:, . 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVlEW>'
ARTICLES
(with actioo. indicated)
... ;
Eighty-first Congress-Continued
~'irst session, JUIl. 3-Oct. 19,
1949--Contilllled
.PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
•'!LEADING CASES"IN'THE 'COURTS
INTERNATION
H. n, 44:~6-'.ro amend t.he 'frading "";\th the Enemy
Act of 1917 flS "mendell,
'
:\11". Klein; CHlHltllttCt~ .on Interstutc and li"ureign
Commen:e. }). 5~H.
II. n. (j(),Jt>-To Dmen,l tbe Trading with the I<:oemy
Act.
lIlr. F'ugute: COlllmittee on IntE'rstnte flnd Foreign
Commerce, p. 121<H.
Hearings-HlJuse Committee on Interstate and J,'oreign
COlllmer<'C on H. It. (;0'.)6,
II. n. li:lOO-To umelld the Trading with the Enemy
Act.
\,
~nd
session, Jan. 3, l!l5G-:Jun.
1951 (page references ure
to vol. 96, Congo nee.).
2;
Mr. O'Brien of l1ichigan: Committee On Interstate
anti l<'oreil,,'1l Commerce, p, 13131.
Heu rings-Housc COlUmittee on Interstate flod Foreib'll
Comme!'ce On H. [t. 6300.
,H. It. 6431-1.'0 umend tbe Trading with the Enemy
ACt.
lIIr. lIale: Committee on Interstate und Foreign
Commeree, p. I-lG~O.
Heurings--House Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce on H. R.. 6431.
H. , 68(}8-~ro amend Ure War Cluims Act of 19i8, as
R
amendell, to extenl! t he time for the filing of the
report of the War Claims Commission pursuant
to section S of such act.' (See hearings below.)
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce on H. R. 6S08 (amendments, to
Wur pluims Act of ]948 and Trading with the
Enemy Act).
L. C. call no. JX 54.Ba U6A5 19OOc.
S,
2U2!l-'-'ro amend section 32 of the Trading with tbe
Enemy Act of l!)]7, as "mendell, SO as to permit
tbe return lInder such section of property whlcb
nn alien llt.'Quirt"<l by gift, devi:4e~ bequest or
inheritance trom n n American citizen.
Mr. Ltlnger, Mr. O'Conor, ~Ir.Buller lind Mr.
Wherry: Committee On tbe Judiciary, p. 1fT3:
Sena te Ite]lort No. :!O'14, p, !l'J69.
Delmtell, .p.l1O""s.
Passed Sellate, p, llO5&
"~So 3001·-Amemling Section :14 of the Trading with the
Enemy Act of Octoher G, ]917 (40 Stat. 411), as
'-
, ,. ~
1. Remarks on return or property (various bills), 1'.
90'17,11058, 11100, 11952, 124f,(J, 14007, 1512G, 11;350,
154.84, A5182.
2. Tables: oulilficatioD und dh'esting orders, p. A72{)"
725.
amended.
Mr. Eastlund: Committee on the ,ludiciary, 1'.
Oll73:
Senate Iteport No. 2051,1'.10357.
Passe.1 Senate, p, 1l01l1.
S. 42H--'1'o extend to nut ions witb which tbe United
Stutes engll)!"" in armed conOiet the provisions
of the Trading with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Bricker: Committee on the Judiciary, p. 16382.
H. J. Res_ 475-Autl1orizing tile President or sucb
ollie",r or agency as he may designate, to con
clude lind give effect to agreements for the
settlement of iotercustodial conllicts involving
enemy property.
Mr. Kee: Committee on Foreign Aff"irs, p. 7291.
Hearings-House Committee 00 Foreign Affairs on
H. J. Res. 415.
L. C, call no. JX 5313 U6A5 19OOc.
,:,
:" ,·1,
·'oil,:
-.-;111.
'·;\",1
44
�~·~~-'(;~b~din;;.-b,'~)
.
