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Folder Title:
[Memorial Day] [ 1]
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Speechwriting-Rosshirt, Thomas
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4020
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�M~Y.27.200~ 6:34PMPM
BERGER~
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Blackbum, John (WHSR)
From:
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To:
cc:
Subject:
...~
Rosshirt. Thomas M. (SPCHW)
Saturday, May 27,2000 3:24PM
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@VJHSR • WH Situatloh Room; @COMM- V\IHSR CCimm~ \
@SPEECH - NSC Speechwrfters
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Please fax to Mr. Berger [UNCLASSIFIED]
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ForSRB:
Memorial Day Draft with your changes
Note:
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I deleted arid toned down throughout, per your instructions·;. Bub.I,J:uave bolded three
sections where I exercised some judgment and· would like you to review.
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' would like to keep the Yankee Stadium reference. (.MaliR~rees). The Chief of
Staff's office has been in touch with Mara, Malinowski, and with me -- asking us to play
up the National Moment of Retnembrance rn the remarks;-an~•nkee Stadtum is their
biggest sell. (I cut out the phrase ''fallen heroes" from thtt·.Y~·paragraph, but
kept tt in the earlier paragraph, because it was a part of the White""House paper on the
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initiative, and Podesta used the phrase in a public letter.):;~ ....:.~·;/, -.,. .
Also includes minor changes from @D~fense
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Comments to Rosshlrt
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�MAY.27.2000~~ 6:34PM~
BERGER B2
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Rosshirt
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PUSillmN'l' WILLUx J'BITDSOH CI.MON ·s
lCEMOR.Dl. DU OBsmtVUCE ·
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ARLINGTON ~tONAL C181:rm¢:.r·• ~~~
MOlltDAY, IdA'! 29, 2000
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Secretaty Cohen, Seaetmy West, Secretalj' Slater, General M~, Ge~thu i:vany,
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.Superintendent Metzler; Members of the Cabinet:, the.Join.t c;hie~:C~~~ diplomatic
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cotps; veterans and family members, members of the armed services, my_. ~llow citi2=s.
We are blessed, today7 to gather again in this m~cent amphitheater7 i!U.lur national cemet
ta remember tho fallon
heroJEa lost~ to;ito defend~-~Pnnr
1hcy loved
CJWrl.~
We honor as Well the proud veterans - hete and elsewhere- my of~d-have made
same sacrifice. if God had but called home his heroes in different ordetr·...T.acla.y, we remember
and honor them all.
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As you entered the ifOunds this morning~ you saw every gravestone decorated with an Atncrican
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flag. Indeed, this day of remembrance was first known as Decoratio:r.t·Daf~unched in 1868
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by order of the Commander in Chief of the Grand Amy of1he Republic 'Who .designated this day
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"for decora.ting the graves of comrades who died in defense oftheir country. n.
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Some still remember this holiday in the same way. On the l"hursday be(o_~ Memorial Day, this
year and every year for more than~ years, the entire regiment o{1;2'06iajtliers of the 3rd
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·U.S. Infan.tty has honored America's fallen heroes by placiD~ ~~i~~ibefore every one of
m~ than 260,000 gravestones here at Arlington.
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And a contingent :remains on patrol24 hours,
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all weekend long, to make sure each flag remains stmding. ""All adDS$ thtit.~tey. in small
toWns and large cities. veterans groups represented here today petfozm that s~e sacred ritual. I
vvant to recognize and ~the members of the Old Guard- and ve~ aJ1;~cross America-
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for their patdo~~ thek devotion to dUty, and their comm~t.to-hon9fni the~iginal
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meaning of Memorial Day.
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Here in Arlington, this hallowed earth embraces the...bodies of servicemen and women from
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every one of our nation's WIU$, and tells th~~~e of'iiat,.-
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has home a share of the burden of defending and presc~ values ot.bl.l:rrepnblic. These
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grounds tell the p.ric~ that has been paid to gi~ each succeecliJlg generation a ·-ehancc for
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freedom. Presidents Kennedy and Taft are buried .hc!e. GaF.rais..P~~ B!adley are
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buried here. Admirals Halsey and Rickover. Jobn Foster Dulles ~ 0~ Wendell Holmes.
George Mmball and Audie Muxphy.
~of the Mannes·temem~~r~er for raising our
flag on Iwo Jima: they are buried here. And not only the~~ bUt llrila1own., linsung heroes
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of more than two centuries of fighting tyranny are buried here. In the heart aiid history of
America- this is sacred soil.
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As we gather here Bnd remember,- our hearts go out to those who can never fotget. People
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whose wounds are S'till fresh twenty, forty, fifty years late:: ....Young;!:o~~ho bad to eanc:el
a wedding. Young mothers, who raised their dilldren ~De.
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Y:~une, ~tnJ.dr~~ who
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really.kDew their fathers. And mothers and fathers- fiiwl wtii~perluijj tlie greaten,
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heartbr-eak- to say farewell to a child.
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To all families who have placed a gold star in their window;i want~~~ nation's ·
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. enduring pledge: the United States will never forsake its fallen hero~.. ~-.will not abandon
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their families. And wherever it takes us, as long as it takes Us, we will keep 1fu.r commitment to
seel~ the
fullest possible accoun~g.
I met this morning at the White House with sons and daugl:dltrs and ~-servicemen still
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missing in action. There is no Jnore COJnpel.ling way to undezstand how· important our
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continuous efforts are to the hearts and minds of Americans than to hear it :&Ot:n fBmily members
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themselves.
That is why t am pleased to announce toc!Jy that the
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As we p:repare to observe the so"' anniVersa:ry of the
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to resume talks the first week of June in
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on June·2S, we~eaffidn: OUt-~~ to:.the more than
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1. 7 million Americans wh.o served in Korea, the mare thaD~OOO wbo ~their ~ves th~ and
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the more than 8,100 still missing. They will never be forgotten.
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·I also want to tell you today about our latest American soldier to come home. Jus,t last week our
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team of specialists iden1ifie~ finally and offieially, the remilns- o'fl. ~d1:1 n cavalry
regiment of the Am.erical diVision, whose Huey helicopter was "flying i!rthe weeds'~ at 25 feet
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over Laos in the summer of 1970 when it lost power and craShed.
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The soldier died immediately.
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'When they tried a short time laterl they were forced back again. ~~~ retllftlt¥{ iears
later, with the help of several goVernments, extensive :interviews, ex~~ and DNA testing,
a positive identification was made. Army Specialist 4 Jolm:J. Ciow~~on, New
York, fa= 20 years old, was laiQ. tO rest hue
inAr~ ~~in a silnple
ceremony attended by his mother~ brother, eousius, nieces ad ncplicnv:a~~o life and· service
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of Specialist Crowley, and for the sacri:fice of~ family aruk~ family~ has· suffered such
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loss -America is etemally grateful.
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Many ~fyou here know tlte p~sing a ~rimd or f~ily m~~~.-;,; ~~m~at.
because we ha..., enjoyed
Today,
p~-~- thatollerifilio;r · B'tifi!b preaft'Ve.tbe
peace, we must never forget the sacrifices that have pa~ the~ ~e. .
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Four years ago, Cannella LaSpada, a long-time advocate fo:mf'amilii!S!'wba·hav.e lost a loved one
in
con:fli~ asked a group of school children what Memorial~ay ~~~le;~aid:
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the day the pool opens.'' That's not~ fault We.have .ta do m~-~ them.
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That ex~e soon gave rise to a new national commi1mentto put.•Meiorfli" bact in
. Memorial Day. And so~ today, for the 1hird straight year, I isk all~,- m symbolic act
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of national UDit.y -to pause wherever they ue at 3 pm local time to obseiv'e a"'~a:ti.oaal Moment
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of Remembrance" for America's fallen heroes.
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At that time. the somber tones ofTaps - our national requiem- will be ·played: all across
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America and beyQnd- ill the U.S. Capitol and the VietN~~~- ~\~-~.J4md and the
Liberty Bell; hi VA Hospitals and National Parks,t ~ .Yoice of America. and Armed Forces
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when~ boyo lllld girls~
parents'~· :::t;~ ;blsper:
''Mommy, Daddy, what'sbappeniDg?" /
aew.geam1tioa.of Ame~+.w have a chsmee
to hear about the defenders of freedom.
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Of course, remembering the sacrifice is simply a first step. We also :.
must:remember to fWfill the
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obligation we .incutred with their sacrifice. For ifthose who fought and died for us could talk to
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us today, they might well say: "America, ~re 81''• 'lip
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you made our sacrifice matter?"
)"ou fought to keep us sttong. We are today the most poweiful, mo~rP.J~us nation on earth
-with a nrllitazy respected around the world. . America has'inade yc:sur s&:Crifice matter.
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You fought and died so others might live. As we enter the 2llt cenwiY, Atnerlca is at peace. ·
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And the risk of a war that would scar the lives of a who.le ~tio~astly reduced.
America has made your sacrifice matter..
You fought for freedom in foreign lands -lcnowiu.g it would.protect .9~ ~e~m at home.
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Today, freedom is advancing all around the world. For the first time ill hum.S.n history, more
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than half the world's people choose their own leaders~ Amiica has~~~ Dcrifice matter.
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You fought to c~er tyranny and bring unity to Europe- where tnore than 1'00,000 American
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heroes are buri+ear b li'fan ·~ ias1ancJ. 1!'J, D•@am. Nrthtrh•~r,,un;~.eat. You
fought iii places like Flanders Field and Ardennes and Nomumdy.
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Today Europe is more united, more democratic and more p*eful than~ time in its history.
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·We have 'lhree new allies and many new pal1llers across Europe's Old divide.· ·central Europe is
free and flourishing~ And soldiers from 8lmost every'Euro_pean co~i#-'till~ost bitter former ,
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ad~ersaries among them- ate serving under a single command keeping the peace in the Balkans.
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Yes, AMerica is maldng your sacrifice matter.
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. But we have mucll more still to do.
Later today, I depart for Europe. I will visit Portugal, to atteDd a~ our partners in the
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European Union. I will visit Gennany, attd. make the mst visit of an Ainerieatt President to
Berlin as the.capital of a free and UIJ,divided Gen:ruw-. Unimd by. a~mmo~.,:bond of democracy
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- we will continue work with
Europe and beyond.
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our European .ellies to build~ freedoll\. stability, within
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I will Visit Russia- the former adversary with whom :we arc~ui.l~ a..-~ership. Russia
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has just seen its &st transition from one dernocmtically-elected leader to another .in a thousand
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years ofhistory. For the first time, an American President will spea;to"Wa~oCratically·
elected Russian puliamex:rt. We will continue to enco~ Russia to ~-~ts economic
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reforms, to preserve its hard-won democratic freedoms. and to ·keep 'WOrkb:Jg.~th us to reduce
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the nuclear dqer.
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I will ~sit Ukraine- a country whose people are ·eager to ·ca.St off the li~ of
· communism, and to join the c011lmunity of prosperous, srable and demo~~- nations.
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The 'World of today would not be reoognizable from the one that entered~~ld War.
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Adversaries have becop1e allies. Dictatorships have become democracies~ Europe is more
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peaceful and united, and the Communism we fought to contain in the Cold Wttt has collaps~
reformed or been discredited around tbe world, Heartened by our FQp~,~~d peace and
we~ pursue the a ~ing challenges in'fulfillin~ ~~ ·;Ji:n of a. peaceful,
prosperity-.
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democratic and undivided Europe; integrating southeast Europe and the f~ states of the
Soviet Union into the transatlantic community of democracies. ·
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On this first Memorial day of the 21n century. on behalf of1k Ameri~e5 l give thanks to
all those who have stood their ground to defend freedom, democracy, ~ hWI)an dignity- and
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especially to those who made the ultimate se.m:tice. You never foUQ'ht fof'e!Upire, for temtory~
for dotninance. You gave your lives to defend freedom
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As we stand at the-.dawn of a centuly
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you never saw- far from fading into the past: your sacrifice is changing O,!.I future. Thirty,
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forty, fifty years after you,w gone ... your ttuth, is marcbing·on.
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May God bless you all. May God. bless America.
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t1:02AM
BERGER
N0.282
P.l
Siberell, Justin .H. (NSA) ··
From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
Rosshirt, Thomas M. (SPCHW)
Thursday, May 25,2000 6:13PM
@NSA - Nat/ Security Advisor
@SPEECH - NSC Speectlwriters
Memorial Day Rema.rks [UNCLASSIFIED}
~·
rrem day lllu I! pm.doc
ForSRB:
Draft Memorial Day remarks with input from Malinowski
@Asia reviewing announcement on N. Korea talks, requested by POW/MIA.
Comments to Rosshirt
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�•MAY.27.2000
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11=02AM
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Rosshirt
PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON
MEMORIAL DAY OBSERVANCE
ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
MONDAY, MAY 29, 2000
s magnificent amphitheater, in our national
cemetery, to remember those who lost ev.
~~aJO
o
they loved, to defend the cowitry they loved.
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We hon-~~th';mhlions of~ veterans here and elsewhere, ~~ould have made that
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same sacrifice, if God hadEz3called home his heroes in different order. Today, we remember
?
and honor them all.
. As you entered the grounds this morning, you saw every gravestone decorated with an American
flag. Indeed, this day of remembrance was first known as Decoration Day-:..: launched in 1868
by order of the Commander in Chief of the Grand kmy of the Republic who designated this day
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. "for decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country."
Some still remember that meaning. On the Thursday before Memorial Day, this year and every
year for more than .fQny years, the entire regiment of 1,200 soldiers of the 3rd U.S. Infantry has
honored America's fallen heroes by placing Am.etican flags before every one of more than
260,000 gravestones here at Arlington. And a contingent remains on patrol24
s, all
llDOa.~~~tt Vw~~~~e.tna-1- ~ ~k-'
~erid"IOiig, to make 'C]f!ach flag remainS stan'dingA! w~to recognizJ and thank the ~
members of the 3Td U.S Jl?.fantry- The Old Guardtor their patriotism, their devotion to duty,~ ··
and their commi~ent to honoring the original me
.
·ng of Memorial Day.
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Here in Arlington, this hallowed earth embraces the bodies of soldiers from-every one of our
nation's wars, andtells the whole heroic range of our history. Presidents Kennedy and Taft are
buried here. Generals Pershing and Bradley are buried here. John Foster Dulles and Oliver
Wendell Holmes .. Medgar Evers and Joe Louis. George Marshall and Audie Murphy. Three of
the Marines remembered forever for raising our flag on Iwo Jini@they.are buried here. And not
only the famous, but unknown, unsung heroes of more than two centuries of fighting tyranny are
~uried here. In the heart ~~ history of ~eric a- this is sacred soil.
As we gather here and remember, our hearts go out to those who can never forget. People
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·whose wounds are still fresh twenty, forty, fifty years later: Young womenAcrushed with
sorrow. left te eaneel &weeeiBg. · Expectant mothers, stunned with grief. lett to ra-ise a -lHld ·
~-
Young children who had said good night, every night, to a picturE(!> oWl, stul&e.ttl;r, with
f.{o~AA&l~t ~~'1"1\ ~ ~ k
1\ll-·6•d•41" ~ -~ ~ .~ ... cA.c1el .
gipictnre.
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l~~t
it is hard to ·
ine what it mus ·
�-MAY.27.2000
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N0.282
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famili~~ born this Ieiss, llftt! to ""l'wae.,"!' 8oor M;, lilt~ I·wan: to renew
who hOve
mcA~M's
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,To all
/1.m>!idlllf! pledge:
the
lilted States will not forsake its fallen heroes.
their families.' Wtiete<et it
We. will never abandon
talfes..us~Iong as it takes us, we will keep our
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to seek the fullest possible accounting.
I met this morning at the White House with sons :md daughters and spouses of servicemen still
missing in action. There is no better way to understand how important our continuous efforts
are to the
h~arts and minds of Americanst::n. to hear it from the family members themselves.
I am pleaSed to announce today that the United States and North Korea have a:greed to resume
tall's the first week of June in Kuala Lumpur in the hopes of resuming recovery operations iil
.
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North Korea this year. As we prepare to observe the 50th anniversary of the invasion of South
.
Korea by ~e North-- we rea.:ffinn our commitment to the more than 1. 7 million Americ~ ~s
~
who served there, the more than 36,000 who lost their lives there, and the more than 8,100 still
missing there. · We will honor the~ service and sacrifice by remem'!>ering those still missing, arid
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doing everything possible to bring them home.·
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I also MV~ling you today
week our
ero t come home. Just last ~
sp~cialists identifi~ally and officially, the remains 0
a soldier of the lst cavahy
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regiment of the America! division, whose Huey helicopter was "flying in
· ove:r Laos in the summer of 1970 when it lost power and crashed. The soldier di
-,
When others rushed to the scene to bring out his body, they were forced back by enemy
When they tried a short time later, they were forced back again.
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�·MAY.27.2000
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with the help of several governments, extensive interviews, excavations, and DNA testing, a ·
positive identification was made. Army Specialist 4 John E, Crowley ofWilliamson, New York,
....
forever 20 years old, was laid .to rest here~ Arlington Cemetery this Friday with his mothe78M
.
.
brothe~- co~md nieces
.
..
'
and nephews at his side. To express our nation's gratitude for
(specialist crowley) John Crowley's life and sacrifice, I would to ask his brother, Daniel
.
Crowley, to please stand,
'
America thanks you, sir, for your family's sacrifice.
