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night'mystique Many teachers
d falls under thebest sell~r'sspell fall short on 0~/~
qualifications~~~
,
By Tamara Henry
USA TODAY
WASHINGTON - A teach
er's expertise'has a major im
pact on student achievement,
yet nearly a quarter of new
public school teachers lack the
qualifications for their jobs,
says a report out Thursday.
The National Commission
on Teaching & America's Fu
ture reviewed around 200 stud
ies in two years and found:
... 27% of new teachers had
not completed license require
ments in their main teaching
areas in 1994, compared with
25% in 1991; within that group,
11 % were without any license
and 16% held emergency, tem
porary or, alternative licenses.
~ 21 % of 'veteran high
school teachers had less than a
minor in their primary teach
ing areas, including 28% of
math teachers, 22% of English
teach~rs, and 18% of science
and social studies teachers.
~ 59% had less than a minor
in their secondary teaching ar
eas.
"I think a lot of people have
a romantic idea that anyone
can teach if they care about
children or know something
about a subject area," says Lin
da Darling-Hammond,c;om
mission executive director and
professor at Columbia Univer
sity's Teachers College, New
York City. "Untrained people
~ \ _ \J.A.,."....
wI>
do not simply walk into classrooms and automatically be
come successful."
The report strongly suggests
that ill-prepared teachers con
tribute to the country's difficul
ty in raising student achieve
ment. The problems may
worsen as student enrollments
reach their higJtest level ever
and teacher retirements and
attrition create substantial va
. cancies. More than 30% of be
ginning teachers leave in the
first five years. Darling-Ham
mond says more than 2 million
, new teachers will be needed by
2007.
Emily Feistritzer of the Na
tional Center for Education In
. formation, an advocate for al
ternative routes to teacher
certification, says the informa
.tion being touted is outdated:
"To me this is just Chicken Lit
tle - 'the sky is falling.' This
whole issue of who is a quali
fied teacher is very much up
for grabs. The people who are
responsible for teacher licens
ing continuously raise ques~
tions about their own criteria."
Education Secretary Rich
ard Riley admits that schools
have lowered their standards
to fill teaching slots but warns
the practice must end.
"Our teachers need to be
prepared to teach all Ameri
ca's children," Riley says.
.... State ratings, 190
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Put Teachers to the Test
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Last slimmer, a suburban sChool district In New
York advertised for 35 new teachers and received
nearly 800 applications. District officials decided
to narrow the pool by reqidring applicants to take
the 11th-grade state examination In English. Only
about olle-quarter of the would·be teachers an-,
swered '40 of the 50 multiple-choice questions
correctly.
,
"
As Congress considers reauthorization of the
Higher Education Act, teacher' education h
emerged as a major issue; Many sta,tea-an~w
President Clinton-are clamoring to reduce ass
size, but few are grappling with the most por
tant ,questions: If vre lire raising standard for
students, don't We also need to raise standar for
teachers? Shouldn't state and local officials
sure that teachers know whatever they are s'
posed to teach students?
"'
Almost every state claims that it is strengthen
ing standards for students, but the states have
. been strangely silent when it comes to ensuring
that" teachers know what they, are supposed to
teach, Most instead certify anyone With the right
combination of education courses, regardless of
their command of the subject they expect to teach,
and many states require future teachers to pass
only a basic skills test.
Today, in some states it may be harder to
graduate from high school than to become a
certified teacher., Something is wrODg with this
picture.
Last summer the U.S. Department of Education
reported that approximately one-third of the na
tion's public school teachers of academic subjects
in middle school and high school vrere teaching
, "out of field,· which means that they had earned
neither an undergraduate major nor a minor in
their main teaching field.
' .
Fully 39.5 percent of science teachers had not
studied science as a major or minor; 34 percent of
mathematics teachers and 25 percent of English
.teachers were similarly teaching ~out of field," The
problem of unqualified teachers was particularly
acute in schools where 40 percent or more of the
students vrerefrom low·income homes; in these
schools, nearly halfthe teachiDg staff was teaching
"out of field."
,Many states now routinely certify people who
do not know what they are supposed to teach. No
"a1 ProgresS. Only qneout of every five teacherS of
social studies has either a major or minor in history.
Is it any wonder that todays ChUdren have no idea
when the CMI War occurred, what Reconstruction
was, what happened during the progressive era,
who FDR was, what the 8ro,,", decision declded,-or
what Stalin did? Many of their teachers don't koow
those things either.
"
There are many conditions over which school
m~
offidals have no control, but they have complete
control over who is allowed to teach. Why should
anyone be certified to teach science or history who
doeso'tknowwhathe or she is expected to teach the
children?