EIgbty·flrst Congresa--Continued
Second session, Jan. S, 1950
Jan. 2, 1951-COntlnued
\
J.29704--;-14
"
,ARTlCLES
H. J. Res. 516--Authorizlng tbe President or aucb
officer or agency as be may designs te, to con·
. clude and give elfe<:t to agreementa tor, the
settlement ot Intercustodlal confllcta Involvlog
enemy property.
. Mr.Hlbl"ol'l': Committee on Foreign Uelationa,
1'.11446:
llouse Report No. 2770. p. 11343
Debated, amended and passed tbe HOIlse, p.
12466, i2469.
SeDllte Report No. 2508, p. 14228.
ObJe<:ted to, p. 1460
....
Passed Senate, p. 15484.
Approved (Publlc Law No. 857), p. 15700.
H. R . 7()(}l-To amend the War Claims Act of 1948. as
amended.
Mr. IIIl1es: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Comme~re, p. 1009.
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on H. R. 7001.
H. R. 7002--To 8mend section 32 of the Tradlng with
,the Enemy Act ot 1917. a8 amended. 80 88 to
permit the return of property which 8n allen
aequired by gift. devise, bequest, or Inheritance
trom an American citizen.
Mr. O 'Sullivan: Committee on Interstate and For.
elgn Commerce, p. 1009.
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on H. R. 7002.
H. R. 7036--To amend tbe War Claims Act ot 1948. 88
amended.
Mr. jo'ernandez: Committee on Interstate and For·',
elgn Commerce. 1'.104,6.
,
HearIngs-House Committee 'onInterstilte alii! Foreign
Commerce. on H. R. 7030.
H. 'R. 7786-Maklng approprhitions tor tbe support
ot tbe governmen t tor the flscal year ending
June 30. 1951, and tor other P1lrpoaea.
IIlr. Cannon: CommIttee on Appropriations:
House Report No. 1797. p. 3745. S7l12.
Debated, p. 4614. 4615, 4MO, 4643. 41122, t'i301.
5384.5463. 5524,5621,571~5797,5910.~
6175, 6284, 6391, 6505. 6670, 6643, 67.20, 6725,
6731,6812
P8ssed House amended, p.-6846.,,
Senate Report No. 1941. p. 9130.
Debated, p. 9870, 9875, 9982, 10000. 10004,
100:12; "10048,"10055; 1000g; 10071, 10182,
10141. 10154. 10165; 10175. 10061, 10062.
10313, 10381. 10398, 10496, 10007, 10083,
10610., 11173. 11183. 11300, 11307, 11821,
11334. 11369" 11452, 11457, 11460, 11470.
11547. I1G63. 11558, 11581, 11586, 1164:1,
11670, 11688. 11779, 11784, 11795, ,,11800,
11803.
Passed Senate amended, p. 11822.
Conference-House Report No. 2991, p. l2694.
Agreed, to, p. 13458. 13577, 13656.
Approved (Public Law No. 759), p. 14452.
Hearings-House and Senate Co~ttees on Appro
priations on H. n. 7786.
.,:".
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�BILLS, RESOLUTIONS A~D LAWS·
(with action. indicated)
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD" AND·:i.AW REVIEW
ARTICLES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
1. COllflst:lltion of German property, p. 071, 978, 3633-
E. O. 10244-~lay 11, 1951. prOI",rty functions ot the
, Scnctary of State and tbe·Attorney General COil'
cerning intercusto(lial conflicts.
E. O. 10'!54-.June 15,1951 trnnsfer of pertinent powers
to Philippine Alien Property Administrator, 16
F. R. :;8'_'fl (see also E. O. 9789 and 9818).
LEADING· CASES IN THE COURTS
INTERNATU
n. 899S-Amendlng section 34
Elgbty·lIrst Congress--Continued
Second session, Jan. 3, 1950Jan. 2, 1951-COntinned
H.
of the Trading wltb
tbeEnemy Act of October 6,.1917 (40 Stat. 411)
as runended.
Mr. Keogb: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce. p. 05:.!3. _
\
Hearings-House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on H. R. 8998.