Se mtl!!)l ef ygu llere tecbey kno~ pOtseftti:Hy tft:e ev~z prcsentpfcin oflosing a fde11d eF family ~
meum.. mcombat. 'l'oday, wmy tl!wa
W"' """" the pain uftlmt aaerilie•. Tl!ftl~ ~
hltsoii!g. Bot-4g_preserve and exten"E_s bles:B we must never forget the sacrifices that ~-" .
paved the way to peace.
~
'·
One champion of veterans causes has been telling the story of how- four years ago- she asked a
group of school children what Memorial Day means, and they said: that's the day the pool
opens.
That's not their fault They don't know. We have to teach them.
That is why, today, I ask all Americans- in a symbolic act of national unity- to pause wherever
they are at 3 pm local time to observe a national moment' of remembrance for Americats fallen
B
�.MAY. 27. 2121121121
11 : 1213i=IM
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. At that time,
~nes of Taps- our national requiem- will be played all across
America- in the U.S. Capitol and the VietNam memorial~ at Ellis Island and the Liberty Bell; in
VA Hospitals and National Parks; on Voice of America and Armed Forces Network; in 'W:
. . . .& ~~~~~~~~Amorio...
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Of course, remembering ~ sacrific,h is ~ ftrst dtep. We also must re~em~er to fulfill the
obligation we incurred with their sacrifice. For if
well say: "America, we gave., sW 5
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Have YO'l made our sacrifice matter?"
At the dawn of this new century; we can ai:lswer with sol~ pride:
You fought to keep us strong. We are today the most powerful, m~st prosperous nation on earth
~with a military'Y.i/::~eMI around the world.
Yes,
=~~ur sacrifice matter.
�I
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You fought and died so others might live. As we enter the 21st centtny, America is at peace.
_And the risk of a war that would scar the lives of a whole generation has been vastly reduced,
~CA~
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Yes, v+'e h'W?\made your sacrifice matter.
You fought for freedom in foreign lands -knowing it would protect our freedom at home.
Today, freedom is advancing all around the world. For the first time in human history, more
.
~&1.~
.
than hal~ the world's people choose their own leaders.
.
Yes,~ made your sacrifice matter,
You fought to conquer tyranny and biin.g unity to Europe- where more th~ 100,000 American
heroes are buried today in France, England, ItB;ly, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg- in places
like Flanders Field and Ardennes and Nom1andy.
·~
We have three new allies across Europe's old divide. Central Europ~ is free and flourishing.
And soldiers from almost every European country- the most bitter former adversaries among
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, them- are se~ing under a single command keeping the peace in the Balkans .. Yes,.~
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.
~making your sacrifice matter.
But we
~
have~ more still to do.
.
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1\?oday, I depart for Europe.. I ~ill visit Portugal, to attend x: 4 lll<>~um:m:i~
with our partners in ?ci;{!i~
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the European Union. I will visit Gennany, and make the firSt visit of an American President to
Berlin as the capital of a free and undivided Germany. United by a common bond of del!locracy
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-we will continue work with our European allies to build peace, freedom, stability, within
Europe and beyond.
·.
.
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I will visit Russia- -.fonner advers~ericans gave their lives' to
cont~ Russia has just
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seen its first transition from one democraticall}':-elected leader to another in a thousand years of
history. Aile
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~an Presiden~to a democratically-elected Russian
.
.
.
.
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parliament. We will continue to encourage Russia to deepen its economic reforms, to preserve
)
its hard-won democratic freedoms, and to keep working with us to reduce the nuclear danger.
I will visit Ukraine- a country whose people are eager to cast off the bitter legacy of
communism, and tojoin the community of prosperous, stable and democratic nations.
The world oftoday is not recognizable from 50 years ago. Adversaries have become allies.
Dictatorships have become democracies. Europe is more peaceful and umted, and the
Communism we fought to contain in the Cold War, in VietNam, and Korea has collapsed~ ~N., ~
~ehA~JJ...h:z..,
!'etfestee er ri,Bffll?\
around the world. Heartened by our progress toward peace and prosperity
-we will pursue the two remaining challenges in fulfilling the vision of a peaceful, democratic
~~,aa ~:J/
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and undivided Europe: ·w,ee~\\,;.iittl.,it"l'trteJet'l'!!IS:T4if...,.y~o""m~effirFiomt~l:s!"'1t~o~i:t.-t~;~ stfutheast Europe and the former
as~
states of the Soviet Union into the transatlantic community of democracies- and Hve closer to
~nu.J..~:·
A o~ere~~il wasfrdti-.:J..-- wars,E: to help end w~ Jt,~"
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�'MAY. 27. 2121121121 , 11: 1214AM
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A. never fought for Jmpire, for territory, for dominance. Y~ttt enemies !Ought to d~d tyi1Dllly;
lfJet'/'u gave your liv~s to defend freedom. Iwisl! yet! B:H: e86:1d: L1aw--:! we stand at the dawn
of a century you never saw- -far from fading into the past, yoUr sacrifice is shaping the .
future. I wiss you all could blew- !Jlirty, forty, fifty years after you're gone ... your truth is
marching on.
--=
May God bless you all. May God bless Anierica.
###
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From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
;
Malinowski, Tomasz P. (SPCHVV)
Friday, May 19, 2090 3:06 PM
Gire, Cynthia L. (EXSEC)
@SPEECH - NSC Speechwriters
RE: Who is writing what on trip [UNCLASSIFIED]
Portugal:
-1'
Arrival -Ted
Health- Tom M
Toast- Paul
US-EU - Paul ·
Germany:
Aachen- Ted
Aachen reception- Ted
3rd way - domestic
Russia:
press conference- Tom R.
Duma- Tom M.
Embassy- Dave
Ukraine:
speech -Tom R.
land ceremony -Paul
I'm assigninQ all other things to our new staff member, Onda Fiigh.
-----Original Message----Gire, Cynthia L: (EXSEC)
From:
Sent:
Friday, May 19, 2000 1:40 PM
To:
Malinowski, Tomasz P: (SPCHW)
Cc:
@SPEECH - NSC Speechwriters
Subject::
Who is writing what on trip [UNCLASSIFIED]
Tom,
Can you let me know who is writing what on the trip so I can share this with all who are asking? Thanks. -CG
\
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LEVEL 1 - 1 OF 9 STORIES
Copyright 1998 The Washington Post
The Washington Post
June 14, 1998, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: TRAVEL; Pg. EOl
LENGTH: 2557 words
HEADLINE: Rembering Wren; Touring the high art of royal architect Christopher
Wren, whose grand church spires still define the London skyline ..
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BYLINE: John Burgess, Washington Post Staff Writer
BODY:
It didn't take much to give Christopher Wren a chance to change the face of
London ·_- just a baker forgetting to put out the flame in an oven early one
morning in September 1666. ·
Thus began the Great Fire, which for four days burned its way across the
largely wooden city, consuming 13/000 houses.~ 44 guildhalls, a cathedral and 87
churches. When the flames finally died, most people saw desolation; Wren, an
up-and-coming royal architect, saw opportunity. He tramped around the ashes and
within days drafted a street and building plan for an all-new London. The king
turned it ·down, but in the end Wren got his way, as he usually did during his
long and varied life.
He built churches, 51 of them, and their spires came to define the city
skyline, their bells the sounds of urban life. Wherever Londoners turned, they
seemed to face a towering Wren creation, its cherubs and stone columns and round
arches declaring the superiority of the fashionably new baroque style. At the
altars inside, the city's people were baptized and married by the millions; in
the crypts and graveyards they were buried and memorialized.
The churches entered lore and literature: St. Bride's with the tiered steeple
that inspired the wedding cake~ St. Mary-le-Bow with the bells whose sounds set
the limits of old-time Cockney London, St .. Paul's Cathedral, whose dome reaching
365 feet above its hilltop site signaled to travelers that the journey to London
was almost over.
They're still there, most of them at ·least. Redevelopment·, fire and Nazi
bombs have thinned them out over the last three centuries. But on a recent stay
in London, I went to as many of· Wren's remaining churches as I could and found
they continue to proclaim the faith and optimism of the period and of their
remarkable creator, holding their own against the advance of some awful
20th-century glass and cinder block.
Even if you're not one to normally poke around old churches, give Wren's a
try if you're in London. You will marvel at how solid was his construction and
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The Washington Post, June 14, 1998
how unwavering his aesthetic sense, though with such a huge job to accomplish -and 51 sets of parish elders tugging at his sleeve -- he did resort, at times,
to production-line techniques. He worked within limits of time and space and
budget to create in each a unique architectural statement to the glory of God.
"One of the great qualities of genius is audacity and daring," says the Rev.
Oswald Clarke, priest-in-charge at a 1681 Wren creation called St. Mary
Abchurch. Wren broke the prevailing rules with countless aesthetic and
structural tricks.
What follows is a walking tour of a few of his most important churches,
ending at St. Paul's, all built with the proceeds from a tax on coal. Go when
you're not feeling rushed. Show some respect when you step through the doors and
you'll be welcomed (though in many, you'll have the place all to yourself). Take
off your hat, don't stand your friends up against the altar for photos. And drop
some money through the donation slots by the door.
A word on timing: Don't go on a Sunday -- you'll find some of the churches
locked up. They stand in what is now London's financial district, and it's all
but deserted on weekends. Better to do it around midday during the week, when
many will be open for visitors, or putting on services and music recitals for
the lunch-time office crowd.
The term "Renaissance man" is overused, but Wren truly deserves it. Astronomy
and optics, Latin and literature, math and anatomy, meteorology and the laws of
motion -- he mastered them all and made important contributions in many. He
invented awriting dup~icator and a transparent beehive.
:,.t
He branched into architecture at a time when English churches were dominated
by the pointed arches and the vertical lines of the medieval Gothic style. But
in Italy, people were reviving the forms of classical Rome and Greece -- the
rounded arch, the pediment, the three orders of columns -- and were combining
them in new ways. Wren believed that any civilized country should naturally
follow suit.
He read voraciously to learn the new style, and traveled to Paris, where he
managed to wangle some time with the renowned Italian Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini,
who was working on what's now the Louvre. Perhaps Bernini recognized a
competitor when he brought out a design for the east front. "I would have given
my skin for it, but the old reserved Italian gave me but a few minutes' view,"
Wren later wrote.
As we know, he did all right anyway, building palaces, hospitals and
libraries as well as churches.
Start your tour at St. Mary Abchurch. Walk down the tiny Sherbourne Lane off
King William Street. Turn the corner and it's right in front of you. Like many
Wren churches it's hard to get a view of the whole thing, because it's hemmed in
by other buildings. So Wren didn't waste much time on· his church exteriors -red brick with some stone dressings in this case, a few cherubs.
Look up and you· see what really counted to him -- the spire, which served as
a marker visible·for miles. This one is rather simple as Wren spires go-- a
slender, lead-covered tower with a see-through section, rising from a curved
base. There's, a golden orb at the top.
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Walk around to the right and enter. Roughly square, the interior dazzles you
with a mix of deep polished wood, clear windows (stained glass was too Gothic)
and bright white walls. And above, a surprise. "You wouldn't be aware from the
outside that .there is a dome," says the Rev. Clarke. "It gives you the
impression it's floating on the air." Wren was fascinated with domes, as you
will see.
Despite the feeling of grandeur, the space is also small -- cozy, even. Under
Church of England doctrine, it was important that all people be able to hear
clearly the scripture and prayers.
Wren wrote. extensively on the mechanics of beauty. But in the real world, he
made compromises, working with the space he had. You'll notice that this place
isn't symmetriqal -- the windows are mainly on the south.to get the light. Some
of his churches have downright cockeyed wall plans, because to save money he ha~
to build on the foundations of the burned ones.
Take time to examine the fittings -- the elaborated canopied pulpit, the
"reredos" with guilded urns that.stands behind the: altar, the paintings, the
font, the side stalls, the sword rest where the Lord Mayor laid his ceremonial
weapon during visits.
What you see here is almost exactly as Wren left it -- the church suffered
comparatively minor damage during World War II, unlike others that were
destroyed altogether or heavily rebuilt. Climb the pulpit -- that's allowed in
this church -- and imagine the crowd of London notables in wigs and powder and
laced dresses who would have looked up at you from the pews in the old days.
Leave by the door you entered, cross the little square and go down the hill
to Cannon Street. Turn right, walk to the street called Walbrook and turn right.
On the right ahead you'll see St. Stephen Walbrook. The exterior is again
undistinguished (battered, in fact), save for the steeple, which is rather
elaborate, a fantasy comb1nation of classical forms, rising to four balls and a
vane.
Inside everything is light and airy. Walk around and enjoy the interplay of
the Corinthian columns. Overhead is another dome, this one supported by arches.
Here yqu do get the feeling of mathematical perfection. The interior, in fact,
is considered Wren's greatest.
This church has been altered and updated to fit the tastes of the times, like
many others. Many suffered what can only be called vandalistic changes in the
19th century, when Victorian society became enamored again with the Gothic
style. St. Stephen Walbrook has a 20th-century addition that to me fits nicely
a rounded stone altar by the sculptor Henry Moore.
Turn right as you leave, walk ahead to the street called Poultry and go left
on it. It becomes Cheapside. Ahead on your left is St. Mary-le-Bow, perhaps the
most famous of the churches. In fact, of what you see today, just the tower and
steeple are by Wren, holding their own against a bank branch that nestles up
against them. By tradition, to qualify as a true Cockney you must be born within
hearing of its bells.
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The Washington Post, June 14, 1998
Continue up Cheapside. The back of St. Paul's, looking like a great weathered
ship, will come into view on the left, but resist the temptation to make
straight for it.
Behind St. Paul's is the tower of Wren's St. Augustine-with-St. Faith -- the
church itself fell victim to World War II bombs. On your right you'll see St.
Vedast, Foster Lane, another Wren creation with extensive post-war
refurbishment, then the tower of Wren's Christ Church, Newgate Street, another
war victim. You'll find a·few scarred walls and a pleasant garden where
worshipers once sat.
By now you'll have noticed that you practically trip over elegant churches in
this part of London. It's a testament to how densely populated the area was, and
how the church, not to mention competition among parishes to build the tallest
and most beautiful, imbued London life of the day.
Keep going and turn left into Old Bailey Street. The church on the right as
you turn, St. Sepulchre-Without-Newgate, is one of the few churches that
survived the Great Fire. Naturally it's not by Wren, but his way of doing things
became so dominant that its. interior was remodeled in his style.
Turn right on Ludgate Hill. Ahead on the left you'll see the spire of St.
Bride's Fleet Street, a stack of diminishing octagons topped by ball and vane.
It's the tallest Wren church spire, said to have inspired a baker-parishioner to
create tiered cakes that became the hit of aristocratic weddings in London in
the 18th century and live on today.
This is a church with a very long pedigree -- there is Roman pavement beneath
it, and the remains of seven previous churches. Descend into the crypt and have
a look.
Inside, you'll find a lavishly restored postwar interior, with the East wall
painted in a trompe l'oeil that will fool all but the cleverest eye.
By now you know where St. Paul's is. Walk up Ludgate Road, passing another
Wren church on the left, St. Martin, Ludgate. To and from this glorious facade
have come countless processions of British history, including Queen Victoria's
diamond jubilee in 1897 -- she was too infirm to climb the stairs, so ceremonies
were held on the steps as she sat in her coach; Charles and Diana walked down
them as a married couple.
St. Paul's exists in the form you see mainly because of the force of
character. of the seemingly self-effacing Wren, who for years dreamed of building
a great domed cathedral, not caring much that kings, bishops and the public at
large felt that every respectable cathedral had a spire up top. Domes were
thought "popish" at the time, symbols of the rival faith centered' at St. Peter's
at the Vatican.
Politics forced Wren to submit a design with a spire, but St. Paul's got a
dome. Ever the manipulator, Wren began deviating from the design from the time
the first stone was laid, and from the agreed-to scheduling, too. The 1675
commission from King Charles II clearly states that the cathedral would be built
"in parts," starting with the choir, or eas't end. That was the usual way. of
building cathedrals -- you got a roof over the choir so you could conduct
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The Washington Post, June 14', 1998
services, then started on the rest.
Wren apparently worried that construction would stop once the choir was
finished, given the huge cost of finishing the place. So he built his cathedral
all at once, from the ground up. He had more tricks up his sleeve during the 35
years of construction. London's copper merchants got Parliament to decree that
the dome should be of copper. Wren, hating the green it would turn, got there
first with lead plates.
Parliament eventually grew tired of the now-aged man's bullheadedness. In
1697, declaring that things were moving too slowly, it decreed that half his
salary would be withheld until completion. The job finally ended in 1710.
Before you go in, stand and take in the facade. Almost three centuries of
rain and coal smoke have left a weathered look, but the full glory shows
through. That's St. Paul, patron saint of London, standing at the top, and him
again in the pediment sculpture, seeing a vision on the road to Damascus. The
two towers are among Wren's finest creations, topped by gleaming gold
pineapples. The one on your right contains a bell, Great Paul, that by tradition
rings for five minutes every day at 1 p.m.
This sum statement is different than the churches', and not just in size.
Here Wren got to live out all of his notions of proportionality, of exterior
ornamentation (count the cherubs!), of classical harmony.
So, enter through the front doors. As in many places in London, you will be
charged for entry. You're now in a self-contained city, with a huge transient
population of people like yourself and a paid staff of 135 priests, stoneworkers
and administrators keeping things going. They don't forget that St. Paul's is a
church -- there is a chaplain on duty at all times.
Go ahead -- stride down to the "crossing" and stare up into the dome. Few
people can resist. You're looking up into one of Wren's many tricks -- what you
see on the inside isn't what you see on the outside. Wren wanted a tall dome
visible from miles around, but if you saw the inside of that, it would be like
looking up into a tunnel. So there are three domes -- the one you're looking up
into, the one you saw outside, which doesn't hold anything up, and a third
invisible brick cone that holds'up the "lantern" at the top.