Many state offidalssay that they have an abun
dance of people who want to teach and that this is "
actua1Iy an excellent time to raise atandards. For ",'
career-changers with a wealth of experience in busi
olitndteuld get a IIG8aBe lO"feach science, reading, ness or the military, however, obsolete certification
mathematica or anything else unless he or she has requirements get in the way. Instead of requiring,
demonstrated a knowiedge of what students are irrelevant education courses, states should examine
prospective teachers for their knoWledge of their'
expected to learn.
and then give them
A majority of "the nation's teachers .red in academic field apprentice teachers.achance to work in
',education rather than an lfCademic subject. This is the schools as
As Congress
troubling, even though most of those who majored ing profession. ponders WlIY8 to improve the teach.
it should consider incentives
in education are elementary teachers. There Is a colleges of liberal arts to coDaborate with schoolsfor
of
widely ar.cepted notion that people who teach-tittle education in preparing future te.ichers, Representa
chDdren don't need to know much other than tives from both parts of the same campus should sit
pedagogical'methods and child psychology; that is down together, study state academic standards and .
"WfODg. Teachers of little children need to be figure out how to prepare teachers who know both
vrelJ.educated and should love learning as much as their subject and how to teach it weD. Teachers need .
they love chDdren. Yes, even elementary school a strong academic preparation as vreH as practical
.teachers should have an licademic major.
classroom experience ,to qualify for one of the
The field of history has the largest percentage of toughest jobs in America.
unqualified teachers. The Deparlment of Education
Every classroom should have a vrell-educated,
. found that 55 ~t ofhistory teachel'll are "out of . knowiedgeable teacher. We are far from that goal
field: and that 43 percent of high 8Ch~ol students today. Congress can address this problem by focus
are studying history with ateacherwho did not eam ing on the quality, not quantity. of the nation's
either a major or minor in history. This may explain teaching corps.
why nearly 60 percent of our 17-year"lds scored
"below basic· (the lowest possible rating) on the 1J1l! writer, a seniorfellow at the Brookings
most recent test of U.S. history a~red by the Institution, was an assistantsecretary0/
federally funded National Assessment of Education- education in the Bush administration.
n some states it
harder to graduatefrom
high school than to
become a certified
teacher." .
~
�Michael Kelly
Message
To,Saddam
r
.~
"This shOuld not be about trust. • said Presi·
dent Clinton on Monday, as he made unseemly
haste to grab the deal brokered by U.N. Secre
tary General Koli Annan that win bring the
usual end to the usual dance in the continuing
crisis of Iraq. Actually,this is about trust.,...
about trusting Bill Clinton, and on matters
public. not personal. Do we,trust this president
to make war (and peace). not love? We really-, .
. shouldn·t. In Baghdad on Monday. President
. Saddam Hussein ordered that Feb. 23 be conse
crated as the "Day of the Flag; a day of
celi:bration· for Iraq's victory over the United
States. Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Am
declared the Annan deal "a great victory: and
.hailed the concessions Iraq had won as signifi
cant The Iraqi newspapers carried a statement
bY, leaders oqhe controlling Baath Party that
th~ deal will end U.S. "hegemony" and ,"domi
nance" of the United Nations. and will speed the
end of all U.N. sanctions against Iraq. "
.
The White House's position is that this sort of
.. bluster is just a bit of face-saving. The president.
say'S tltat "diplomacy backed by strength and
resolve~ has in fact forced Saddam'to truckle.
providing the United States with "a'written
commitment to'provide immediate, unrestrict·
ed,unconditional access for the· UNSCOM
. , weapons inspectors to all suspect siteS in Iraq.· . are conducted. Saddam bas always fought this, by diplomats chosen, by the U.N. Security
Hmmm, whom to believe-tbe president of for the exeellentreason that the' UNSCOM Council.
the United States or a despotic'megalomaniic .inspection operation has. in the face of persis
How comfOrting to Saddam to know that the
whose capacity for self-delusion is so ftstthat , .tent Iraqi deception and intimidation. proved inspecuons he hates and fears will now be
he thinks he won' the Gulf War? Door No.2. , itSelf effective in. rooting out the weapons of conducted not under the auspices of the danger
.. ' Monty.
.