Eighty·second Conbrress:
ll'irst session. Jun. 3-Oct. 20,
1951 (Page references are to
Vol. 91, Cong. Rile.).
S. Res. 72-Allthorizing a stndy of the administration
of tbe Tr.lding with the Enemy Act concerning
asSeta of foreign countries.
Mr. I-anger; Committee ou tbe Judiciary, p. 1106.
S. 28-To umend the Trading witb the Enemy Act.
.
Mr. McCarron: Committee on the JudiCiary, p. 86:
Senute Report N(). 59, p. lfY1.
Passed Senate amended, p. 2232.
S. 112-To amend section 32 of the Trading with the
Enemy Act of 11)17, as amended, so as to permit
the return under SUch section of property whlch
an aUen acqllired by gift, devise. bequest, or
Inheritance. from an American citizen.
Mr. Langer: Committee on the Judiciary, p.88:
Sena Ie Report No. 572, p. 8700.
Objected to; p. 0691, 12942.
(2nd Session-Vol. !)S. Daily Cong. Record).
Objected to. p. 480,9180.
S. 3OZ-To amend section 32 (0) (2) of the Trading
with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Green: Committee on the Judiciary. p.127:
Senate Report No. uro, p. 7764.
Passed Senate, p. 8642..
(2nd Session-Vol. 98. Dally Cong. Record).
House Heport No. 1123. 3711.
Passed House amended, p. 3822.
Conference-House Report No. 2003, p. 6167.
Agreed to both Houses, p. 6185, 6237.
Approved (Public Law No. 378), p. 679L
S. 865-To amend the Trading wltb the Enemy Act of
1917. lIS amended.
Mr. 1I1ftgn.llso!,.: c.ommlt~ee on the Judlclll~y•.p.
1186;' ..." .
3640.
2. Hlllb,,"b-I. G, Farben case, p. 13211. 13352. 133a:l,
13439.
.
3. Senator Wiley, statements, p. A6ro02. AOO:n.
4. Discrimination against certain indivIduals, p. 10052,'
5. Statements on various bills:p. 1419, 7015,8642, 9691.
10688, 13409.
6. Investigation of Allen Property Custodian, p. 36;.'l.
7. Administration of Alien Property. Custodian. p. 971.
Control of Alien Property In Time of War or National
Emcrgency-AvoiduDee of Vesting under Trading
with the Enemy Act, Cornell Law Quarterly. Vol.
37, p. 1l()"U9. Full 10m.
Contis('ntion of Alien Enemy Property-Allen Enemy
Character of Shinto· Shrine in HawaII, Jlllcbigan
Law·Revlew, Vol. 49, p. 1241-l244, June 11051.
S. 87B-To amend section 32 of the Trading with the
Enemy Act of 1917. as amended. 80 as to per·
. mit the return ullder sncb section of property
whlcb an aIlen acquired by gift, trust, unnulty,
devise. be<luest, Inheritance, or liS beneficiary of
any Insurance polley trom an American citizen
or national and to provl!le tbat in any present or
tuture conllict similar property be held In trust
for such enemy aliens by courts oC competent
Jurisdiction or by an agency of tbe government
appointed by the President snbject to the use of
the United States tor tbe successful concluslon
of hostilities, to be returned to such aUen after
. tile .enir·of, hostiUties,.under' certain 'cOiuiltions
set out herein.
Mr. Langer: Comml·ttee on the Judiciary. p.1281.
S. 11l17-To extend to nations with wbich tbe United
Staten engages In armed connIct the provisions
oC tbe Trlldiog with the Enemy Act.
Mr. Bricker: Committee on the Judiciary. p. 1419.
4.6
Tree ty of Peace wUh J
Congo Service. 82d C<
�-.
CO~GRJ::.s.s
'Elghty-second Congres&-:Contlnued
First session, Jan. 3-Oct. 20,
l!lfi1-Contlnued
BILLS,. RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
(with actioa. iadicated)
. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
LEADING CASES IN:THE COURTS .
. PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
!:!. 1748--'1'0 amend s;!Ction :t1 of the Trading with
thtl gnemy Act, as ameuded, with reterence to
the designution of organizations as ~uceessors in
interest to decellsed peniOJlS.
MI'. O'Conor and Mr. Tart: Committee on the
Judiciary, p. 7015:
!:!enatc Hellort No. 600, p.0115.
Ohjecl.ed to, I'. Il6Il'J, 10688, 1:"'942.
(2nd Session-Vol. !IS, Duily Congo Itecord.)
OhJected to, p. 481, 91MO.
S. 196(>-To amend section 32 of the Trading with the
Enemy Act of 1917, as amended, so as to per
n,it the return under ouch section of property
which un alien aL'Qulred while a bona fide resl·
dent of the United States.
Mr. Langer: Committee on the Judiciary, p, 9468.
S. 2O"..3-To awend l!ectlon 32 of the Tradtng with the
Enemy Act to provide for judicial" reviews.
Mr. Wiley: Committee on tbe Judiciary, p. 1030'2.
S. 22!l5--'1'o amend tbe Trading with the Enemy Act,
as amended.
Mr. Langer: COlllmlttee on the Judiciary, p. 13409.
S. 2.'l39..-Amendlng section 34 of the Trading with the
Enemy Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 411), as
amended.
Mr. Magnuson: Committee on the Judiciary,
p.13651.
H. J. Res. 28lf--To terminate the State of War between
the United States and tne government of Ger
UUl:oru1I\UV1'11\Jo I
,,
.:'."
mnny.
Mr. Richards: Committee on Foreign Affairs,
.. p. 8111:
House,Report No. 706;p. 8419.
Debated Ilnd passed House, p. 9006, 0038.
Renate Report No; 892, p. 12136.
Objected to, p. 12900.
l'assed Senate. p. 18438.
Approved (Public Law No. 181), p. 13,8;1.
H. . 133-Amendi"g section 84 ot tne Trading with
R
. tne },;nemy Act of October 6,1917 (40 Stat. 411),
as amended.
•
Mr. Keogb: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
_ Commerce,.p. 25..
H. t. 1620-To Ilmend the Trading with the Enemy
I
Act, as amended.
Mr. Keogn: Committee On Interstate and Foreign
Commer~ p. 434.
H. R. 2100-To 'amend the Trading wtth the Enemy
Act to provide for judicial review.
Mr. O'Hara: Committee On Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, p. 698.
H. It. 2263-Amendlng section S4 of the Trading with
tne Enemy AL-t of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. nil.
as amended.
Mr. McGuire:. Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, p. 841.
H. It. 2264'-To amend seetiO!) 32 ot the Trading with
the Enemy Act to provide for judicial review.
Mr. l\k-Gulre: Committee On Interstate aDd
Foreign Commerce, p. 841.
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CONGRESS
; /' ,'. ~." \ ;'! ,.'.
I
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 'AND LAW REVIEW ;,::~:':'PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
ARTICLES
BlUS. RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS "
.. ,:}
IllIgbty-second'Congress-Continned
First session, Jan. 3-Oct. 20,
1951-COntlnued
,
"
(with actioa.
i1l1licat~)
tre Enemy'
'\
Mr. Gwinn: Committee on Interstate an« Foreign
Commerce, p. 12itl.
.
R. . 2656--To amend section a2 (a) (2) of the Trad
R
Ing witb the Enemy Act..
lIIr. McGuire: Committee on lntentate and
Foreign Commerce, p. 1276.
R. R . 275&-To amend section a2 of the Trtdlng with
the Enemy Act of 1917, as amend£cI, 80 all to
'permit tbe return undel' snch section of' prop.
erty whicb an allen acqulred by gift; trust, an
uulty, devIse, bequest: Inheritance, <ir as hene
flciary of any Insurance policy from al American
citizen or national and to provide that In any
present or future con/llet similar property he
held In trnst for sucb aUp.n enemy tV conrta of
competent juriSdIction or by an agmcy ot the
government appointed by the Presld.int, lIubject
to the uSe of tbe United States govirnment tor
tbe successful conclusion ot hootlUlias, to be' re
turn"lJ' t& snch aUen after the end <it bostlilties
I1nder'certa'ii,'condltlooil
Set o~t IEreln. ,', '
Mr. Buft'ett: Co!"mltt.ee on Interstate tnd Foreign
Commerce, p, 1382.