·} Around the side aisles .are the historical memorials that the English like to
/crowd into their churches. At the east end .is the American Memorial Chapel,
containing a handwritten list of 28,000 U.S. service men and women who were
stationed in Britain during World War II and lost their lives.
You might plan to visit at 5 p.m., when an evensong service begins daily. You
can sit in the wooden choir stalls. Religious or not, you're sure to be moved as
the choir sings just a few yards away, the· voices echoing across the wide open
spaces.
If you're fit and afraid neither of tight spaces nor dizzying heig~ts, climb
the steps to the "Whispering Gallery" in the dome. Sit down and again enjoy the
scale and beauty, knowing that during construction Wren was hoisted up in a
basket and walked around just where you are. It got its name because words
spoken to the walls are heard clearly on the 9pposite side. Try it .
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The Washington Post, June 14, 1998
From the Golden Gallery at the top of the dome, you can gaze out over all
London. Standing here was as close to flying as anyone could come in the old
days.
Save the crypt for last. You'll have to look hard, but under the east end of
the church you'll find a black stone that marks the resting place of Christopher
Wren, who succumbed in 1723 at the age of 90.
"Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice," reads his epitaph: "Reader, if
you seek his monument, look around you." That's in keeping with the modesty Wren
showed throughout much of his life. His monument, to my mind, is 17th-century
London itself. For information on travel to London, contact the British Tourist
Authority, 212-986-2200, http://www.visitbritain.com.
GRAPHIC: Photo, JOHN BURGESS; Map, The Washington Post, Although the church to
which it was attached did not survive World War II, Wren's St.
Augustine-with-St. Faith bell tower still stands. The facade of St. Paul's
Cathedral, above and left, remains Christopher Wren's greatest legacy. After
St. Paul's, St. Mary-le-Bow, pi7tured at left, is perhaps the most famous of
Wren's churches. Tradition has it that to qualify as a true Cockney, you must be
born within earshot of its bells. Wren's Christ Church fell to World War II
bombs, but its tower remains. Wren's "wedding cake" church:_ St. Bride's Fleet
Street.
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LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
LOAD-DATE: June 14, 1998
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�EPITAPHS· EURIPIDES
untouched, and touched none that he did not
adorn.
epitaph on Goldsmith (1728-74) by Samuel
Johnson
james Boswelll.ife d! Samuel Johnson (1791)
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june r 776
·Fair and learn'd, and good as she,
Time' shall throw a dart at thee.
Wllliam Browne (c.I590-I643) 'Epitaph on the
...
Dowager of Pembroke' (1623)
10 Under this stone, Reader, survey:
0 rare Ben Jonson.
inscription on the tomb of Ben Jonson in Westminster
Abbey
.
Now God will know the truth at last.
mock epitaph for G. K. Chesterton, by E. V. Lucas
(1868-1938)
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Dead Sir John· Vanbrugh's house of clay. ·
. Lie heavy on him, Earth! for he
. , ..
· Laid many heavy loads on thee!
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2 Poor G.K.C., his day is'past-
Dudley Barker. G. K. Chesterton ( 1973)
3 Rest in peace. The mistake shall not be repeated.
inscription on the cenotaph at Hiroshima, japan
. 4 Si 111~1111mentum requiris, circumspice.
If you seek a monument, gaze around.
inscription in St· Paul's Cathedral, London, atiributed to
the son of Sir Christopher Wren ( Ili32-I723), its
·
architect; cf. Barham 54: r
5
A soldier of the Great War known unto God.
Were there but a few hearts. and intellec~ uke.
hers.this earth would already become the ho~
.. for heaven.
· '•··.
. epitaph ( iB 59) inscribed by John Stuart Mill on~
tomb of his wife, Harriet (d. 1858), at the cemetery
of St Veran, near Avignon
M. St J. Packe Life of John Stuart Mill (1954) bk. 7, ~~\:.
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12 What Cato did; and Addison approved,
' Cannot be wrong;
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adopted by the \Var Graves Commission
·6 .Their name liveth for evermore.·
standard inscription on the Stone of Sacrifice in each
inilitary cemetery of World War One,.propos.ed by
Rudyard Kipling as a memberof the War Graves
Commission
·
Colley Cibber Lives of the Poets (r 753) vol. 5 'Ufe of
Eustace Budgell'
13' What wee.gave, wee have;
What wee spent, wee had;
What wee kept, wee lost.
;
epitaph on Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire (d.
I~F9) and· his wife
at Tiverton, in Thomas Westcote A View of Devonshire In
r630 (ed. G. Oliver and P. Jones, 1845); variants appear
in Tristram Risdon Survey oftlw County of Devoll (1714)
and Edmund Spenser The Shepherd's Calendar ( 1579)
Charles Carrington Rudyard Kipling (rev. ed. 1978); cf.
Bible 92: I;, Sassoon f~45 :23
7 Timothy has passed . . .
.
message on his Internet 1veb page announcing the
death of Timothy Leary, 3 I May 1996
in Guardia11
I
14 When you go home, tell them of us and say,
'For your tomorrow we gave our today.'
June I996
Kohima memorial to the Burma campaign of the Second
World War; in·recent years used at Remembrance Day
parades in the UK; cf. Binyon I I 5:8
8 Ubi saeva indignatio ulteri!JS cor lacerare nequit.
\\'here fierce indignation· can· no longer tear his ·
.
.
Jonathan Swift ( 1667-1745)
When you go home, tell them of us and say,'For your tomorrows ~hese gave their today.'
h~rt.
·.
Shane Leslie The Skull ofSwift ( 1928) ch. 15; cf. Yeats
X~;:
I:;
.
9 U!1derneath this sable hearse
Lies the subject of all verse;
Sidney's. sister, Pembroke's mother,
Death, ere thou hast slain another,
Euripides C.48 s-qo6
BC
Greek dra111atist
16 Ne\'er shall I saY: that marriage brings more joy
than pain.
Alcestis I. .1..38 .
. John Maxwell Edmonds ( 1875- I958)./nscrip!ions
Suggested for War Memorials ( r 9I9 l
IS Without you, Heaven would be too dull to bear,
Ang, Hell would not be Hell i(you are there.
. epitaph for Maurice Bowra
John Sparrow, in Times Literary Supplement 30 May 1975
is
.
~
Nothing have I found stronger than Necessity. . .
Alcestis I. 96 5
19 My tongue swore, but my mind's unsworn ....: ·1.
Hippolytus lamenting his breaking of an oath
,. ,:: .;, -l:
Hippolytus I. 6 I 2
17 Be happy, drink, think each day your own as you
li\·e it and leave the rest to fortune.
Alcestis I. 788
20 Better a life of wretchedness thar{ a noble death.
, Iphigenia ill Tauris I. 12 52
�John Maxwell Edmonds
When you go home, tell them or'us and say, 'For your tomorrows these gave.their today>
-Inscriptions Suggested for War Memorials 1919
.
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LEVEL 1 - 2 OF 2 STORIES
Copyright 1995 The Morning Call, Inc.
The Morning Call (Allentown)
May 8, 1995, Monday,
SECTION: LOCAL/REGION,
SECOND EDITION
Pg. B1
LENGTH: 813 words
HEADLINE: BUCKS VETS REMEMBER V-E DAY
BYLINE: APRIL PETERSON; The Morning Call
BODY:
There were the expected trappings: the medals and the flags, the smiles and
well. wishes from fellow veterans, speeches by local dignitaries, the march onto
the parade grounds and the salute from the rifle squad.
But there also were the memories, often vivid, of a war won in Europe 50
years ago yesterday.
World war II veterans were honored on Saturday with a ceremony at the War
Memorial Field at Central Bucks West High School, Doylestown, sponsored by the
United Veterans of Doylestown.
Bob Taylor, a member of American Legion Post 210, Doylestown, who fought in
Anzio, Italy, shared some of his memories of the war with artifacts collected
during his service days and carefully exhibited on a red, white and blue
tablecloth. Taylor, the training of a soldier obvious in his posture, eased into
the story of sending clippings from flowers growing around his fox hole to his
sister who dried them and mounted them for him in a paper frame shared with a
flower he sent to his. mother.
"You picked that and sent it to your best girl," he said, pointing to the
flower he sent to his mother and now keeps in a trophy case. "That day my mom
was my best girl."
Taylor was one of.many veterans gathered to recall what they shared a
lifetime ago in Europe and the Pacific. Unfortunately, some veterans said, not
many people other than World War II veterans turned out to hear about the war
and honor the fallen. ·Low attendance and a brisk wind brought the daylong
celebration to an early close.
"It's a shame," one veteran said while looking at the crowd of about 200
huddled at displays.
Bobby Miller of Doylestown, a Navy veteran of U.S.S. Landing Ship-Tank, or
LST, 266, agreed. O~e of five brothers to serve in WWII, he saw action in the
South Pacific. He recalled taking troops and tanks to the beaches under fire. He
joined the Navy because he wanted to ride instead of walk, he joked, uniike
several of his brothers who served in the Army. He saw his eldest brother, the
only one lost to combat, just before he left for the battle from which he
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The Morning Call (Allentown), May 8, 1995
wouldn·' t· return.
"I don't know why they're not here," he said of the crowds he had hoped to
see. "People take (World War II) for granted, in my opinion," he said shaking
his head.
Doylestown veterans groups planned for several thousand, one organizer said.
But for some the numbers gathered did not matter. What mattered was that they
gathered.
"I wasn't thinking, 'Oh, gosh, they're honoring me,'" said Sheila Martin
Walsh, of Hatboro, a World War II veteran of the U.S. Navy WAVES or Women
Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. "They're honoring all of us,
(including) guys who didn't come back. I'm very proud I had a chance to be in
(World War II) . "
Walsh joined the WAVES on her 20th birthday, Sept. 15, 1944. She had to have
her parents' consent because of her age.
"When I went into the service, not everybody was thrilled with us," she
explained. "It was, 'What's a nice girl like you doing in a place like that?'
syndrome," ·she said.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt inspected her class the day she graduated
from training at Hunter College in the Bronx. One of 8,000 graduates, she
recalled the roar of the crowds outside the auditorium as Roosevelt's limousine
arrived. A photograph of the event was part of the Bux-Mont Women Veterans
display on the women's war effort exhibited at the anniversary celebration.
Walsh went on to serve in Washington, D.C., where she celebrated V-E Day, V-J
Day, and eventually saw generals, admirals and their troops come home.
She still gets emotional when taps is played, she said, and found herself
wiping away tears during Saturday's ceremony.
Bugler and WWII veteran George Myers of Chalfont still gets emotional when he
plays taps. A Navy veteran of the Philippines, he took his cornet to war and
played for shipboard church services. He never played taps while in the service
but has since played it for funerals and other observances. Each performance is
difficult, he said, but ceremonies like the anniversary are a bit easier because
they honor everyone who served.
"I think it's wonderful we can do something like this to remember those who
gave their lives," he said.
\
\
Veterans Warren Kimmel and Herb Haldeman are adamant about the importance of
remembering the war, especially the war effort in China, Burma and India. Both
served in Burma, flying supply missions.over the Himalayas, which they refer to
as "The Hump." Some of the men they knew died in a pass in the mountains they
called "Aluminum Alley" where 900 planes were lost, they said. Kimmel memorized
verse he learned while overseas for those lost.
"When you go home/Tell them of us/That we gave·our tomorrow/So you can have
your today," he said solemnly. "The way I look at it, it enlightens a lot of
people," he said of the verse and the anniversary celebration .
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LEVEL 1 - 7 OF 9 STORIES
Copyright 1988 The New York Times Company
The New York Times
July 10, 1988, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 5; Page 43, Column 1; Travel Desk
LENGTH: 1366 words
HEADLINE: St. Paul's Is a Shrine For Yanks, Too
BYLINE: By ALAN WEBSTER; Alan Webster, Knight of the Royal Victorian Order, was
Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral from 1978 to 1987.
BODY:
FOR 10 years, an embarrassing question for me, as Dean of St. Paul's
Cathedral in London, has been how to welcome Americans. If you are a priest, do
you mention that your most distinguished predecessor wrote lyrical and sensual
love poetry? Whereas Petrarch's sonnets to his Laura put her on a pedestal, John
Donne, Dean of St. Paul's from 1621 to 1631, kicked the pedestal'away, caught
her in his arms and put her to bed.
Should I tell Nancy Reagan, I wondered, about John Donne's love poetry and
his exploration of his beloved, ''My America'' as he called her. Mrs. Reagan was
walking around St. Paul's two days before the 1981 wedding of Charles and _Diana.
Mercifully, the media solved this problem by claiming the First Lady's time, so
that religion and poetry and the whole of St. Paul's had to be compressed into a
quarter of an hour.
Each year, between two and three million visitors, many on their way to the
crown jewels at the Tower and back again to the changing of the guard at the
Palace, visit St. Paul's. The largest contingent comes from the United States,
but the going is tough for them. Downstairs in the crypt, they are faced with
the ferocious bust of a.'bearded Scottish colonel, Sir Duncan MacDougall. He was
colonel of the Cameron Highlanders and spent most of his life fighting either in
South Africa or Spain or France. He also fought at Bladensburg and, finally,
took part in the capture of Washington in 1812.
I explain that the President's house was burned down in retaliation for the
burning of the Governor General's house in Canada. I point out that, to conceal
the repairs after the fire., the whole building was painted white so that the
name of the most famous house in the world was indirectly derived from Sir
Duncan MacDougall's incendiarism.
Clearly the cathedralis custodians had a sense of guilt about these assaults
on their numerous and generous American visitors. Tucked away behind a pillar is
an attractive but small portrait bust of George Washington. On the opposite
side, again off the visitors' beaten track, is a moving and elegant tablet to
Pilot Officer W. N. L. Fiske, an American airman who fought in the 1940 Battle
of Britain, one of the first of tens of thousands of American servicemen who
died in Europe in World War II.
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The New York Times, July 10, 1988
r
The first American Indian to visit England was Pocahontas. She came to London
in 1616, after marrying John Rolfe, one of the Virginian settlers. They stayed
at an inn on Ludgate Hill, and were received at court as well as by the Bishop
of London. Pocahontas may be commemorated by the semi-nude stone figure of an
Indian woman supporting the statue to Queen Anne, outside St. Paul's. She only
survived the chill, fogs and frosts of London for a year, but remains a great
heroine with British schoolchildren.
I
A more fortunate New England visitor, the recently retiredEpiscopal Bishop
of Massachusetts, John B. Coburn, began his 1985 sermon from the ample pulpit,
15 feet above contradiction, facing a congregation of between 1,000 and 2,000,
by remarking: ''It feels like preaching from Brooklyn Bridge~'' The proportions
are huge. The cross above the dome is 365 feet above the crypt. Even St. Peter's
in Rome finds it hard to rival this London dome. Three years ago, when Mikhail
S. Gorbachev stood under the dome, he asked an attendant what the cathedral was
used for. The verger replied: ''In order, sir, to worship God.''
Each year more and more members of the American community in London come to
St. Paul's on Thanksgiving Day, perhaps as many as 2,000 in 1987. The United
States Ambassador, flanked by two Marines, reads the President's message, an
American choir sings and the Ambassador is escorted in and out of the church, as
the Queen and the Lord Mayor of London are escorted on great occasions. For a
St. Paul.' s ~s one of the classical bu~ldin
in Washington. After the service, hundreds of Americans visit the American
Memorial Chapel at the east end of the cathedral, where the 28,000 Americans who
gave their lives whilst stationed in Britain du:dng World Wa II are·
calli
The ''Battle Hymn
of
the place of
Not a Sunday goes by without the cathedral's becoming a momentary monastery
for an American family. A director of the Chrysler Corporation from Washington
tells me it is'his wedding anniversary, so we light a candle and I kneel between
him and his wife in a moment of intense thankfulness. The following Christmas he
took the trouble to write about ''this extraordinary and wonderful opportunity
which our whole family vicariously enjoyed.' ' A husband and wife who are office
cleaners in Evanston, Ill., send a few dollars and a letter describing their
origins as black British two generations ago in Liverpool and ask that they be
remembered by name at a service. They are.
Old St. Paul's burned down in 1666, just after New York had changed its name
from New Amsterdam and had come under British influence. While great changes
were taking place on the American Eastern Seaboard, the final decisions were
made to build a supreme Protestant cathedral in the classical style in London.
Sir Christopher Wren's plan was so unpopular amongst traditionalists, who said
that it did not look like a church, meaning it was not Gothic, that wattle
fences 20 feet high were erected round the slowly rising cathedral to conceal
its revolutionary design.
The philosophy of the new cathedral was determined by the scientific approach
of its architect. The similarity between the outline of the dome of St. Paul's
and the outline of the Capitol in Washington is not coincidence. Both are
buildings of the Enlightenment. It is no accident that so m~ny Americans feel so
at home in St. Paul's, whether they come to worship or to visit .
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The New York Times, July 10, 1988
A climax for American involvement was the 1981 wedding of Charles and Diana.
It has been a major incentive for visiting the cathedral. It matters to us all
that we should know the actual sites of events that stir us, including the
century's most publicized wedding.
EUROPEANS, including the English, are'weak on church-going, though not .
necessarily on religion. So, at St. Paul's, especially on Sunday mornings and on
those great musical occasions when ''Messiah'' or the Bach ''Passions'' or the
masses by Mozart or Schubert, Haydn or Stravinsky are sung, it takes Americans
to fill St. Paul's. It is still a very British place, where we respect our
customs, believe in our history and strongly affirm our future. Still, here,
Martin Luther King made one of his most memorable appeals for equality. Here, an
American female priest preached. Here, Americans of many different churches
worship.