.. mass destruction that Saddam is required to ous UNSCOM. but under a secretary general
The Annan negotiations marked the'second destroy and is determined to keep. One reason more attuned to the ~specia1 nature" of his
time in a row that the Clinton administration . UNSCOM has been so effective is that it biding places. How comforting for the inspec
abandoned negotiating authority in a crisis with operates independently of the United Nations tors who risk their safety in Iraq every day to
Iraq to non·U.S. officials, and in each Case the and its political pressures; it may not be swayed know they will be accompanied by men who '
predictable result bas been the same: a deaI in . from its duties by the machinations of Iraq's may be reporting back to Saddam's friends in ,
which Saddam concedes no fundamental princi corrupt and self.interested allies in Russia and Moscow and Paris. How discreet of the presi
.
ple, and the United States does. That Sadda!n France.
dent not to mention any of this when he praised
Annan gave up UNSCOM's independence in . AIInan'sworkonMonday,
agreed to allow United Nations inspectors the
right to inspect the eight so-called,"presidential Baghdad. and be gave up also the principle that
, Clinton talks about sending Saddam a mes
sites" he had formerly placed off-limits is not a SaddamHussein could not dictate the terms of sage. No need; the message bas been sent and
.real concession. Saddam merely agreed to do .the inspections' to which he is required to received many times. The pattern is unvarying:
what he bas always been obliied to do under submit. The deal Annan struck, which CliDton Saddam breaks the peace, and Clinton 'talks
the terms of the' peace treaty that ended the promiscUously clasped to his bosom, would tough, and Saddam promises to back down to
strip the U.N. SpedaI Commission of authority .where he used to be before he broke the
Gulf War.
.
,
But the Annan deal Commits the United over the eight presidential sites, and would pelice-and Clinton concedes another piece of
States to a very real arid very large concession transfer this authority to a new panel controlled U.s. authority and' declares another triumph..
of ,both fundamental prindple and ~c:al , by SecretarY General Annan. The new panel
.Not a bad deal if you can get it, and with this
Power. The U.S. position on inspections in Iraq would ,develop "specific detailed procedures· president. you caD get it if you try.
has always been that Saddam enjoys' no say . for insPection that are sensitive to "the specia1
MichG'el Kelly is a seniorwriterforNational
whatsoever in the composition ofthe inspection nature of the Presidential Sites." And the in
·team,s or in the nianner in which the inspections speCti~n te8D1s themselves would be shadowed JournaL
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exams i{;)""~
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,States test
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. for teacherS. but
()uesti()~ .·standards
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The Associated Press
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;3;.1.]:f: M.' ,:__'virginia'S meant to shock his
: governor, James
"
' I S. Gilmore,
4 Denv~r'.stations face fight " :~~~~~de :~i ~or:n;~~:e:
.
·
at-FCC 0,ver newS,VlOIence
a
third of would-be teachers in
the state ftunked national test
,
"
. oHiasic reading, 'writing and c,
.
i..
' .
' , mathematics.
' " '\,
If it was bad news fo~ Virgin;.'
/ A Colorado' media watchdog found It to b~ e.lther too vlolent;or
group says ·locai news on four, too fluffy. Mlssmg, says execut~ve ' 'ia, it was.worse for' the nation.
Denver TV stations is too, violent . director, ?a~l Kllte, a~ stones" Virginia has the country's high
about SOCial Issues, elections, arts,' ,est cutoff score for the Praxis I, '
and has asked the Federal Corn
munica'tions Commission to deny . education and the environment.
\used in' 20 states to screen
rhem broadcast licenses. '
. "\lie're. fighting th~ onslaugh~ Of, teacher college candidates and
·The license challenges, by the tablOld. -journahsm: says Kht~, beginning teach~rs. Scarcely
Rocky Mountain Media, "Watch', who thm~s Denve~ s ~tatlons typI
more than half the students
By And'. ,Te.suo, Bristot !'ior.t~ Cou'"'' vi. AP
may become a national test case,' fy the way local news IS presented who took the test nationwide· "Gilmore: Issued a warning'
;;ays media' critic Danny Schech
across the nation.' "Ni&~\ after would have made the'Virginia 'about teacher candidates failing
'rer, "
,
'
night, audiences are ternfled,and cut..
"TV news operations are noto
titillated, aroused and mampulat
"Virginia students wQuld, be offiCials are beginning to raise
) '!(l';.,lv unaccountable to anyone ed.but not mformed.
_ '.
'doing much better than the na- the bar Jar 'a number, of tests.
but their corporate -controllers,"
,':Llke an' unbalanced dle~. 'tiona] average," says Charlotte Among ,those being examined "
Schechter says. :'')1le thought that whl~h gradually. can lead to serl- Solomon, in charge of the. is,a 129-question test for begin
,a citizens group is attempting to ous Illness, local TYnews-thr~a::Praxis examimiUoris for the! ning teachers that covers social
hold them to certain standards of ens theh~alth of our·commumty.. Educationiil Testing Service;'a studies, math, literature, the
,In petitiOns sellt t~ the FCC, tfie private company that suppliesaftsand science.,
~
public interest accoyntability is
unique."