'
B. R. 4234-To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act:.
Mr. Fugate; Committee on Inte1'8tate'and Foreign
Commerce, p. 5768.
B. R. 4284-Amendlng section S4 ot the Trading with
tbe Enemy Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 411),
as a m e n d e d . /
'
Mr. Keogb: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, I'. 5912.
I,
B. R. 4611-To amend tbe Trading wtcb the Enemy
Act to extend the tlme for /lling clalmll 10 the
case of certain Italians..
Mr. Ravenner: Committee' on lliterstate and
Foreign Commerce, p. 1185.
, I',
,,.' ,
B. R.'474J)-;-,Mllklng approprlatlA>na to tbe ~lleptm:
menta of State, Justice, Commuce, and the
Judiciary for tbe /llICIIl year enilng Jnne '30,
1952, and tor other pt1l'];)!llle&
,
Mr. ]looney: CommIttee on ApproiJrlationa:'
House Report No. 685, p. 7811, '1930.
Debated, Po 8674, 8682, 8146, 887l. 8948.
Passed Ronse, p. 8984.
I
, Senate Report No. 691, Po 10f!1.
Debated, p. 10017, 1054:, 10Mf. 1OM1, l0M7,
100000, 10000, 10009. '
/'
Passed Senate, p. 10661.
Conference-House Report Nd 1128, p. l2983.
Agreed to. p. 12983, 10074. lr0s2.
'A:pproved (Public Law No. lli1); p.l8185.
Hearlngs-4Iouse arid' Senate eOmmittee oii Appro.
prlations on II. R. 4740.
"
,
R; R:
~To
~ct.
LEADING 'CASES IN, THE COURTS
.. :
~
'INTERNATIONJ
amend tbe'Tradlng WIth,
us amended.
as
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48
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_ _ _ _ _~111111
�,.
BILLS, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS
,:,'
(with adioD' iuclicahd)..
Eigbty·second Congress-Conttnlled
l>'irst sesslon, Jan. 3-Oct. 20,
1951-Continued
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
H. R. 5171-To authorize the return to the estate of
certain decedents of property and Interests de
vised or bequeathed to or inherited by certain
persons ineligible for return tbereof under the
Trading with tbe Enemy Act, and for other.
\
purposes.
Mr. Reams: Committee on Intl/ratate and Foreign
Commerce. p. 10lOL
H. 5249--To amend the Trading witb the Enemy
R.
Act.
Mr. H erter: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce. p. HHW.
H. . 5467_1'0 amend section 32 of the Trading with
R
tbe Enemy Act of 1911. us amended. SO as to
permit the return under such section of property
which an alien acquired by gitt, devtse. bequest
or inheritance from an American citizen.
Mr. Klein: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce. p. 12093.
H. R. 5618--1'0 revise the laws relating to immigrntion,
naturalization and nationality. and tor other
purposes.
Mr. Wolter: Committee on the Judiciary. p. 12876
(2nd Session-Vol. 98, Daily Cong Record) :
House Report No. 1305, p. 1070.
. Debated. p. 4367, 4466. 4400.
Passed House amended, p. 4510.
Ordered placed on Senate Calendar. p. 4562.
ObjL"Cted to, p. 4736.
Passed Senate amended (In lieu ot S. 25.')0).
p. ~D31.
Conference-House Report No. 2006, p. 6090.
Agreed to botb Houses, p. 7100,7163.
Vetoed (HouseDoe.520).p:8225.
Passed over "cto, p. 83.57. 8461.
H. R. G789--To amend the Tradillg with the Enemy Aet,
asnmellded.
Mr. Hart: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, p. 13488.
.