The commonest American criticisms of St. Paul's are the monuments and crypts
that amount to a glorification of war, and the conspicuous absence of women.
Many young Americans, as well as Germans and Russians, with world peace high on
their agenda, are critical of the prominence given to Wellington and Nelson.
However, peaceful pursuits are also well represented: painters, musicians,
poets, writers, architects, medical people.
As far as women are concerned, an American whose attention had been drawn to
Florence Nightingale, the pioneer of nursing, was not satisfied. ''Please tell
the head of this outfit that there should be a large notice in the crypt saying
'All these men had mothers.'·''
All the world's shrines introduce ,us to another dimension and, for those who
give time, to a deeper experience. It is ·difficult to articulate our individual
search. We may only be clear about a detail: a lady from Chicago, looking for
the discoverer of penicillin, Alexander Fl.eming, because she had worked with
him; a man from Ohio whose ancestor, Prebendary Bradford, was a Reformation
martyr; a chorister from Philadelphia looking for the grave of his ancestor,
William Boyce, whose music we still sing after 200 years, and Methodists from
Maryland on a John Wesley pilgrimage. When many here have lost their way; there
is an ache for shared memories and a common language; St. Paul's is becoming a
place of rediscovery.
GRAPHIC: Photo of the American Memorial Chapel in St. Paul's, in London.
(Jonathan Player)
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
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LEVEL 1 - 6 OF 9 STORIES
Copyright 1988 The New York Times Company
The New York Times
August 21, 1988, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 5; Page 25, Column 1; Travel Desk
LENGTH: 144 words
HEADLINE: St. Paul's
BODY·
To the Editor: Dean Alan Webster's article ''St. Paul's Is for Yanks, Too''
Travel, July 10) brought back many pleasant memories. When I am in London, I
always enter St. Paul's Cathedral as its architecture, grandeur and beauty
appeal greatly to me.
A visit to the American Memorial Chapel, behind the main
altar, is always included.
I
resent
ce when a verger opened the glass case
containing~
Remembrance'
with its names of American servicemen who gave thei ~
in Britain during World War II. He turned over two pages to expose
on later pages. I questioned him as to the procedure - ''Shouldn't it
over a page at a time?'' He replied, ''Yes, ordinarily I turn a page a
I was not here yesterday .. It is my duty to keep the book in
. SCHAFENBERG
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
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LEVEL 1 - 6 OF 7 STORIES
Copyright 1995 Chicago Tribune Company
Chicago Tribune
November 26, 1995 Sunday, NORTHWEST FINAL EDITION
SECTION: TEMPO NORTHWEST; Pg. 2; ZONE: NW; Northwest Notebook: Yesterday.
LENGTH: 236 words
HEADLINE: MONUMENT TO A VETERAN ARTIST
BYLINE: By Larry Mayer. Special to the Tribune.
BODY:
His work is displayed as far away as London, but Trygve Rovelstad's most
enduring legacy remains close to the hearts of many U.S. veterans. During World
War II, the Elgin native was a medalist for the Armed Services and designed
several badges and medals, including the Infantry Badge, Bronze Star, Legion of
Merit and the WAC insignia.
Rovelstad (1903-1990) was born in Elgin to Norwegian immigrants. He displayed
his artistic skills as a boy, carving with a bowie knife and painting and
drawing. He attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago before heading
to New York.
When he returned to Chicago, he served as a stage assistant to sculptor
Lorado Taft on a tour of lectures throughout the country. Rovelstad eventually
studied sculpture at the University of Washington, where he was honored for
illustrating the nation's top college yearbook.
Rovelstad returned to Elgin in the early 1930s and began work on a public
sculpture titled "The Pioneer Memorial." In 1935, he designed the Elgin Pioneer
Half ollar to commemorate Elgin's lOOth anniversary.
'\
After tl:i.e war, Rovelstad was hired as editor and designer of the ,"American
Honor Roll," a 70-pound book that lists the more than 28,000 Americans who died
defense of Britain. The book is displayed in the American Chapel in St.
was presented to the dean of the cathedral by
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Copyright 1991 News World Communications, Inc.
The Washington Times
November 10, 1991, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: Part F; TRAVEL; Pg. F1
LENGTH: 2304 words
\. ·.
HEADLINE: Fields of valor remain in Anglia
BYLINE: Tish Foxwell; SPECIAL TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES
BODY:
It is said in East Anglia that if a person remains quiet long enough and
stands on any number of gone, but not forgotten airfields he might might
possibly hear a faint ghost of a B-17 landing somewhere off in the distance.
The whirring noises from the propellers of the bulky B-17's flew out of the
countless airfields across England with their fresh-faced and courageous·crews
during World War II. This was headquarters for the U.S. Army Air Forces . East
Anglia is still remembered as the home of the "Mighty 8th," and it still holds
memories of an engrossing yet painful chapter in World War II history.
From 1942 to 1945, this agricultural region was headquarters of the U.S.
Army Air Forces, giving way to legends straight out of "Twelve oi Clock High."
Stepping back and·taking a close look at some of these memorials and museums
focuses on the natural courage exhibited by all of those brave young airmen and
strengthens an appreciation of freedom on this eve of Vetrans Day.
In Britain,
Nov.
11 is Remembrance Day.
Throughout next year, the 50th anniversary of the USAAF's arrival in
Britain, events will recall this significant chapter in British and U.S.
?istory. Programs will range from dazzling to Glenn Miller-style dances.
Travelers desiring will not be disappointed in their journey to an area that
continues to signify courage and honor.
But rediscovering some of the dramatic
events relating to World.War II is best done by beginning in London.
From London, Sir Winston Churchill and the British high command plotted
their plans against Hitler's forces.
It is also where the determined and
fighting spirit of the English people came shining through during the nightly
turmoil of the Blitz from 1940 to 1941.
Begin at St. Paul's Cathedral, where the American Memorial Chapel is a
fitting tribute to the 28,000 American men and women who lost their lives while
stationed in Britain during the war. The chapel, behind the cathedral's high
altar, was dedicated in 1958. Seven years earlier, Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower
presented the Roll of Honor .
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The Washington Times, November 10, 1991 ·
The delicate carvings surrounding the memorial represent birds and plants
indigenous to the United States.
During the Blitz, volunteers kept vigils at the cathedral, where on the
night of December 29, 1940, fires were miraculously snuffed out by the bucket
brigade to save the cathedral.
St. Paul's was hit, but did not suffer the
great damage inflicted on nearby buildings.
On Remembrance Day, while crowds of people pay homage at St.
Paul's, it is
not uncommon to see a bevy of Rolls Royce's parked outside and adorned with red
poppies on their hoods as a tribute to the fallen soliders.
The Cabinet.War Rooms on King Charles Street near the Foreign Office, are a
complex of narrow passageways and rooms, once the vital nerve center of
Churchill and h~s staff during the darkest days of the war.
This collection of subterranean rooms allows visitors a unique opportunity
to journey through Churchill's headquarters that were specifically constructed
as an emergency station to protect the prime minister, the War Cabinet and Chief
of Staff from the German air attacks.
Near Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament and the Horse Guards, the
maze of rooms provides an excellent look at where some of Churchill's most
important decisions were made. All 21 rooms have been restored to their 1940s
appearance.
Taped tours are. available; the Prime Minister's Room, .location of many of
Churchill's wartime broadcasts, and the Cabinet Room are the most interesting.
The Transatlantic Telephone Room was Churchill's connection to the White House,
where he could speak directly to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Across Lambeth Bridge is the Imperial War Museum, under whose auspices both
the Cabinet War Rooms and airfield at Duxford are incorporated. This museum
concentrates on data and points of interest relating to both world wars t~rough
medals, paintings, photographs and eclectic memorabillia pertaining to the
British and Commonwealth armed forces, but the newer galleries, completed in
1989, have more modern displays.
A highlight is the "Blitz Experience," recommended for those wanting to get
a sense of the chilling nights of wartime London through the use of sights,
smells and sounds.
The Dorchester Hotel is one of London's most prestigious and historical
addresses.
Its many famous guests included Gen.
Eisenhower, who occupied Rooms
104-105, now the Eisenhower Suite, on his many visits to London.
Churchill, to
ensure greater privacy for Eisenhower, had a wall erected on.the balcony where
it remains today.
The Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon, not be to confused with the Imperial
War Museum at Duxford, is Britain's National Museum of Aviation. Over 70 famous
aircraft document British aviation history from the Battle of Britain to the
Tornado flight simulator. Battle of Britain buffs can view the Hawker Hurricane
and the Supermarine Spitfire .
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The Washington Times, November 10, 1991
In 1922, the Bomber Command Hall, "USAAF Exhibition," will be installed to
display the B-17G, B-25J Mitchell and P-51 Mustang. Also planned is a replica
of an American ~rew Room.
The museum is open daily.
To visit East Anglia, Cambridge is recommended as .a starting pointi it's
about an hour from London's Liverpool Street Station.
BritRail connects a few
of the recommended stops on an East Anglian tour, but renting a car or opting
for a BritRail rail/drive package is makes the smaller villages and towns more
accessible.
Cambridge, unlike Oxford, its rival and neighbor to the south, is a scholars
delight with its manageable thoroughfares and livable.atmosphere.
It also
stands on the fringes to some of England's most poetic villages.
Cambridge's bucolic landscape was disrupted in the 1940's when it served as
the dramatic background for thousands of American soliders stationed nearby.
During the war, the enrollment diminished and dormitories became barracks for
Royal Air Force trainees.
Echoes still reverberate in East Anglia's gentle sloping hillsides, once a
massive airfield command station, and in several pubs where friendship between
townspeople and soliders were quickly formed during tumultuous times.
Although the 8th and 9th Air Forces of the USAAF have long since shipped
out, their presence and memory have made an indelible imprint in towns from Diss
to Bury St. Edmunds and' Laveriham to Norwich.
·
This recommended trail focuses on but a sampling of these towns and villages
with memories .of abandoned airfields to the reality of restored control towers.
And there's the Old Bar at the Swan Hotel in Lavenham, where Glenn Miller is
said to have had his last drink.
Each traveler, student of history and former solider no doubt will discover
a favorite town, but the Imperial War Museum at Duxford, eight miles south of
Cambridge, is a former Battle of Britain station and site where the first unit
of the USAAF was welcomed in 1942. From then until 1945, Duxford was qne of the
100 8th Air Force bases and home to the 78th Fighter Group.
It is a must for anyone with a keen interest in the Battle of Britain and
for seeing superbly restored aircrafti it is Europe's largest center for
restoring historic aircraft.
Visitors to the complex can see the Hawker Hurricane and British Spitfire,
both used in the Battle of Britain, and they can step inside the actual
Operations Room used in the air battle .
. One of the most spectacular flying displays ever staged at Duxford is
planned for July 4 and 5 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of U.S.
forces'.
arrival in Britain. Treasured vintage aircraft wifl be dusted off and spruced
up to perform aerial acrobatics while special exhibitions on the ground will
complement the action in the air.
The American Air Museum, Duxford's most ambitious project to date, will be a
memorial and tribute to the thousands of American airmen who served from bases
in Britain during the war and will remind visitors .of the U.S.
contributions to
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The Washington Times, November 10, 1991
the Allied victory.
Highlights will include the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-29 Superfortress, P-47
Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang, all part of the existing Duxford collection.
(The musuem, which charges· admission, is reached by regular bus service from the
Cambridge railway station and by express coach service from London.
It is open
daily, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. during the winter months.)
From Bassingbourn, near Duxford, the B-17 "Memphis Belle" flew on its many
missions. The Tower Museum, run by the East Anglian Aviation Society, is a
memorial to those who flew from the base.
One of the most moving and poignant memorials is the American Military
Cemetery at Madingley, 4 miles northwest of the Cambridge railway station. The
Wall of Remembrance lists names of the 5,125 American airmen and soliders who
were reported missing.
The 3,812 graves are in a fan-shape design that sweeps across meticulously
maintained lawns. Although this is a somber stop, a peacefulness pervades.
Ely Cathedral, within walking distance of the Ely rail station and 18 miles
from Madingley, is a marvel in medieval engineering with the 800 tons of wood
and lead used in its unique construction. On the edge of the Fens and close to
the picturesque River Ouse, this commanding 11th-century masterpiece displays a
most unusual interior with its octagon and lantern nave.
.
.
One market town that should be at the top of everyone's list is Lavenham, a
wool town and one of the most prized examples of a medieval town. Walking its
tiny streets is similar to stepping back into King Henry's VIII's day.
The Swan, whose history dates back to 1667, is a favorite for Americans
yearning for a taste of an authentic country home-style lodging establishment
complete with lofty timbered ceilings and individually designed rooms.
The Swan's Old Bar has an eternal affiliation with the 487th Bomb Group of
the 8th Air Force whose members freqented this beloved haunt off-duty.
One section of the wall displays squadron badges left by gratified
servicemen, and there is a collection of signatures on the wall under the title,
"The Boot Records," which lists the names of airmen who had successfully
quaffed, without stopping, 3 1/2 pints of the best ale from the glass boot that
occupies a prime niche over the bar..
It is said that some of the airmen had to rent bicycles from the locals to
return safely to base on more than one occasion.
From Lavenham one can easily touch upon Framlingham, Mendlesham, Tibenham
and Thorpe Abbotts, all with noted memorials and mementos associated with the
8th Air Force.
The 390th Bomb Group Memorial at Parham Airfield in Framlingham exhibits
various items dedicated to the Royal Air Force and the 8th Air Force in a
restored control tower. Many of the old buildings are still standing with a
Nissen hut assembled from original components adjacent to the control tower .
••
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�Page 12
The Washington Times, November 10, 1991
Mendlesham, on Route Al40, has a memorial to the 34th Bomb Group and at
Thorpe Abbotts, perhaps the most memorable and lovingly restored control tower
can be viewed. Housed in the original control tower of the lOOth Bomb Group,
this memorial, with Glenn Miller music in the background, contains uniforms,
photographs and personal mementos, all worth a good look.
Nearby is Tibenham where actor Jimmy Stewart was based.
Toward the tip of East Anglia and heading northeast from Thorpe Abbotts, is
Norwich, one of England's finest cathedral cities.
In the 17th century, Norwich
was second to London in size, and Norwich Cathedral has the second-highest spire
in England.
The town center with its meandering alleyways, arcades and cobbled
streets, is ideal for afternoon walking and exploring.
Two key sites associated with the war are the Norwich Central Library on
Bethel Street, which houses the 2nd Air Division Memorial Library, and the
Norwich Aviation Museum at Norwich Airfield.
The library memorial, founded in 1963 by former members of the 14 bomb
groups stationed near Norwich, contains books pertaining to aspects of American
life and presents details about the 5,125 missing Americans.
It is dedicated to
.the memory of those from the 2nd Air Division of the 8th Air Force who were
killed while flying from bases in Norfolk and Suffolk.
.
.
The Norwich Aviation Museumhas eight preserved aircraft. in ~ts collection
including the Vulcan Bomber and the Herald airliner.
There's also a
comprehensive collection of Royal Air Force and USAAF memorabilia.
For further information regarding the "Return to England" reunions and other
information pertaining to East Anglia write Jane Sullivan, Project Coordinator,
East Anglia Tourist Board, Toppesfield Hall, Hadleigh Suffolk, IP7 5DN, England.
American Airlines, the host carrier for reunion events and working in
connection with Battlefield Tours, is offering several group itineraries. For
more information, call 800/433-7300 and ask for the international desk planning
reunion tours.
****BOX
Cemetery guidebook
The American Battle Monuments Commission publishes a 23-page booklet,
"American Memorials and Overseas Military Cemeteries."
The booklet lists 22 cemeteries and the days and hours they are open in
winter and summer seasons, including holidays of the United States and the host
countries.
Maps also are included to show the highways arid route numbers by which the
cemeteries may be reached.
The publication also gives the address and telephone numbers of its
Mediterranean, European and Philippine offices .
••
•
•
�•
Page 13
The Washington Times, November 10, 1991
The American Battle Monuments Commission is in the Casimir Pulaski Building,
20 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C.
20314-0533. The phone numbers are
202/272-0533 and 0532.
GRAPHIC: Photos (color), A & B) Poppies adorn a Rolls Royce outside St. Paul's
Cathedral on Remembrance Day. Above right: Vintage aircraft are on display at
Duxford Airfield.; C) The nerve center of Churchill's High Command during World
War II., All By .Tish Foxwell/Special to The Washington Times ; Photos, A)
Memorabilia from the lOOth Bomb Group, including pictures of the crew of "Our
Gal Sal," are on view at Thorpe Abbotts.; B) The imposing Imperial War Museum is
on Lambeth Street in London. ; Box, Cemetery guidebook
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
••
••
�St. Paul's in London:
2~ world war c~eated a special bond between UK and US.
east end
o~ cathedral was developed as american memorial chapel.
dedicated in 1958 in ceremony attended by queen and nixon (vp)
inlaid in the floor of the ~hapel is inscription:
to the
american dead of the 2nd ww from the people·of britain.
inscription on placard of book with prominent inscription
"we gave our tomorrow for your today"
It was idea of dean of the church that the american memorial
chapel should be in the church its~lf.
funds raised for it by a
special appeal throughout the country.
they quote the dean:
I
piay that future generations are mindful fo the great sacrifice
which was offered that they might live in freedom.
and that
these memorials of the fallen in war, will speak to them not
only of the heroic devotion to duty, in conflict, but ·of the
need for finding the way to peace, based on justice, so that
never end will the fiery trial of war put the human race a~d its
hihgest values in deadly peril.