',"We have a relatively high
group says the stanons arr local the tests: "It begs the question
Independent KWGN, ABC ~ffi]~ news programs that are harmful. ,9{whether it's good enough," " pass rate, but .. , we're not con
late KMGH and NBC affiliate It asks the FCC, which rt:gulates,
Around ,the country, state vinced that it is a meaningful
KUSA I had no' <;omment. ,Jack ->statlOns: to d.eny h~enses ,unless ,education officials are asking ,exercise:' says Michael Polia
,MacKenzie, news director for ,the statlOnsalrpubh~ ,:ervlce. ads !wh~ther tests of general knowl. , koff, a deputy secretary of edu
CBS affiliate KCNC. told The As- alertmg "Viewers to. potentially 'edge and of specific' subjects' cation in thestaie. Nearly 91'.1.
:;ociatep Press: "We ha~e a, lot of h~rJ?ful Side effects, of T':' news, are rigorous enough to ensure .ofwould~be teachers who took
people'who gIve us adVice on how, air hterac~ programs for kIds and, . that able people become teach- ' the generpI.test last fall passed,
to cover the news,. And· we take. a adults, tram news staffers on ~e ers. The iSsue has risen in imBut most of the test takers
!Ol,of'it seriously! We do: have a ,effects of media .violence and Im
portance because of wide- scored just about at the nation-
spread 'efforts' to raise al average of 657 on a scale of
public license, and we do h.ave to prove local elecnon coverage.
take It seriously:'
,
'
. .
standards for children. ' , 6 0 a to 695. The state 'passing
, For tlie past three years, Rocky . InSide TV appearS Monday ,
Some states are setting stan- score is 644, close to that of sev
Mountain Media Watch has stud-through Thursday,
"
, dards for the first time.
era!. other states. The highest
ied local. TV news in Denver)md : Tonight's'TVlistings: 1~B
Tn iOctober. New Hamp-' cut score of, any'state' is 649,
shire's board of education vot- used in Maine, N!=w Jersey,
ed 'to adopt Praxis 'I starting New York and Rhode Island. '
"
this fall after years, of opening
Like other critics, Poliakoff
. I
the profession to anyone with a says the nationahaverage '
~ollegeteacbing degree who', would look good if the' test
,.
t
could find .,work. Gov. Jeanne ' were demanding.. But people
, Shaheen, a Democrat, vetoed , are asked to do such things as
/
legislation that would have, re:. put 'World, war I, .the start of
quired the tests for teachers, .- the Great Depression, the New
who already have jObs.
. ' 'Deal and the Korean Wal' in
Some 35 states use Praxis.! the right order:,
or 'more 'advanced tests in ,the
But high standards often ,run .
, Praxis series to certify gradu~ afoul of the ne'ed ,to staff'.
ates for general' knowledge, schools" especially in hard-to
professional skills and subject fill rural and inner-city schools.
knowledge. Some states: haVe "
North Carolina had to back ,
their own tests;, ' .
..," off· from: higher:. standards sev
, Explanations vary on why 'eral years ago. Mississippi is
scores,
low; but poor', pay debating waivers for its cutoffs.
tops the list "It, cle~ly holds '. Florida has all~wed waivers.:. : '
1\'
back who it is that's entering," \.'Shonagesalso. worry tlie
. ,.
!
, sayS Gordon M. Ambach, exec~' ,same Virginians who advocate
utlvedirector of the CouncilGitough "Standards~
Chief State School Officers. \' ' . "You can begin to wonder,
, ' Teaching' has become less what's going' to happen, down
attractive for women and mi . the road when more and more
norities' si'nc'e barriers to more people turn away from prepar
lucrative anct'prestigious jobs ing to teach," says Thomas A..
have been lowered. . .
'
Elliott, 'an assistantstate super
In Pennsylvanial education 'intendent of education.
:
are
USA .TODAY· TU'ESDAY, FEBRUARY 17.. 1998
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Growth in good-paying jobs better thwlpredicted··
,
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,
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, By DeUones
1993 dollars, up 18.8'il-. Jobs, in the increas~s are ultimately the result of low,payingjobs, Among the seven oc~
USA TOpAY
cupations New Jersey says will grow
,lowest third, that pay less than $340 a," produ~avity increases. '
,
,
' week, rose 9Alk.
,'
For example, Marion .Gehl's job ti-' the fastest tiy 2005, ,one (home
W~'re not becoming a nation of.