;\.,
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
~
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1952 (page references are to
vol. 98, Dally Coug. Ree.).
S. Res. 245-To inVestigate the administration ot the 1. History ot Office ot Allen Property Custodian. 1917 to
Trading with the En~my Act since December IS,
1927. p. A194.
1941.
2. Remarks on Investigation ot Allen Property Cnsto
_Mr. Wiley, .IIIr. Kem, Mr. Jenner, Mr. ,J:I!ix_on, and_
dlan,p. 63, 64,A320,A472.
.
Mr. Ferguson: Committee on the JudiCiary, 3. Summary ot operation by- Allen Property CustOdian,
p.63:
p. A191, A193.
Senate Report No. 1135, p. 516.
4. Articles "Alien Property Maladministration", p. 00
Referred to Committee on Rules and Admin
"Proposed Investigation", p. AID]', A192.
istration, p. 516.
Memorandum on Allen Property Custodian, p. 570.
SUllute Heport No. ]204, p. 2168.
6. Remarks on S. 2544 to return property, p. 2781.
Pns:-;t~d Senate 8.mended .. ll. 2186.
7. Articles on Russiull trade, p. A2268.
S. 2;;.H--To amend ijectiUII 3:! 01 tbe Trading with the 8. Remarks on S. 3()fl, p. 3822, 5225, 6185.
Enemy Act to provide for Juuicial rellet.
..9. Remarks On tbe sale of the Sohering Corporation, p.
Mr. McCorran: Committee on the Judiciary, Po
4388.
568:
10. Department of Justice-correspondence on Allen
Senate Heport No. 1236,p. 1720.
Property, p. A3878, A387D.
Passed Senate, p. 2781.
11. Remarks 'on S. 172, p. 9180.
I
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GUe88<tl<U 11. Mc(ka/h, Ja". £8,195', 8., U. S. SOB, 810
~~
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ry ot Decision: After Hvlng continuously In
Hawalfor' torty-two years, a German cltlzen, whUe
family In Germany for a vacatlon at tbe out.
World War Ii, was InvoluntarUy'"detalned
tU July 1949, wben be returned to the United
In the meantime his property bad been seized
ed by order ot the 'Alleo Property Custodlau.
action to recover thts property two Issues were
: (1) whetber, at the time of lieizure, he WaB
t" within Germany within tbe meaning ot 2
e Trading wltb the En"my Act. whlCh defines
IlS "ejtnY" any person "resident within" enemy terri.
tory,ld ot 9 (a), which autborizes "any person not an
claiming title to vested property to Institute n
'stahUsh bls title; and (2) whether, even It he
tied to bring suit under 9 (a), he was pre
om recovery by an amendment of the act, see
wblCh prOhibited the restoration of vested
to "any national" ot Germany. Both Issuea
'Solved In respondent's' favor by the Supreme
everalng the lower court granting ot a motion
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�8ILLS, RESOLUTIONS
CONGRESS
MID LAW$"
:;tO~GRESSIONAL
RECORD AND LAW REVIEW
ARTICLES
.
(with actions indicated)
~ig~ty-second
Congres&-Oonttnued
Second session, Jan. 8-Ang.. 18,
l~nt1nu!!d
S. 30B0--To amend section 32 of the Trading vith the
Enemy Act of 1917, 8S amended, so as to permit
the retmn under such section of fiIIlOunla pay
abie to aliens under trust funds created by Amer
ican citizens.
Mr. Bennett and Mr. Watkins: CODUDlttee on the
.Judiciary, p. 4610.
.
S. 84S4-To amend the Trading with the Enemy Act,
liB amended, and for other purposes.
Mr. Neely: Committee on the Judiciary, jl. 939L
H. R. 6039-To amend the Trading with the Enemy
Act $0 as to prohibit the shipment of mone;r
and medicine to persoD.!l In Iron-eurtslneountrie&
Mr. Heller: Committee on Interstate an' Foreign
Commerce, p. 217.