"The Roll of Honor"
presented by'gen. eisenhower
independence day 1951,
28,000 handwritten.
on
/
us servicemen stationed in britain, who lose their lives in ww
2. who passed through England on their to retaking the
continent of Europe.
sailors, soldiers, airmen and marines
who used the soil of Britain as·a launching pad for retaking the
continent of Europe, and died in the effort.
28,000 whd stationed, trained, prepared, in were,
stationstrained, and prepared, and
distinguishing features of Ukrainian history:
people, desire for independence, resilience.
unity of its
You are our friends, we have very high expectations for you.
nned strong partners.
we
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May 16•. 2000
MEMORANDUM FOR
FROM:
George f. Fuller, M.D.
WHITE HOUSE PHYSICIAN
SUBJECT:
.!
PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE OfFICE
Medical Advisory for the Trip of the President to Portugal. Germany. Russia.
and the U!aJine
·
The following is the White House Medical Unit travel advisory for the President's bip to Portugal,
Gcnnany, Russia. and the Ukraine in May 29- June 6. 2000. This recommendation is based on available
information for the itinerary as of May 16, 2000. Please distribute widely and promptly.
GENERAL HEALTH CAUTIONS:
Recent medical and dental exams should enSure that travelers arc in good health. Cany appropriate
health and accident insurance documents and copies of any important medical records.
• Bring an adequate supply of preScription and other medications as ~II as any necessary personal
hygiene items, including a spare pair of eyeglasses or contact lenses if required.
• Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate payment for health scrvic:es and U.S. medical 'insurance
is not always valid outside the United States. Check with your insurance company to confirm
whether your policy will apply overseas. including provision for medical evacuation.
•
If local medical care is necessary, oontact the appropriate U.S. Embassy or the White House
Medicalllnit in Washington.
·
· ·
·· .
•
Jet lag is best overcome by adapting to destination sleep/wake ind meal panems as quickly as
possible. Stay well hydrated and exercise regularly. Earfy morning exposure to daylight will help
reset your .. body clock... "Sleeping pills" will aid in initiating sleep, but do not reset your internal
cl01:k. Address use of such mcdicatioris with your physician prior to departure.
SPECIFI<: CONCERNS:
,
• Health conditions and sanitation in Russia and Ukraine, formerly on par with U.S. and European·
standards, have deteriorated in recer~t years. Breakdowns in sanitation and the public health
infrastructure have increased the levels of food- and water-borne illnesses such as gastroenteritis.
hepatitis A, and bacterial dysentery, as well as vaccine-preventable diseases such as diphtheria.
Conditions in smaller cities and villages are below the standards of industrialized countries.
Tf'tlWiers 1o RIUSia and Utralne siiDflhl be up-to-ddle 011 to~~tille all~
llftiJUinlUJiion.s (su below) turd au rmtilttkd to strldly follew food*
~
• The Ukrainian authorities currently require all foreigners entering Ukraine to have proof of emergency
medical insurance. A state insurance company offers emergency medic:al insuranCe poliCies, which
may be purchased at the airport upon arrival. At thi5 time, cnfom:ment of the insurance regulalion
remains uneven; sometimes foreigners are.made to purchase insurance at the airport and sometimes
they are not. This regUlation appears to be most consistently enforced at tbe international airports in
Kiev, Lviv, and Odessa.
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Portugal has one of the highest rates ofautomobile accidents and fatalities in-. Europe. Road travel in ·
roads, ooilfusing road signs,
certain areas is hazardous due to poor illuminalion on narrow,
vehicles without.worting lights, etc. When possible, avoid travel at night and wear seat belts at all
times.
rough
IMMUNIZATIONS:
• Heoaaitis A: For travelers to Portugal, Russia, and Ukraine, immunization against hepatitis A is
important for those wbo will be living in or visiting rural areas, eaaing or drinking in settings of
poor or uncertain sanitation, or wbo will have close contact with local persons (especially young
children) in. settings with poor sanitary conditions. The importance ofprotec:tion against hepatitis
.
·
A increases as length of stay increases.
• Typhoid: Travelers to Portugal, Russia. and the Ukraine should receive typhoid vaccine if they will
be staying longer than 3 weeks, or plan to venture off the usual tourist routes into small cities,
villages, and rural areas. Those that have undergone previous typhoid vaccination should be
aware that the injected· vaccine is good for 3 yean, and the oral vaccine for S yean.
• f2li2: For tra-velers to Russia and Ukraine, a one-time booster dose as an adult (anytime starting at
age 18 and in addition to a primary childhood series) is n:wmmended for travelers. H~'•
polio boosl6s wiU 1101 N awlil4bh tiii'OIIgll til~ Wllile H~H~U MHicol UIIJI CIUtic. Travelers to.
Russia and Ukraine should visit their primary care provider to obtain an IPV booster.
• Other: All travelers should ensure that their routine immunizations (tetanus/diphtheria,
measles/mumps/rubella, polio, and influe1U3) are up-to-date as a matter of good health practice
unrelated to travel.
Vaccinations require 10 days for maximum effectiveness; travelers should plan acoordingly.
DIET AR\' PRECAUTIONS: Gastrointestinal diseases, including cholera, typhoid, and other diarrheal
diseases can be a problem for any international traveler. The best approach to these diseases is
prevention. In general, food and water sources in Germany and Portugal are safe; however. check with
embassy offici8.1s on arrival. There is NO potable water at the Ukraine trip site. For person~! who may
be in a situation where they must cat locally procured foods in areas that are suspect. the following
standard recommendations apply:
•
•
•
·•
•
•
Drink (and brush teeth) with only bottled water or beverages made from bottled water. Do not trust any
locally procured water. Do not use ice cubes.
Do not eat raw or poOrly cooked meat or seafood. Eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot.
Only Cal fruit that you peel yourself.
Consume only pasteurized dairy products.
Avoid food from roadside stands and street vendors.
At the first symptoms of diarrheal disease, initiate rreaunent with Pepto-Bismol (chew 2 tabs 4 times
daily~ not use if allergic to aspirin).
'
'
~ dir«t fllfy pestioiU N!fiUtling lfletllctll iwles lo tile Wllile HtiuH MedlcaJ U11il Clbtic 111 (201)
757-2476.
.
Page2 of)
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PHONE: 202-395'-7373
FAX:
202-456-2008
DATE:
TO:
FAX:
FROM:
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&s!ih'~r
i!CL- q J__J {)
Carmella LaSpada
Events Coordinator
Natio11al Moment ofRemembrance
PAGES:
-:j
{Including tbis cover sheet)
COMMENTS:
o Please Call
o For your infonnation
· o As you requested
o As we discussed
The infonnation in this facsimile is PRIVATE and intended for the recipient ONLY_ Please call if there ~e any
problems with our tranSmission.
White House Millennium Council
708 Jackson Place, N.W.
Washington, DC 20503
�.05/22/00
M:.9.N .. 18:07 FAX 202 395 7234
MILLENNIUM COUNCIL
National Moment of Remembrance Participation Commitment
[4]002
�05/22/00
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_________________ _____
MILLENNIUM COUNCIL
. ···--·--·-·-"'"" ...........·----.... __
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141003
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ABBY- FRIDAY, MAY 26, 2000
Let
Us Wonor All Who o;ed
So That We Might Be Free
by Abigail Van Buren
e} 2000 Unlwersal
Pro:o, Sy.,dlcate
DEAR ABBY: 1A.f3 we prepare to "Rob,~ was adopted at the age of 6
celebrate Memorial Day, we should weeks. I have known about it since
remember that this noble holiday is we first began dating.
more than just a day off from work
We now have three school-age
or school to spend time with our children, and we never thought it
families or. enjoy the outdoors. was necessary to tell them that
Memorial Day was created to honor their dad was adopted. We were
those who gave their lives in service wrong.
to our nation, and to reflect on the
About a month ago, our 10-yearblessings offreedom.
old daughter got into a quarrel with
This year, President Clinton and uMegan," the 13-year-old daughter
the U.S. Congress are joining of my husband's adoptive aunt.
together to urge Americans to put Megan was cruel to our daughter
the "memorial" back into Memorial and told her that she is not really a
Day by participating in a National "Smith" grandchild. 'l'his resulted in
Moment of Remembrance. At 3 p.m. our daughter coming home in tears
local time on Monday, May 29, and totally confused.
At that point we did our best to
Americans e"erywhere are encouraged to pa'llse for one minute to pay explain to her that, while she has a
t'ribute to our fallen heroes. We ask ·different genetic makeup, she is certhat "Taps" be played on radio and tainly a Smith in every other way.
television stations and at public
Abby, this painful incident could
events wherever possible, and that have been avoided had we been
those who are dr:iving turn on their more open with our daughter from
headlights. Whether at home or the beginning about her dad's adopabroad, alone or with others, every tion. Please tell your readers that
American is encouraged to obserie honesty is always the best policy.
this moment of're:flection in his or Thanks for listening.
herownway.
LEARNED THE HAl~D WAY
On Memorial Day 2000, let us as
DEAR LEARNED: I have
a nation unite to thank the coUrageous men and women who paid done that in the past, and I will
with their lives so that we could continue to do it. Your letter
enjoy this Memorial Day and every serves as a valuable warning to
parents who may have withheld
day in freedom.
JOHN PODESTA, CHIEI•' OF information that could provide
STAFF TO THE PRESIDENT a child with a better understanding of his or her family.
P.S. Your husband should
DEAR MR. PODESTA: That's
very little to ask of the proud consider confronting his aunt
citizens of this nation. Devoting and asking her where she
one minute out of the holiday to thinks her daughter "picked
remember those who have laid up" such a cruel.idea.
down their lives that we might
live in freedom is the least we
can do to acknowledge their
To order "How tD Write Letters for
sacrifice.
All Occasions," send a business-sized,
.
I thSnk you for bringing this self-addressed envelope, plus cheek or
to the attention or my readers.
money order for $8.95 ($<l.50 in
DEAR ABBY: My husband,
Can.ad.a) to: Dear Abby, Letter Booklet,
P.O. Box 447, Mount Morrl .., n. 610540447. (Postage is included.)
�05/22/00
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141004
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SENATOR HAGEL
@002
·F.Y.\ . - As
O:\NUT\NU'1'00.091
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IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
.
-~~~ r '-''t¥.1!14!.\C o.~~ Mr. ~~~f't.~
. .
.
Mr. HAGEL submitted the following concurrent resolution; which was
;
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CONCURRENT .RESOLUTION
Expressing the support of Congress for a National Moment ·
.
·
,
l-qcA-l '\t vne_
of. Remembrance to be observed at 3:00 p.m. eft~
··
.sta:ndru d ti~e on each Memorial Day.
Whereas the preservation of basic freedoms and world peace
t
has always been a VBlued objective of this great country;
"Whereas thousands of American men and women have .selflessly given their liVes iri semce as peacemakers and
·peacekeepers;
Vlhereas greater strides should be made to demonstrate the
appreciation· and gratitude these loyal Americans deserve
and to commemorate the ultimate .sacrifice they made;
Whereaa Memorial Day is the day o£ the year for the Nation
to appropriately·· remember American- heroes by inviting
the citizenS. of this Nation to· respectfully honor. them ·at
. a designated time;
�05/22/00
MON 18:09 FAX 202 395 7234
14! 005
. MILLENNIUM COUNCIL
SENATOR HAGEL
03/29/00 WED 18:21 FAX 202 224 4224
·... t•
O:\NUT\NUT00.091
S.L.C.
'..·.
2.
Whereas Memorial Day needs to be made relevant to both
present and future generations of .Americans; and
Whereas .a National Moment' of Remembrance would provide
citizens in the United States an opportunity to participate in a symbolic act of American unity: Now,· therefore,
be it
i
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2
3
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives
ct.mC'I}-rring)~
That Congress-
(1) expresses its support for a National Mo.
4
·
ment of Remembrance at 3:00
p.m~
Loc..A-l I L vn..
e_
eastc:nm standam
5
-tHHe on each Memorial Day in honor of the men and
6
women of the U mted States· who died in the pursuit
7
of freedom and peace;
8
~d
(2) requests that the President issue a prochi.-
·9
ma~ion
10
to observe a National Moment of Remembrance on
11
each Memorial Day.
calling upon the .people of the United States
.
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�05/22/00
MON 18:09 FAX 202 395 7234
FOR IMME:OIA TE RELEASE
Wednesday, March 29,2000
MILLENNIUM COUNCIL
Contact: Deb Fiddelke (Hagel), 202-224-4224
Jody Ryan (Kerrey), 202-224-6551
Hagel, Kerrey Introduce Resolution to Proclaim
a ''National Moment of Remembrance"
Washington, D.C.- Every year. ntillions of Americans would have the opportunity to stand
united in silence in honor of those who paid the ultimate sacrifice in service to this nation. Only
the notes of•'Taps" would break the stillness under a resolution offered by U.S. Senators Bob
Kerrey (D·NE) and Chuck Hagel (R·NE) to create a "National Moment of Remembrance'' a1
3:00pm. (Ea:stcni-etmteantiime) every Memori81 Day.
.
L.,
c. A
I
"f-tlf'f\¢_
The Seiuitors, both Vietnam combat veterans, in1roduced the resolution today. It states,
••thousands of American men and women have s~lflessly given their lives in s~ce as
peacemakers_ and peacekeepers," and that "greater strides should be made to demonstrate the
appreciation
gratitude these loyal Americans deserve and to co.m.:m.emorate the ultimate
sacrifice they made." It adds, "Memorial.Day needs to be made relevant to both present and
future generations ...a National Moment of Remembrance woUld provide citizens in the United
States
opportunity to participate in a symbolic act American unity."
and
an
of
'1bis resolution will appropriately honor American patriots lost in pursuit of peace and
liberty around the WQrld. In other words, it seeks to put the 'memorial' back into Memorial Day.
It is my hope that this moment of remembrance will bring all Americans together in a spirit of
respect, patriotism and gratitude. Our intention is to help r~tore the recognition our veterans
deserve for the sacrifices they have· made on behalf of our great Nation," said Hagel.
' "This resolution will help us keep a living memory of those women and men who
have lost their lives serving their country. By taking a moment to reflect and remember we will
help future generations recognize all that has been lost for all we have gained. As a nation we
must never forget that .freed~m is not free," said Kerrey.
-30-
141006
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MILLENNIUM COUNCIL
141007
'·
National Mo1nent of Remembrance
An American tradition begins ...
Date:·
Memorial Day, May.29, 2000
Event:
National Moment of Remembrance to reclaim Memorial Day as the noble and sacred
event it was intended, ~o h~nor those who dic:c,i in service to our nation.
Time:
3:00p.m. (Local Time) Duration: 1 minute
Place:
Wherever they happen to be, all Americans, whether alone or with others, are
.
encouraged to take a moment and participate. '
Action:
To voluntarily and informally observe in their own way a Moment of remembrance and
respect, pausing from. whatever they are doing for a moment of silence or listening to
"Taps"
.
Purpose:
To demonstrate gratitude to those who died for our freedom
.
'
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.
To remind all Americans of the importance ofremembering those who sacrificed for our
freedom
·
To provide: U.S. citizens in America and thmughout the world with the opportunity to
join in this symbolic act of unity
To make Memorial Day relevant especially to younger Ame1icans
Goal:.
History:·
Groups and/or individuals, from rnajor corporations to neighborhoods, arc encouraged to
form a citi:Gens' corps, creating a "Memorial Alliance," to accomplish the goal of having
. ,275 million Americans obscniing the Moment of Remembrance
ln May, 1996 the idea of the Moment was born when children touring Lafayette Park in
, Washington, DC were asked what Memorial Day meant and they responded, "That's the.
day the pools open!" ·
.
May, 1997 saw the start of what is becoming an American tradition recognized by
Congress and the President-- putting '"memorial" back in Memorial Day.lt was initiat£d
by No Greater Love, a Washington, DC based national humanitarian organization. For
the first time in U.S. history on Memorial Day 1997, "Taps" was played at 3 p.m. i.n
many locations and at events throughout America. TI1is effort was repeated again in 1998
and 1999. This simple, dignified form of remembrance introduces a poignant annual
momel)t into our citizens Jives.
3:00p.m. was chosen because it is a time ofday when mosr Americans are likely making
.
the mosz ofthe[reedomswe enjoy.
Contact:
Carmella LaSpada, White House Events Coordinator for Moment of Remembrance
Ph: 202-395-7373 .
http://www.whitehouse.gov/remcmbrancc
�05/23/00
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Introduction to "Taps" on audio and video tapes
America is a nation baptized with the blood of heroes and mart)Ts. Beneath the banner
..Proud to Remember," we honor on this Memorial Day those fallen heroes who paid the
ultimate price for us whom the Founding Fathers called "We the People ... With the
benediction of our nation's highest regard and deepest respect, we pause to honor the
men and women whose legacy is service, whose heritage is sacrifice, and whose gift is
freedom. God bless them. ("Taps" is played).
..- - .