Also encouraging is that jobs in the tie 15 years ago was secretary. To- health aid) pays less than $10 an
'hamburger)lippers after all. .
middh~ that pay from $340 to $501
day it's administrative assistant, and hour, while three pay more than $25
The U,S. economy is creating - larl~el'y blue-collar manufacturing h~r responsibilities at Deloitte & Tou- ,an hour. In Colorado, two of the 10
twice as many good-paying jobs as jobs - have staged a, comeback, Be- che in. Milwau~ee have expanded fastest-growing professions pay, less
, low-paying jobs, according, to '1997 ,tween 1989-93, 1.6 miIlton of those from typing and answering the, , than $26,500 a year,
'Bureau· of Labor StatistiCs (BLS) jobs were lost and the trend line was phone to using spreadsheets and'
As recently as 1993-94 the picture
heading down, But by the end of 1997' desktop publishing, She creates was more bleak: The last recession
data ,obtained by USA TODAY
Most job creation has come in the all 1.6 million 'had been recovered g~phiCs that, if done by a 'partner, , endedjn 1991, yet jobs in the lower'
service sector, so most past studies ,and the trend was u·p.
' would be billed at $350 an'hour. '
and upper thirds were being created
have ,concluded:that new,jobs must, , Adjusted for inflation, the $26,000 a
'''In a nutshell,"it's high skills high at the same 'rate, and
the middle' 1"\;i"\~ili
<:,,', ,',." '''\'/'''~i'' .,',' :.,,,, ",;e'-"
be ,largely going to retail ~lerks and yearthat put a worker in the top third' "pay, ,low 'skills low pay:' says Rick third was ,1\lsing groUl)d. ,It was so <10"hi' i
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\
security guards; But evidence shows, in 1993 would be nearly $29,000 now. Stroud of ProfeSsional Sec,retaries ' dire that the Economic Policy Insti
that the majority of jobs being added .' BLS statistics do not include. self-em- InternationaL
"
. . tute warned in 199,4 that mClSt, jobs'
in the serviCe sector are for manag- ployed .workers, including business
Michelle Coward of LOs Angeles, created in the 1990s wouJdbe low
,ers, computer,systems" workers anEl'owners and profesSionals such as, worked in a grocery store for 12 years, wage and'Jow skill:"
"
other jobsthat pay well. . . .
docto,rs and lawyers, Per capita in- befqre becoming a computer anima- ' Although he's critical that theBLS
BU; economist Randy I1g divided ,'come'in 1995 was $22,562 for men, tor. Sh'e works for Dr~amWorks SKG . data ignore the growing wage gap,
occupations, not by industry as usual, and $12.130 for women. "
where she makes three times ,as Ecol)omic Policy Institute economist
but into three equal parts'by pay. He
The growth in good-paying jobs re,: much creating crowd s~enes for the Jared Berristein says the BLS study
"
accurately "stops the miSconception
, found that from 1989 to 1997 th~re flects' etlui;ation and training, says . movie Prince of Egypt
have been 7.6 million jobs created Employment .Policy Foundation
Growth in good-payil)g'jolis, is like- ' that we're creating only hamburger:
that>pay more than $501 ;'I week in econol1'.ist Max LY9ns. because'p~y' Iy to continue to outstrip growt.h in ,'flipping jObs::'
' .
Source: Buteau 01 Labor Sfat;sl!!;S
"
USA TODAY . TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1998
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Bruce Reed - Education Series
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Domestic Policy Council
Bruce Reed
Education Series
Is Part Of
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<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36312" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="http://catalog.archives.gov/description/647429" target="_blank">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Bruce Reed's Education Series include material pertaining to national standards and testing; the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and the 1999 efforts to reauthorize the Act; 100,000 teachers and class size; charter schools and vouchers; education events and forums; social promotion; Goals 2000; HOPE Scholarships; Pell Grants; the Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 (Ed-flex); education funding and budgets; and various school and teacher issues. The files contain correspondence, reports and articles, memos, polls, handwritten notes, hard copies of emails, schedules, printed material, and memos to the President.
Provenance
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Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
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Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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133 folders in 9 boxes
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Paper
Dublin Core
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Title
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Teacher Testing
Creator
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Domestic Policy Council
Bruce Reed
Education Series
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 95
<a href="http://clintonlibrary.gov/assets/Documents/Finding-Aids/Systematic/Reed-Education-finding-aid.pdf" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="http://catalog.archives.gov/description/647429" target="_blank">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
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Adobe Acrobat Document
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Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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Reproduction-Reference
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3/7/2011
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647429-teacher-testing
647429