H. R. 728!>-Making appropriations for the Depart
menta of State, Justice, Commerce, am the Jn~
dJclary, for the fiscal year endJng .J1IIIfl30, 191iS
and for other purposes.
.~
Mr. Rooney: Committee on ApproprtatiollS:
House Report No. 1665, p. 3l89, 3177.:
Debated, p. 3441, 3448, 3551.
j
!
Passed House amended, p.3610.
Senate Report No. 1807, p. 8026.
J
Debated, p. 8140, 8239, 8242.
Passed Senate amended, p. 8268.
Conference-House Report No. 264, recom
mitted, p. 9332, 9384,9340.;
Conference-House Report No. 24811, 9498.
Agreed to, p; 9498, 0022.
!
Approved (Public Law No. 495), p.1494a.
Hearings-House and Senate Committees at Appropri
ations on H. R. 7289.
I
H. R. 76l3-To amend section 32 of the TradJng.wlth
the 'Enemy Act ot 1917,. as amendid, 80 as' to
permit the return under snch section ot ll,!Dounts _
payable to- aUew. under trust 1'undI created b;r
American e1t1zens.
:
Mr. HIn.haw: Committee on Interststs and For
eign Commerce, p. 4551.
:
H. n; 8502-To amend section 34 of the 'Jradlng with
the Enemy Act, 80 as to prevent. allowance or
. payment of certain debt cJaima base4 upon bonds
ot Gennany, Japan, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumauia
or Ita Iy, and tor other pnrposes. i
Mr. Flood: Committee on Interstste;and Foreign
Commerce, p. 9386.
B.R. 8503-To amend section 82 of the trading with
. tile Enemy Act, so as to permit Ole retorn of
.: ' . property to nationals ot Germany:or .JaptlD, or
>.,;,,·.~o.. their successors In Interest.
j
•
.:.. Mr. Jo'iood; Committee on Interstat6 and Foreign :
". ,,' :; :.', . Commerce, p.9386.
:.: 'c': ,,;,: ."'" I!- R. 8504-To amend section 32 of thelTradJng with .
:';;"::'.".;':' ';:: ,theEnemYAct,soa8topermitth1~tumunder'
:. ~ .'. . ", ~ ;! ; ;;: such section of certain propert:r/'OWDed by an
. ..... ;
".".:., ;. ::' alien individual.
. .
'..
Mr. Flood: Committee on Interstate and Foreign
' . ::~RESIDEmAL;~E ORDUS
I·
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........ : ;.::~ Commerce, p. 9386.
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LEADING CASES IN THE COURTS
Oueuetel4t 1>. McGralh, Jan. S8, 1952, S4$ U. 8. SOB.
Slo-Continued
to dismiss, wblcb decision was affirmed by Circuit
Court Of AppealS.
.As vegards the first Issue, the Courl's opinion, writ·
ten by FaANKP'1JRT&II, .1., pointed out that the term "resi
dent within" enemy territory, tbough not the equiva
lent of domicile, Implies somet.hlng more than mere'
pbysical presence.
.As regards the second Issue, five members of the
Comt Interpreted the probibition of 39, notwlthstand·
Ing Ita reference to "any national" of Gennany, as
not inchldlng a Gennan national who WIiB not an
"enemy" within the meaning of 2 (a), expressing the
view that 39 deals 'wlth property not othe......lse sub
Ject to ret.urn and does· not change the. e:dsting scope
of9 (a).
.'
Kaufman
J
v. Sociele Inlernallonale,
• •
.
S4S
u.
61 aI., Apr. 7, 1952,
B. 156
This Is a petition by Kaufman to intervene In the
! suit malntained hy Intcrhandel (General Anllin& '"
"
. Fllm Corporation) against the Government.
Summary of Decision: Nonenemy stockholders of a
. corporation organized under the taws of a neutral or
friendly country but enemy-domlnated, whose 8SIlets
in the Uulted States have been selaed hy the Allen
Property Custodian, were held by the Court to have an
Interest therein for tbe protection of which they may
intervene In a suit by the corporation for the return
of such assets.