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fl!l~~·b
Statistical Abstract of
-·
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~
,
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119th edition
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Issued October .1999
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
LIBRAfY
OLD EXECUTIVE 0 FICE BUILDING
Room 308
To:
x57000
--!-%~Om~L..I-bn~;sa-«;;Lchi..../.J."-=(,.L-,tfL--_ _
R O O M : - - - - DATE:
· ~er Your Request
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Comments:
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EOP LIBRARIANS--YOUR INFORMATION PARTNERS
U.S. Department of Commerce
William M. Daley,
Secretary
Economics and Statistics
Administration
Robert J. Shapiro,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Kenneth Prewitt,
Director
�No. 1. Population and Area: 1 790 to 1990
[Area figures represent area on indicated date including in some cases considerable aieas not then organized or s~ttled and not
covered by the census. Total area figures for 1790 to 1970 have been recalculated on the basis of the remeasurement of states
and counties for the 1980 census, but not ori the basis of the 1990 census. The land and water area figures for past censusas have
not been adjusted and are not strictly comparable with the total area data for comparable dates becausa the land areas were derived
from different base data, and these values are known to have changed with the construction of reseiVoirs, draining of lakes, etc.
.
·
Density figures are based on land area measurements as reported In earlier censusas]
Resident. population
Census date
Number
Per ~uare
mleof
land area
On
an
Area (square miles)
19
2()
Increase over
preceding census
Number.
2C
2()
Percent
Total
(X)
.1,379,269
1,931,398
2,398,572
3,227,567
4,203,433
6,122,423
8,251,445
8,375,128
10,337,334
12,791,931
13,046.861
15,977,691
13,738,354
17,064.426
8,894,229
19,028,086
27,766,875
(X)
35.1
36.4
33.1
33.5
32.7
35.9
35.6
. 26.6
26.0
25.5
20.7
21:0
14.9
16.1
7.2
14.5
18.4
891,364
891,364
1,722,685
1,792,552
1,792,552
1,792,552
2,991,655
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
3,021,295
19,161,229
27,997,377 .
23,978,856
23,240,168
22,176,102
14.5
18.5
13.4
11.4
9.8
3,618,770
3,618,770
3,618,770
Land
2C
2C
2C
2C
2C
2C
Water
CONtERMINOUS U.S. 1
1790 rug. 2l . . . . . . . . . . .
19oo Aug. 4 . . . . . . . . . . .
1810 Aug. 6) . . . . . . . . . . .
1820 Aug. 7) . . . . . . . . . . .
1830 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1840 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1850 June 1l . . . . . . . . . . .
1860 June 1 . . . . . . . . . . .
1870 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1880 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1890 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1900 June 1) . . . . . . . . . . .
1910 Apr. 15) . . . . . . . . . . .
1920 Jan. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
1930 Apr.l . . . . . . . . . . .
1940 Apr. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . '
1950 Apr. 1l . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 Apr. 1 ............ ·.
3,929,214
5,308,483
7,239,881
9,638,453
12,866,020
17,069,453
23,191,876.
2g~:~~:~~
50,155,783
62,947,714
75,994,575
91,972,266
105,710,620
122,775,046
131 .669,275
150,697,361
178,464,236
4.5
6.1
4.3
5.5
7.4
9.8
7.9
10.6
13.4
16.9
21.2
25.6
31.0
35.6
41.2
44.2
50.7
60.1
2
864,746
864,746
1,681,828
1,749,462
1;749,462
1,749,462
2,940,042
2,969,640
2,969,640
2,969,640
2,969,640.
2,969,834
2,969,565
2,969,451
2,977,128
2,977,128
2,974,726
2,968,054'
24,065
24,065
34,175
38,544
38,544
38,544
52,705
52,747
52,747
52.747
52,747
52,553
52,822
52,936
45,259
45,259
47,661
54.207
m,
ex
in
as
N
(2:
cc
cc
to·
UNITED STATES
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Tt
~Apr. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apr.1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
~Apr.l . . . . . . . . .
Apr. 1 . ...........
(Apr. 1). ...........
.
151.325.798
179,323,175
203,302,031
4
226,542, 199
5248,718,301
3
42.6
50.6
57.4
64.0
70.3
3
.g:m:fgg
3,552,206
35:~:g:gJ~
·~:~~~:~~~
63,005
74,212
78,444
79,481
67 181,518
3
1
2 Revised to include adjustments for underenumeration in southern
Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
X Not applicable.
3 Figures corrected after 1970 final reports were issued.
flates: unrevised number is 38,558,371 (13.0 per square mile).
Total population count ~as been revised since the 1980 census publications. Numbers by age, race, Hispanic origin, and sex have
not been corrected.
The April 1, 1990, census count includes count quesJion resolution corrections processed through
Data reflect corrections made after publication
December 199~ and does not include adjustmenls for census coverage errors.
of the results. Comprises Great Lakes, inland, and coastal water. Data for prior years cover inland water only. For further
explanation, see Table 393.
19o·
19
19
19
19
19
19
. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census of Population and Housinfl. Population and Housing Unit Counts.(CPH-2); 1990
Census of Population and Housing Listing (1990 CPH·L-157); and unpublished data.
•
If
19
19
19
19
19
19
19'
19
19
19
19
No. 2. Population: 1960 to 1998
[In thousands, except percent (180,671 represents 180,671,000). Estimates as of July 1. Total population includes Armed
eorces abroad: civilian population excludes Armed Forces. For basis of estimates, see text of this section]
Total
Year
1960 ..
....
1961·
1962 .......
1963
1964
1965
1966 ' .....
1967
....
1968
1969 ....
1970 .......
1971
J.972 __ :::::::
1973 .......
1974 . . . . '
1975 . . . .
. ..
1976 . .
1977 .......
1978 . .
1979 .......
...
.......
.......
.......
.
.......
..
.
. .
...
..
.....
1
Popula·. Percenl
tion change
180,671
183,691
186,538
189,242
191,889
194,303
196,560
198,712
200,706
202.677
205,052
207.661
209.896
211,909
213,854
215,973
218,035
220,239
222,585
225,055
Resident
popula,
lion
1.60
179,979
1.67
182,992
1.55
185,771
1.45
188.483
1.40
191,141
1.26
193,526
1.16
195,576
1.09
197,457
1.00
199,399
0.98
201,385
1.17
203,984
1.27
206,827
1.08
209,284
0.96 . 211,357
0.92
213,342
0.99
215,465
0.95
217,563
1.01
219,760
1.06
222.095
1.11
224,567
Total
Civilian
popula·
lion
178,140
181,143
183,677
186.493
189,141
191,605
193,420
195,264
197,113
199,145
201,895
204,866
207,511
209,600,
211,636
213,789
215,894
218,106
220,467
222,969
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1964
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Popula·
lion
Percent
change 1
. ......
. ......
. ......
. . . . .. .
. ......
. ......
. ......
. . . . . ..
.......
. ......
. ......
.......
.......
.......
. ......
. ......
. ......
. ..... ,.
. ......
227,726
229,966
232,188
234,307
236,348
238,466
240,651
242,804
245,021
247,342
249,948
252,639
255,374
258,083
260,599
263,044
265,463
268,008
270,561
1.19
0.98
0.97
0.91
0.87
0.90
0.92
0.89
0.91
0.95
1.05
1.08
1.08
1.06
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.96
0.95
Resident
popula·
lion
Civilian
population
227,225 225,621
229,466 227,818
231,664 229,995
233,792 232,097
234,110
235,825
237,924 236,219
240,133 238,412
242,289 240,550
244,499 242.817
246,819 245,131
,249,439 247,798
252,127 250,517.
254,995 253,410
257,746 256,273
260,289 258,877
262,765 . 261,414
265,190 263,904
267,744 266,491
270,299 269,078
p.
tg
2C
tli
2C
2t
2C
2C
2C
20.
2C
20·
~"(
•c
:~
Ta:
Percent change from immediate preceding year.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P25·802 and P25·1 095; and "Monthly estimates of the United
. States population: April 1, 1980 to November 1, 1998": release date: December 28, 1998; <http://www.census.gov/populationl
estimates/nalionlintfile 1·1. txt>.
8
Population
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
U.!
�•. :o. ·:- -. _ ... · .: .· :... ~.- ·· ·~ --::~~.~;&r;::~~:::~:··-~.f;'r
.':~!it·::::. -/;:i~::· ·
'.·
*
.BICENTENNIAL EDITION
*:
HISTORICAL.
STATISTICS
of the United States
COLONIAL TIMES TO .1970
PART 1
U.S. Department of Commerce
Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary
James L. Pate, Assistant Secretary
for Economic Affairs
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
Vincent P. Barabba, Director
�.
·<t.·.
.,
~
• .·1!! ~
..
A 1-8
POPULATION
Series A 1-5. Area and Population of the United States: 1790 to 1970
Population
Year
Land
area •
(square
miles)
Population
Increase from preceding
census
Number
4
-·------ - - - - - - - - - - (Apr.
(Apr.
(Apr.
(Apr.
(Apr.
I)'--I)*--1) •- __
1) ____
I) ____
1930
1920
1910
1900
1890
(Apr. I) ____
(Jan. 1) ____ .
(Apr. 15) ___
(June I)_ __ .
(June 1) ____
3,536,855
3,540,911
2,968,054
2. 974.726
2. 977' 128
3
Number
5
23.912,123
28,625,814
27' 766;875
19,028,086.
8,894,229
13.3
19.0
18.4
14.5 '
7.2
67.5
60.6
60.1
50.7
44.2
1880
.1870
1860
1850
1840
(June
(June
(June
(June
(June
1) ___
1) ___
1) ___
1) ___
1) ___
17.064,426
13,738,354
15,977,691
13.046.861
12.791.931
16.1
14.9
21.0
20.7
25.5
41.2
35.6
31.0
25.6
21.2
'1830
1820
1810
1800
1790
(June
(Aug.
(Aug.
(Aug.
(Aug.
1) ___ • 1,749.462
7) ___
1, 749,462
6) ___
'1,681,828
4) ___ • . 864,746
2) ___
864.746
figures include Alaska and Hawaii.
X Not applicable.
Gross area (including inland water) in square miles: 1790-1800-888,811; 181VI, 71fi,003; 1820-1840-1,788,006; 1850-2,992,74 7; 1860-1950-3,022,387; 1960
conterminous-3,022,261; 1960 including . Alaska and Hawaii-3,615,123; 1970- ·
3,615,122.
.
.
I
~8.
6
Year
Total
resident
population
7
4
5
2,969,640 50,156,783
2, 969,640 '39,818,449
2,969,640 31,443,321
2,940,042 23,191,876
1 '749 ,462 17,069,453
-
12,866,020
9,638,453
7,239,881
5. 308,483
3,929,214
10,337,334
8,376,128
8,251,446
6,122,423
4,203,433
26.0
26.6
35.6
35.9
32.7
16.9
13.4
10.6
7.9
9.8
3,227,567
2,398,572
1,931,398
1, 379,269
33.5
33.1
36.4
35.1
7.4
5.5
4.3
6.1
4.5
(X)
(X)
'Based on interval since preceding census which is not always exactly 10 years.
'Official resident population. !970 census tables show a population of 203,211,926.
The net difference of 23,372 reflects errors found after the tabulations were completed.
• Conterminous United States (excludes Alaska and Hawaii).
' Revised to include adjustment of 1,260,078 for underenumeration in the Southern
States. Unrevised census count is 38;558,371. See text.
Annual Population Estimates for the United $tates: 1790 to 1970
lin .thousands.
Total,
including
Armed
Forces
overseas
3
Per square
mile of
land area
Percent'
2
I
* Denotes first year for which
Series A
Number
-----·
203,235,298
179,323,175
178,464,236
150,697,361
131,669,275.
2, 977,128 122.775.046
2,969,451 105,710,620
2. 969.565 91,972,2661
75.994.575
2.969,834
2. 969.640 62,947,714
(square
miles)
Year
Percent'
3
2
I
Increase from preceding
census
area •
Per square
mile of
land area
Nuinber
----- - - - - - - - - - 1970
1960
1960
1960
1940
Land
As of July 1.
Civilian
resident
population
196Q-1970, preliminary; for description of .estimat<:s, see text] .
·Year
Total
resident
· population
Year
.Total
resident
population
Year ·
Total
resident
popuhition
Year
Total
resident
population
-----1970 ____________
1969- - - --------1968 ____________
1967-----------1966.----------1965 ___________ ,
1964 ____________
1963 ____________
1962 ____________
1961_ ___________
1960 ____________
1959 *----------1959 ____________
1958 ____________
1957_----------1956 ____________
1965 _______._____
1954-----------1953 ____________
1952.~ ----------195L ---- ________
1950 __ -----------
8
204,879
202,677
200,706
198,712
196' 560
194,303
203,810
201,385
199,399
197.457
195,576
193,526
201,722
199' 145
197,113
195,264
193,420
191,605
191,889
189,242
186,538
183,691
180,671
177,830
191,141
188 ,483
185.771
182.992
179.979
177,135
•'189,141
186,493
183,677
181,143
178,140
175,277
177,073
174,141
171,274
168,221
165,275
176,289
17:1,320
170,371
167,306
164,308
174,521
171,485
168,400
165,373
162 ,:Ill
162,:191
159,565
!56 ,954
154,287
151,684
161,164
!58 ,242
155,ii87
!58 ,310
151,235
159,059
155,975
153,292
151 ,009
150,203
1949.-----------1948 ·------ ------1947------------1946 _____ -------1945 _____ -------1944 _____________
1943.-----------1942 _____ ---- ---1941_ ____ - ------1940 _____ --------
149 ,!88
146. 6:ll
144,126
141,:189
139,928
148,665
146,093
143,446
140.054
132,481
l47 ,578
145,168
142 ,566
138,385
127,573
1:18,:!97
136,739
1:14 ,860
13:1 ,402
132,122
132.885
134,245
133.920
13:1,121
131,954
126:708
127,499
130 '942
13!,595
131,658
1939 ________ ----1938_- ----------1937 _____________
1936 _____________
1935 _____ --------
1:11 , 02H I
129,969
128,961·
128,181
127,362
1:10,880
129,825
128,825
128,05:1
127,250 I
130,683
129,635
128,639
127,879
127,099
1934 _____ - ------1933 _____ - ------1932 __ - --·- ------1931. ____ -------1930 _____ - -------
126,485
125,690
124,949
124,149
123,188
126,374
125,579
124 ,840
124 ,040
123,077
7
7
1929 _______
1928 _______
1927 _______
1926 _______
1925 _______
121,767
120,509
119,035
117,397
115,829
1894 _______
1893 _______
1892 _______
1891_ ______
1890 _______
68,275
66,970
65,666
64,361
63,056
1924 _______
1923 _______
1922 _______
1921_ ______
1920 __ ~----
114,109
111,947
110,049
108,538
106,461
1889------1888 _______
1887_ ______
1886 _______
.1885 _______
61,775
60,496
,59,217
57,938
56,658
1919 _______
1918 _______
1917 _______
1916 _______
1915.------
I
I
I
104,514
103,208.
103,268
101,961
100,546
1884------1883 _______
1882_-----1881_ ______
7
7
1859_-----1858 _______
1857 _______
1856 _______
1855 _______
30,687
29,862
29,037
28,212
27,386
1824 _______
1823 _______
1822 _______
1821_ ______
1820 _______
10,924
10,596
10,268
9,939
9,618
26,561
25 '736
24,911
24,086
. 23,261
1819 _______
1818_-----1817_ ______
1816 _______
1815 _______
9,379
9,139
8,899
8,659
8,419
55,379
54' 100
52,821
51,542
50,262
1854 _______
1853 _______
1852 _______
1S5L -----1850_-----1849 _______ .
1848 _______
1847_ ______
1846 _______
·1845 _______
22,631
22,018
21,406
20,794
20,182
1814 _______
1813 _______
1812_-----1811_ ______
1810 _______
8,179
7,939
7,700
7,460
7,224
49,208
48,174
47 '141
46,107
45,073
1844 _______
1843 _______
1842 _______
1841_ ______
1840 _______
19,569
18,957
18,345
17 '733
17,120
7,031
6,838
6,644
6,451
6,258
1911. ______
1910_ -----1909 _______
1908 _______
1907------1906 _______
1905 _______
99,111
97,225
95,335
93,863
92,407
1880_-----1879 _______
1878_-----1877------1876 _______
1!!75 _______
90,490
88 '710
87,008
85,450
83,822
187 4------1873 _______
1872------1871_ ______
1870 _______
44,040
43,006
41,972
40,938
39,905
1839 _______
1838 _______
1837------1836 _______
1835 _______
16,684
16,264
15,843
15,423
15,003
1809_-----1808_"----1807_-----1806 _______
1805_-----1804 _______
1803 _______
1802_-----1801. ______
1800 _______
1904 _______
1903 _______
1902 _______
1901 _______
1900 _______
82 '166
80,632
79,163
77,584
76,094
1869 _______
1868------1867------1866_-----1865 _______
39,051
38,213
37,376
36,538
35 '701
1M34 _______
1833 _______
1832 _______
183L ______
1830 _______
14,582
14 '162
13,742
13,321
12,901
1799 _______
1798 _______
1797_-----1796 _______
1795_------
5,159
5,021
4,883
4,745
4,607
1899.:-----1
1898 _______
1897-------.
74. 799•
73,494
72,189
70,885
69,580
1864 _______
1863 _______
1862 _______
1861_ ______
1860 _______
34,863
34,026
33' 188
32,351
31,513
1829 _______
1828 _______
1827 _______
1826 _______
1825 _______
12,565
12,237
11,909
11,580
l l ,252
1794--"---1793 _______
4,469
4,332
4,194
4,056
3,929
1914 ____ --l!ll:J. ______
1912~------
6,065
5,872
5,679
5,486
5,297
126,228
125,436
124,694
123,886
122,923
1896_~-----
1895.-----.-
• Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.
8
1792-~----1791_ ______
1790 _______
I Total population, including Armed Forces overseas (in thousands): 1917-103,414;
1918-104,550; 1919-105,063. Civilian population (in thousands): 1917-102, 796;
1918-101,488; -1919-104,153.
. '
,.
�Page 2
LEVEL 1 - 211 OF 1839 STORIES
I··.
Copyright 1999 The News and Observer
The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC)
May 29, 1999 Saturday,
SECTION: NEWS;
FINAL EDITION
Pg. A1
LENGTH: 1120 words
HEADLINE:
Star-studded future forecast for cadet
BYLINE: Anne Saker, STAFF WRITER
BODY:
Today, about 1_,000 men and women will march onto a grassy field in West
Point, N.Y., to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy. Leading the 1999 line
of gray uniforms will be Robert Shaw, 25, of Raleigh, who holds the rank of
first captain of the corps of cadets.
A first captain is more than West Point's "big man on campus." In 127 years,
the academy has sent first captains not only into the regular Army but into
history - John "Black Jack" Pershing, Douglas MacArthur, William Westmoreland.
Some people already forecast four stars on Rob Shaw's shoulders one day, but
the 1991 graduate of Cardinal Gibbons High School dismisses that talk. He simply
is glad to have what he has always wanted: an Army life.
There were years when social and family pressures kept Shaw from taking that
path. He tried attending college in North Carolina and only felt aimless; lost.
Failure forced him to change course.
"Some of my friends from high school would ask me, 'Rob, isn't there
something else you can do?' as if. to say, 'The Army's beneath you; it's for
losers,' " he said. "But I did not believe the Army was made up of a bunch of
losers. I think it's something very noble."
.
1
Military service once was a common course for American men, including nearly
all of the men in Shaw's family. But society began taking a dimmer view of the
military after the Vietnam War. Shaw grew up in that disillusionment, but he saw
a heroic appeal in being a soldier just by looking at his father.
Robert Shaw Sr. dropped out of college and enlisted in the Army in early 1970
to become an adult. What he got was a trip to Southeast Asia and shrapnel
·wounds.
"Vietnam was a hel·l of a way to grow up, " he said.
The senior Shaw and his wife, Anne, moved from Long Island, N.Y., to Raleigh
when Rob, their firstborn, was 4. The father's Army days rarely came up in
family talks, but the son could see the framed service medals hanging on a wall.
Every year at the State Fair, Rob Shaw·ignored the merry-go-round and climbed on
the Jeeps and tanks.
••
•
•
•
�Page_3
The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC) May 29, 1999 Saturday,
He grew tall and slender, ~layed soccer and served as an altar boy at St.
Michael's Roman Catholic Church in Cary. He had a loyal circle of friends. He
excelled in school during his early years.
But in his junior year in high school, academic suc~ess lost its appeal and
Shaw quit trying. He didn't see his destiny in the route his college-bound
classmates were taking.
He almost didn't graduate from Cardinal Gibbons. He discussed with his
parents the possibility of enlisting in the military. His mother wouldn't hear
of it.
Shaw said he attended the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, joined
a fraternity, drank a lot and skipped classes. He ended the year with a 1.8
grade-point average.
Shaw saw the disappointment in his mother's face. Then he heard his father
give the order he'd waited for: Go see the recruiter.
His mother still hated the idea. And when Shaw's sister learned of it, she
complained, "The.Army? What am I going to tell my friends?" Anne Shaw surprised
herself by saying, "Don't you ever be embarrassed that your brother is in the
Army."
· Shaw got a posting close to home, the 82nd Airborne at Fort Bragg, and
superiors quickly noticed him.·
"You see a kid like· this - he locks up in parade rest, he looks you in the
eye, and he doesn't just tell you what you want to hear. He'll tell you the
truth," said brigade Sgt. Maj. David Henderson. "I could tell this is a kid who
will die before he would give up."
Shaw was named Soldier of the Year for his brigade of 3,000 soldiers.
In 1995, Shaw was ready to begin ranger school when an officer suggested
another option - prep school for West Point.
Every year, in addition to students appointed out of high school, the·academy
enrolls about 150 soldiers who complete a 10-month crash course in college-level
English, mathematics and science.
Shaw was accepted at the prep school, but he really wanted to become a
ranger. He asked Henderson for advice. The sergeant major replied that he had
been in the Army almost 30 years, but a much younger captain still made more
money.
"I understood what he was saying," Shaw said. "The education was too good to
pass up."
He breezed though the prep school, and in May 1996 he receive~ a green
envelope with his future in it. Without breaking the seal, he sent it to his
mother.
••
••
•
�· ...
.,
Page 4
·
....
The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC) May 29, 1999 Saturday,
.....
Anne Shaw opened the letter and began to cry. Her son was going to West
Point.
At the academy, Shaw impressed cadets and officers alike. Col. Joseph
Adamczyk, the immediate supervisor of the corps of cadets, had a bias - he was a
Fort Bragg paratrooper, too -but he saw the effect Shaw had on others.
"When he's out on the parade field in his full dress uniform, with the medals
and ribbons, the cadets start asking, 'Where was he?' " Adamczyk said. "Then the
tribal wisdom kicks in: He was in the 82nd Airborne, on and on and on."
In August, Shaw went to Fort McClelland, Ala., for pistol training. One day,
he was in his hotel room when the telephone rang. It was the commandant of the
U.S. Military Academy.
"I want you to come back and be the first captain," the commandant said. The
first captain, in essence, is the commanding officer of the corps of cadets.
"I was way out of my comfort zone," Shaw said. But he accepted, and Adamczyk
said he carried the responsibility easily, even when.issuing an unpopular order.
Every year, West Point seniors receive pins signifying the branch of the Army
to which they will be assigned. In a long-standing rite of passage, cadets would
jam the pins into each other's chests in a ceremony akin to the U.S. Marine
Corps' onetime practice of "blood pinning."
Adamczyk told Shaw to end the tra~ition. At a class meeting, he told the
seniors that the practice wasn't what soldiers did, and, by the way, soldiers
follow orders. Some cadets mumbl,ed, but all of them obeyed.
"He,.s going to be a heck of a good platoon leader," Adamczyk said. "It's one
thing when you're a superior, arid you just tell ·people what to do. But to get
your peers to do something like that- well, they respected him."
Sgt. Maj. Henderson, who is retiring next month, said he will stay in touch
with Shaw and watch his career.
"I'm going to set in my rocking chair one day and tell my grand-young'uns,
'Yeah, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs? I know him. I remember when he was a
private. I served with that guy.' I know I'll be saying that. He will go far."
But any stars for Rob Shaw are too distant to be seen. Today, he has one last
duty as first captain of the corps of cadets, to lead his class to graduation
from West Point.
Then when the speeches end, Shaw will stand and give his first order as an
officer in the U.S. Army.
.......
"Dismissed!"
GRAPHIC: c photo Robert Shaw, first captain of the corps of cadets, will lead
his West Point classmates during today's graduation. Photo By Ken Bizzigotti for
The News & Observer
••
••
••
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ALMANAC·
. BORGNA BRUNNER
. EDITOR
PROPERTY OF
LIBRARY
DEC I 7 1917.
I
I
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EXECUii'/E OFFICE OF
Tl-!::; ?::IES!JEi\JT
.
\1-r'A~--~H~·:'~(jTQ~-~,
.
i n fLa; .. - o r "(LLC
BOSTON
OC
~--~----
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Total officers
· Total enlisted
:Cadets & midShipmen
Grand total
. ·.. _ .- ..·:,: •
.
• .·.
•• •'
U.S. Casualties In the Major Wars - _. ,. :. · '/ .·.:,.~,:
~
....
War
Revolutionary War
(1n5to 1783)
War of 1812
(1812to 1815)
Mexican War
(1846to 1848)
CMIWar
(1861 to 1865)2
Spanish-American War
(1~98)
World War I
(1917to 1918)
World War II
(1941to 1946)
Korean War
(1950 to 1953)
War in Southeast Asia4
~
... Battle
deathS
.-.Other
.... -Total
deathS
deatha
n.a.
. · , n.&.
..
n.a.
4,044
n.a.
4,435
n.a
·:•n.a
n.a.
n.a.
·n.a
n.a
·n.a
n:a.
n.a
··n.a
n.a.
Branch
1,950
n.a.
4,000
439
66
'4,505
Numbers
engaged
of Service
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
:,,,...r.~.-:·~~·~·:~-,;..o•:"..,.,,
..• ..,.
~ ~
342
49
Japan
--
6,004
:.:c 114
70
6,188
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
·286,730
45
n.a.
n.a
n.a.
2,260
n.a.
n.a
n.a.
n.a.
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
n.a
n.a.
.n.a.
:78,718
1,721
1
11
11,550
. n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
13,271
n.a
-. n.a
n.a.
4,102
3
47
4,152
221,374
. 2,411
312
359,528
4,523
280,040
224,097
384,511
2,061
0
0
2,061
2,430
55,868
6,656
390
-83,114
106,378
7,287
2,851
118,516
204,002
'83,400
318,274
. 62,614
24,511
405,399
565,861
37,n8
67,207
670,846
". 265
1,733
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
2,128,948
84,415
2,213,363
138,154
2.112
148
140,414
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
280,584
369
22,875
3,321
306,760
10
6
385
Army
Navy
Marines
Total
4,057,101
599,051
78,839
4,734,991
50,510
. 431
2,461
. 53,402
Navy
Marines
Total
11,260,000
4,183,466
669,100
16,112,566
234,874
36,950
19,733
291,557
4,n8
'113,842
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Total
2,834,000
1,1n,OOO
424,000
1,285,000
5,720,000
. 27,709
475
4,270
1,198
33,652
2,452
173
339
298
3,262
Arm'f
25,664
460
10
6
2,446
Ausl!la·Hungary. ·;; ~
Belgium
·~~:Y!.~!f.
British Empl
·· •
Bulgaria
France2
Germany
Greece
Italy
1,710
131
281,881
1,594
47
21
1,662
193,663
819
9,520
n,596
1,576
23,744
368
103,284
30,914
Army
4,368,000
Navy
1,631
1,842,000
Marines
794,000
13,082
Air Force
1,739
1,740,000
Total
47,366
8,744,000
1. Excludes captured or interned and missing
who were subsequently
only. Totals should probably be somewhat larger as date or disposition of prisoners are far
complete .
-ate deaths. based on incomplete returns, were 133,821, to which should be added 26,ooo-31 ,000 personnel
Union prisons. 178.975 blacks served in the Union Army. 2.894 ~re killed in battle or mortally wounded, 33,953
other causes including 29,658 deaths from disease. 3. Armb date include Air Force. 4. Vietnam ':;1,ures provided by
Center of Military History, Reference Division. Washington, .C., February 1994. Navy figures ex ude Coast Guard
there were 5 battle deaths. NOTE: All date are subject to revision. For wars before Wo~d War I, information
date from available records. However, due to incomplete records and possible difference in usage of
systems, etc., figures should be considered estimates. n.a. =not available. Source: Department of Defense.
Montenegro
Portugal .
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Turkey
Untted States ·--wiF:
1
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1. Includes deaths 11om ,
Major Wars. ;{+, ~-
-~;:-~ci~~
t.;'.i:
'7•; ....
Country
,,··.;... ..
Australia
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.~~~~ :'}gi:
Bulgaria
.,.,•• • '~ ·
canada
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China
~- -.-;....,_.'~>'-:
Czechoslovakia ;:;,Denmark .. : ::_.,_,~'-'·
Finland
. •_,,~,--.,......
~~::nC:ny
--~;!t,:.::.~
.::t;·J;
Greece
..
Hungary
India
-·
Italy
• , :·:·•:~,1,..
Japan
.• ~:_.:.;,.
Netherlands
. . ""'"''
New Zealand
,,.-,,,.,
Norway
_....:•::.,_.
Poland
_. ..
Romania
· ·:;:n:::-.'c,
South Africa
:f:~\c\:
U.S.S.R.
.
United Kingdom • ~ ..
United States
Yugoslavia
--~ ·'·' ,.
1. Civilians only. 2. Army ''
regular troops. They do "'
Against Soviet Russia; 38!>
Defense Ctr., Canadian Fo:
_\;t:·,'..
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various sources.
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In t 988, the
Qov,
erans sterus on those wl
merchanl ships in World ,,
played a key role in lnl•
marerial thai enabled the
<kfear the Axis powers. ·
During the war, merch:
enemy arteclcs ~!. ~-~~ th..
�PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON
MEMORIAL DAY OBSERVANCE
ARLINGTON NAT+ONAL CEMETERY
MONDAY, MAY .29, 2000
•
opening paragraph Gather here this year, as we· as Americans
have every year since 1868., this ampitheatre dedicated 80
years ago this month. (Veterans from every war of the 20th
century??(take from past speeches) -here ·that is home to more
than a quarter milli6n graveston~s - from every war since the
revolutionary war.
with national leaders like:
'and
national heroes like:
Iwo Jima memorial.
reference to the
ww 2 vets carrying the flags: vigor of youth; but their
determination, their courage and love of _country can rival any
man or woman in uniform today.
'This day was origin~lly known· as decoration day, andth.e first national
observance was .launched in 1868 by order of the Commander in Chief of
the Grand Army of ~he Republic who desig'nated this day "for decorating
the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country."
Some still remember and honor that original meaning. Each year for more
than 40 years; the 3rd U.S. Infantry (The Old Guard), the Army's
official ceremonial unit, has honored America's fallen heroes by
placing American flags before every gravestone here at Arlington just
before Memorial Day weekend.
.
They know the tradition as "flags in." Every soldier in the 3rd ·
infantry participates. And many remain here all weekend -- to make sure
a flag remains at each gravestone. .Look around you; there is a flag
. planted before every one of more than 260,000 gravestones. America's
heroes buried here have been remembered this Memorial Day -- each and
Members
every one-- by a proud and devoted member of the Old Guard.
of ,the Old Guard present, will you stand: Thank you for your
patriotism, your devotion, and your commitment to remember your fellow
American heroes.
·
•
flags-in
(they don't forget, none of us must ever forget).
guard our tomb 24-hour vigil year after year since 1926, full
time since 1937.
these people whose sacrifice chang~d the·
world.
,,
�2
how many will be at the amphitheatre. ushers.
support.· There
will be·a few in the amphitheatre. there will be ushers. a
handful.
we start putting them in thu evening. complete on thursday
evening, start about time cemetery closes.
takes the entire.
re9iminet 1200 soldiers . . w~ do have soldiers-that check the
flags all weekend to make sure they are standing.
they are ·
scheduled to be removed tuesday.
They will not see from the
~aphitheatre.
thursday start at 5 pm - done by 10 pm.
carry them on a
backpack.
will be involved. every year tv camer·as are out
there.
details roves through the cemetery, normally two to
three men per company that ehck the_flags.
approximately 20 - at any time - throughout 24 hours.
•
3 rd infant-ry doesn't forget. Who will defend this freedom Isaiah 6:8
Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying: Whom
shall I send, and who ~ill go for us. And I said "Here am I.
Send me." Neither, of course, will the families who have e~er
·suffered the loss.
the grief when one dies - humanizing the
sacrifice.
it is for remembering not just by those who have
born the sacrifice, but ior all whci enjo~ the freedoms it
pbrchased. We grieve over your 'lo~s, but your sacrifice
changed the world.
•
And they want to know: when is he coming home. we must never
forget one more thing: returning_remains
(we will not close
the book, · ever) . Defense Prisoner of War/ Missing Personnel office is Larry
Greer. He ca~ be reached at (703)602-1245.
past several days -w orld wide team. have just brought back and identified the first six
Marines out of 18 who were mia from the Mayaguez incident. 1975, the last battle of
the vietnam war, occurred after our pullout from Saigon. May 15 (check date) The
crew- these first six marines were sent in on a mission turned out to be an ambush by
Khmer Rouge. since 1991 to 1999 we have done seven separate investigtionas or
excavations to bring them home .. We even have received cooperation of camobodian
government. now specifically khmer rouge leadership. bee. of their cooperation we
have been able to find them and bring them home. There are more coming from
Mayaguez we have finished the ID work from at least three more, and there are others
from the Maya incident in one phase or another of the forensic process. Next three may
be announced within a month.
�~~-
~~
~-~----~~--~------------------;----c---------------
3
each is flown home at the direction of the family, scheduling is up to family. some
takes months to do it.
we do not even make such an announcement until family knows everything and knows
there will be a press release. 18 marines died. same 18 were MIA. all died on the
island, and all stayed there MIA. 1991- began effort. cambodia is most cooperative of
all three vietnam laos, cambodia ..not until 91 that we had accumulated enough info to
know where we had to go and who we had to interView. didn't do our first remains
recovery excavation in vietnam until 85. continuous effort for 15 years before we go.
this nation does not forget its fallen warriors. wherever it takes us, for as long as it
takes us, we will uphold the national commitment to seek the fullest possible ·
·
accounting.
·~
91 --first occasion where our in.vestigators ·had sufficient info to go to a spot on the
ground. ·To go tq "Koh Tang" -- to begin on the scene interviews and investgitations
between 91 and 99- continued efforts, dozens of interviews, dozens of witnesses.
many led to dead ends. many, for example, vietnamese gov't produced some
witnesses over in Saigon Ho Chi Minh city who said they had remains from this incident.
VN produced the remains, they were identified, not only did we get cam got' .coppation ·
butalso vietnamese.
·
'
Of the 12 still out- three more.are in the .final stages of identification.· (families are
being notified). IF I CAN GET CONFIRMATION THAT RIGHT STEPS ARE
COMPLETED.· POTUS COULD NAME THE PERSON .. mortuary people brief familes
and ask: we normally make a news release. to share with the world the sacrifices your
loved ones have made. 99% say go ahead and use the name. earlier 2 of 6 families
say they don't want name used. these families: 2 Navy and 1 Air Force families.