Uelleraee Flnanz.Ko,."orallon, A. G. v. McGratl>, Apr.
7, 195!, 34S U. B. 205
,j
SUmmary ·ot Decision: . A corporation orga;'tzed
under the laws or a neutral country, was held by the
Court not to be entitled to the return of assets vested
In' tbe Allen Property Custodian under the Trading
with the Enemy Act as amended, where although legal
title to 97 per cent ot Its stock was held by one not an
aUen enemy national, an enemy national was llSufrue
tuary 01 the Income thereotto the extent 01 80 per cent
and, through the holder of the legal title. who Willi .
his son, controlled Its operations.
The judgment below was vacated to permit the dis
trict court to consider what .rights the son might have
in virtue of his nonenemy status;
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States, formed in 1998, was charged with investigating what happened to the assets of victims of the Holocaust that ended up in the possession of the United States Federal government. The final report of the Commission, <a href="http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/pcha/PlunderRestitution.html/html/Home_Contents.html"> “Plunder and Restitution: Findings and Recommendations of the Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States and Staff Report"</a> was submitted to President Clinton in December 2000.</p>
<p>Chairman - Edgar Bronfman<br /> Executive Director - Kenneth Klothen</p>
<p>The collection consists of 19 series. The first fifteen series of the collection are composed mostly of photocopied federal records. These records were reproduced at the National Archives and Records Administration by commission members for their research. The records relate to Holocaust assets created between the mid 1930’s and early 1950’s by a variety of U. S. Government agencies and foreign sources.</p>
<p>Subseries:<br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Art+and+Cultural+Property+">Art and Cultural Property</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Gold+">Gold</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Gold+Team+Review+Form+Binders+">Gold Team Review Form Binders</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Art+and+Cultural+Property+and+%E2%80%9COthers%E2%80%9D+Review+Form+Binders">Art and Cultural Property and “Others” Review Form Binders</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Non-Gold+Financial+Assets+Review+Form+Binders">Non-Gold Financial Assets Review Form Binders</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=History+Associates+Binder+">History Associates Binder</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Non-Gold+Financial+Assets+Review+Form+Binders+%282%29">Non-Gold Financial Assets Review Form Binders (2)</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Financial+Assets+Documents">Financial Assets Documents</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=RG+84%2C+Foreign+Service+Posts+of+the+State+Department%E2%80%94Turkey">RG 84, Foreign Service Posts of the State Department—Turkey</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Financial+Assets+Documents">Financial Assets Documents</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=%5BJewish+Restitution+Successor+Organization+%28JRSO%29%2C+Oral+Histories%5D&range=&collection=20&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&submit_search=Search+for+items">[Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (JRSO), Oral Histories]</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=PCHA+Secondary+Sources">PCHA Secondary Sources</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Researcher+Notes">Researcher Notes</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Unnumbered+Documents+from+Archives+II+and+Various+Notes">Unnumbered Documents from Archives II and Various Notes</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=RG+260%2C+Finance+Inventory+Forms">RG 260, Finance Inventory Forms</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Reparations">Reparations</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Chase+National+Bank">Chase National Bank</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Administrative+Files">Administrative Files</a><br /><a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Art+%26+Cultural+Property+Theft">Art & Cultural Property Theft</a></p>
<p>Topics covered by these records include the recovery of confiscated art and cultural property; the reparation of gold and other financial assets; and the investigation of events surrounding capture of the Hungarian Gold Train at the close of World War II. These files contain memoranda, correspondence, inventories, reports, and secondary source material related to the final disposition of art and cultural property, gold, and other financial assets confiscated during the Holocaust.</p>
<p>For more information concerning this collection consult the<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/35992"> finding aid</a>.</p>
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/35992" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1040718" target="_blank">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
2954 folders
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Customs
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States
Art & Cultural Property Theft
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 222
<a href="http://clintonlibrary.gov/assets/Documents/Finding-Aids/Systematic/Holocaust-Assets.pdf" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="http://catalog.archives.gov/description/6997222" target="_blank">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
6/24/2013
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
6997222-customs
6997222