Smith and Jones-- anne within a month. only thing that is still to be done is the family
coordination. behind. that, there is another number of additional cases in one phase or
another of the forensic id process.
'
~
The physical remains have all beeh brought back to our lab in Hawaii. since 1994, we
have been able to use a new technology called mitochondrial DNA. we used DNA in all
·six of these announced. it allows us to make IDs wherewe didn't used to be able to.
this technique allows.
Since announcement of this: since then there has been one more guy identified whose
name I have not released. His name is Crowley- Army enlisted guy. Vietnam Warhe. was lost in Laos. Aug 10 1970, his helicopter went down. young. enlisted guy. will
.be getting details in here. assuming his family okays the public release of his name.
It is our normal practice to make these announcements .toward the end of each month.
then we announce the results. if we announce them, every time they come out, media
ignores.
�4
People there will take note of vietnam. we need to ~ay Korea: we have - my boss is
going down to the embassy of malaysia- resuming talkes with the talks with N. Korea
to resume recovery operations in n korea this year. looks like they have agreed to
resume negotations at the end of June. so we can resume bringing home. will
reconfirm resumption of N. Korea talks to get us back to where we were.
we have iecovered hundreds of individual skeletal fragments,Hundreds from koh tang. hundreds associated with this specifc
incident. we recovered most ·of those form a massi -;e underwater
search effort just off the coast. where severral helicopters
were shot down.
they went down in that shallow .water.
one of
the final massive efforts we m~de on this case, was to bring in
a Navy Ship USS Brunswick. and we recovered, hvndreds of indiv.
skeletal fragments.
•
because of the extraordinary .sacrifice,
fewer know the pain,
but we must never forget: National moment of remembrance
(start with WW 2 etc served, dead, injured.
Today,
analysis on one who gives life:
for something larger. one
question they ask: what was he doing? was he doing something
purposeful? 'their legacy: deaths down, democracies up~ making
the sacrifice matter. Then explore ·for a moment the notion of
sacrifice.
the calculus - there is something more important
than me- there is something more important than my·life ~and
if. my life can be given to advance it, it is good.
(maybe seek
quotes from a military hero on the idea of giving one's life £or
something) .
That is true, it is our sacred duty to make it true.
They died for truth - Dickison poem
Consult also Whitman death and war poems.
What has America and the world done with their sacrifice.
wants it to matter.
One
But there is a compact, not only that they will die defending
us, but that we will carry on in a way we could not have. That
something new will grow.
Poem - whitman - there is nd such thing as death and if there is
it leads life forward.
�5
•
•
Trip message
Today, Europe is less divided, more democratic and more peaceful
that at any time in its history.
NATO has three new allies from
across Europe's old divide, r~al partnerships with all its new
democracies, and unchallenged credibility ~s the guarantor of
Europe's security.
Central .Europe is flourishing and
integrated. The Balkans are being stabilized, with democracy in
Croatia, an increasingly secure peace in Bosnia, ethnic
cleansing reversed in Kosovo - only a rump Serbian state left
under Milosevic's sway.
Soldiers from almost every European
country - the most bitter former adversaries among them - are
serving under ~ single command keeping the peace in the Balkans.
Greece and Turkey are making progress toward ieconciliation and the EU has recognized Turkey as· a candidate for membership.
All of these-developments were championed by the President.
None would have happened without American-leadership.
[AND ALL
GIVE MEANING TO AMERICAN SACRIFICE] .
Freedom has steadily advanced over the last seven and a half
years.
In 1995 [check], for. the first time, more than half the
world's people lived under governments of their own choosing.
In 1999, with the democratic transitions in Indonesia and
Nigeria, more people won the right to elect their leaders than
in 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell.
We had helped organize
international pressure against the dictatorship in Nigeria, and
pressed Soeharto to transfer power in Indonesia.
Let us look first at Russia. Russia is in the midst of not one, but three, monumental transitions:
from an empire to a nation state; from a command economy to a market economy; Communism
to democracy.
Not long ago, Americans would have been delighted to see even one such transition. Few
expected to see the day Russia would forsake Communism, pull its troops out of Central Europe
and the Baltics, privatize its economy, slash military spending, reduce its arsenal of nuclear
· weapons, and elect its leaders.
·
·
Today, Russia has done all these things.
from Brooke: trip message
•
You are being awarded one of. Europe's top honors - the
Charlemagne prize - because of your successful leadership and
�r--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
...
contribution to European integration. Aachen is the linchpin
of the trip that gives the opportunity to highlight
significant accomplishments '_,.. in -adapting and enlarging NATO;
bolstering new.democracies in central and eastern Europe and
the Baltics; stabilizing the Balkans; and strengthening the
ties between the u.·s~ and the EU - as well as the challenges
·that remain.
•
~
Integrating Southeast Europe and. Russia/NIS into the TransAtlantic Mainstream are the two missing pieces to complete the
·puzzle of a peaceful, undivided, democratic Europe.
This trip
is in part about filling in those missing pieces.
W~'ve just seen the first
transition from one democrati6allyelected leader to another in Russia's history.
The jury is
still out on what kind of leadership we will see from the new
government. That's ·all 'the more reason to engage both the
Russian leadership and the Russian public, to encourage deeper
economic reform, to champion democratic freedoms, to reduce
the nuclear danger, to adva,nce our arms contr'ol agenda and to
manage one of our most important relationships.
Our agenda is
much broader than arms control.
Through the U.S.-EU summit and o~her pub~ic events you will do
in·Portugal and Germany, yqu will highlight how the U.S.European global partnership.includes acting together to address
problems beyond Europe to build peace, freedom, stability and
prosperity. ·Sharing the burdens of leadership helps us maximize
its benefits.
•
final statement to America's fallen heroes
·1 know those of you who have lost loved ones, talK to them sometimes,
and believe that somehow, somewhere, they can hear. I want to say a
few words to those in this burial gro1:1nd and others, in this country and
others, who gave their lives for us, who in the words of Gen. Logan,
used their breasts as a barricade between our country and its foe).
I stand before you -- as commander in chief of the United States Armed
Forces at the turn of the century, reporting to you -- America's fallen
heroes -- on what we as a nation have done with your sacrifice.
war deaths way down.· Our children don't die in war, as much as they
did before.
�7
··.
democracy way up.
So many of you who gave your lives in Europe; so many of you who gave
your lives in the battle against Communism. ·
I am departing today for Europe --where more thari a dozen cemeteries
from Flanders Field to
, are tragic monuments to your sacrifice,
hold the remains of so many of you.
I will visit Portugal where so many of the European nations divided for
centuries are partners, allies.
·
Germany-- I will visit Germany, whose tyranny, so· many of you (get
.figure) gave your lives to defie. Any you mocked the words of its
leader who thought the sons and daughters of democracy did not have. the
steel and mettle to match the fire and will of a captive people.
I will visit Russia and Ukraine former republics of the Soviet Union -a central pillar and proponent of the communism you gave your lives to
fight in Korea and Vietnam.
(You would have wished in your moments that the Soviet Union would a, b,
c,.
The United States does not fight for empire, for territory. The sons
and daughters of nations you fought cannot make the claim they died for
freedom. Tragically, many died to defend tyranny. You gave your life
to defend the truth of freedom. It must make. you proud to know -- so
many years after you're gone; your truth is marching on.
May God bless. you and hold you in his arms; as we hold on to you. in
memory.
And may God never stop blessing America with heroes like you.
I say to you today, as I set out for your Europe. That the
chaotic and divided continent that drew you from your homes so
many decades ago:
I am going to visit it this week.
it is more
united than it has ever been.· Your sacrifice change the world.
That the Germany you fought against.
I am leaving today to pay
a vi~it.
It has become our.friend: Your sacrifice helped
change the world~ Moscow, the center of the Soviet Union you
took up arms against:
I am leaving today to pay a· visit.
It
has thrown off communist and elects its leaders. Your sacrifice
helped changed the world.
�•
8
As America's President to its fallen heroes. On this first
Memorial day of ~he.21 5 t century, I thank you for your sacrifice
that we still feel today.
I thank £or your· defense of freedom,
and justice, and liberty, and humanity.
You ·may be proud to
know. ~ that as we stand at the dawn 6f a new century you never
saw· (your sacrifice changed the world).
far from fading into
the pa~t, your satrifice is shaping our future.
Far from losing
its impact in the mists of memory, your truth is marching on
odds and ends
Korean War - 50th upcoming
Awards - Asian American Congressional Medals of Honor
We were born into strongest:; nation on earth.
Born after ww2, we
were born into the strongest nation on earth; Before most
Americans when most of us were born - the US was athe strongest
nation on e~rth -.we didn't make it that way, it was given to us
that way.
�·1(~W.·~
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•
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Administration of WilliamTClinton, 1999 I
ts a
,::..··polrtedy
At a minimum, 'the program must raise th
int
et
, thank you for doing such
standard for sewage treatment to adequately a magnificent job of maintaining Arlington
protect public health and provide full infor- National Cemetery, in honor. of those. who
mation. to communities about these water are buried here and as a tribute to all Amerquality problems and associated health ris.ks. ica stands for. I thank the members of the
Fourth, I direct the Department of the In- · Cabinet, the Joint Chiefs, Congress, the dipterior and the Department of Agriculture· to lomatic corps, the armed services who are
enhance management of Federal lands to in- here. I welcome the veterans and the families
crease protection of waters on or near Fed- of veterans and members of the armed serveral lands, and to identify waters on or near ices, my fellow citizens.
Federal lands that require special protection.
Specifically, a proposal for a unified Federal
I'd. like to begin by asking that we all join
policy on watershed management, developed in expressing· our thanks to the Air Force
under the Clean Water Action Plan, should Band and the Singing Sergeants for doing
be circulated first for consultation with States such a fine job here today-[applause ]-they
and Indian Tribes, and then published in the deserve it. Thank yoti.
.
Federal Register for public comment no later
Even thpugh the day is bright and warm
9
than July 15, 199 .
I ask you to indulge me, to spend a few extra
Each of these measures should be implemented through a process that provides ap- moments to think about what it mea.ns that
propriate opportunities for participation and we h~re today mark the final ~emonal Day
comment by States, Tribes, and the affected of this c:turx,. To be sure, Ith been a
has
public.
·
--century at saw too ~any w ~te stones
This· memorandum is not intended to ere- added to these gentle hills, markmg Amerate any right, benefit, or trust responsibiiity, ~ca's sacrifices for freedo~ for over 100 y~ars,
substantive or procedural, enforceable at law m two World Wars and many other conflicts.
or equity by a party against the Unit~d States, Again and again, America has been tested,
its agencies or instrumentalities, or any other in the. 20th century, coming through it all,
person.
down to the present day, with even greater
William]. Clinton
blessings of liberty and prosperity, with our
enduring optimism ·and steady faith in our
NOTE: This memorandum was made available by
common humanity.
~tion
the
t the
s yet
vhen
tportheir
anxlgthwait
~our
rther
s wamer~
fol1 the
ction
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or to
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rilies
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the Office of the Press Secretary on May 29 but
was embargoed for release untill0:06 a.m.
Remarks at a Memorial Day
Ceremony in Arlington, Virginia
May 31,1999
Thank you very much, Secretary Coh ,
for your ·remarks, your devotion to your country, and your outstanding leadership. Secretary West, thank you for your work on behalf of our Nation's veterans. And to both
of you, thank you for your support of the
recent actions in Congress to raise the pay
of our military personnel and to improve
their quality of life, to improve the retirement systems of the veterans and their readiness.
General Ivany, thank you for your remarks,
your example, and your leadership. Colonel
Brogan, thank you for your prayers. Super-
Thanks to our brave men and women in
uniform, our Nation has never been more
secu
to them
now
nother chapter in the history books. Than
m, na ions that fought two.World Wars
t
I Europe and in Asia, some of which had
battled each other for centuries, now cooperate with each other a5 never before.
mi ennium we can
see clearly how closely the sacrifices of our
men and women in uniform in the 20th century are linked to the yearning for fre~dom
that gave birth to our Nation over 200 years
ago, a yearning based on the then radical
premise that we are all inherently equal, fully
able to govern ourselves and endowed with
a God-given right to liberty. That is our his- ·
tory, a history that beckons us especially on
this Memorial Day and especially here at Arlington, the most powerful evidence we now
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�May 31 I Administration of William]. Clinto~, 1999
1006.
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have that our country has accepted consist- words, "Get down, you fool." [Laughter] Lin,__
Al
ently the old adage that much is expected coin replied, ''I'm glad you know how to talk ,_'5.~
sand5
from those to whom much is given. From · to a civilian." [Laughter]
·
dren
Concord to Corregidor, from Korea to Khe
Justice Holmes lived through Wo~Id War
singl
Sanh, from Kuwait to Kosovo, our entire his- I and the Depression. He watched the
hearc
.
United States assume the mantle of leaderof ro
tory is written in this ground.
As Secretary Cohen said, only 11 days ago ship. And he always remembered what he
saw
a young man from Ohio, Chief Warrant Offi- had done as a young man-that war reminds
nia, f
cer David Gibbs, was laid to rest here after us; and I quote, that "our comfortable roubinin
his helicopter crashed in a training exercise tine is no eternal necessity of things." He
. .L·
Croa
~
ment
on May 5th in Albania. ChiefWarrant Officer understood that our freedom had been and
Kevin Reichert died in the same crash. We always would be bought by men and women ~· "
there
He
honor these two brave Americans who gave ready to prote~t it, sometimes at great cost ~_/
their lives in service to our Nation's highest and peril.
/
ago
ideals, joining other, more famous names
So we did not become a great nation just
muni
~ho di
.
ere 1·
of war, · because the land was generous to those who
rope,
hk ohn Per~h 1
eor e Marsh '
· settled it, though it was; just because the peoIovin
esl en
nne · the great ehx- ple .who came here worked hard and were
,
and 1
orer Ro
ary· rave astronauts w o
I
·d
f I h
h
I
'
freed
.
.'
k 0 Id
c ever an resource u , t oug sure y our
·
in Sc
h . 1
gr~ t ~lT lVeS to
E
r ~ ~ e t~ forebears were. We became a great nation I~ _j ~
~ ~ e deavens· · e ar veb d 0 du~
also because every time om beliefs and ideals '(f~
las~ l
[lor ~ee[i of at d ormait" yon ~ ayah t e~ h~ heetl thn~atgAgd, 1\.mericam ha.ve
:
a~
ou~ t or ~e~ ~m. ov~~ agam att .e Um- stepped fmward to defend them. From our -~
nght
vers1ty of MISS1Ss1pp1; fam1har names, hke Joe b.
t ·r t
all
..
'11' •·..J
He t
Jus t'1ce E arI Warren, Ab ner h1gges c1 1esh o our sm est towns, c1t1zens
. ~ o/I/" 1 an d
.
Lo ms,
d
h d
d
Doubleday, Medal of Honor winner Audie \ ave one w at a~ to be one to advance _,,:f. .~_·; after
:f.J were
··Murphy: all different, all American, all made ~he dream that began o? the F~urth of Jul~
~ . .L
~ man;
our presence possible.
m 1776--alway~ followmg Jusbce !'lolmes
We are the oldest constitutional .democ- ~amous ad~omhon that.we must be ~nvolved
~]
Ther
10 the ac~ 10 ~ and passion of o~r hme, for
racy in the world, but we must never forget
~~ ~
told 1
in the context of human history just how fear ofbemgjudged n~t to h~ve hved..
cf'tiJ ~- histo
quickly we have come to where we are today.
So my fellow Amencans, 1f today 1s a day . L ~ i
destJ
Secretary Cohen quoted another famous for hi~tory, it is al.so a day to honor those ~ . :
ence
American veteran who is buried here, Justice who he here and m countless other places U.
In
War
Oliver Wendell Holmes. He fought in the all across the world in marked and unmarked
Civil War and went on to serve on the United graves, to honor them by looking to the futhat
by g
States Supreme Court until he was 93 years ture; to rededicate ourselves to another 100
of a
old.· A young man caught him at the age of ye.ars of our liberty, our prosp~rity, our optithey
90 reading a copy of Plato's "Republic" and m1sm, and our common humamty.
Today, there is a new challenge before us
no r
asked whatever in the world he was doing,
we 5
reading that weighty tome. And he said, "I in Kosovo. It is a very small province in a
am doing this to improve my mind."
. small country; but it is a big test of what we
arou
fall c
A remarkable man, Justice Holme'!!. His believe in: our commitment to leave to our
life shows us how quickly we have come here. children a world where people are not upply c
mon
When he was a boy, he shook hands with rooted and ravaged and slaughtered en masse
in a
a veteran of the American Revolution. As a because of their race, their ethnicity, or their
heril
young man he fought in the Civil War, where religion; our fundamental interest !n building
Tl
he was VJ.·sited by President Lincoln. You may a lasting peace. in an·undiVJ.·ded and free Euknow the famous story that the President was . rope, a place which saw two World Wars ..;;'1'
_.} milit
wearing his 'trademark stovepipe hat, and he when that dream failed in the 20th century;
on ~
began, because he was so tall, to attract fire and our interest in ·preserving our alliance
ers <
from the Confederate forces, until Holmes for freedom and peace with our 18 NATO
Hou
shouted, without thinking, these famous Allies.
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Administration of William]. Clinton, 1999 I May 31
Lintalk
All of us have· seen the hundreds of thou- ·
sands of innocent men and women and children driven from their homes, the thousands
singled out for death along the way. We have
heard their stories of rape . and oppression,
of robbery and looting and brutality. And we
saw it all before, just a few years ago, iri. Bosnia, for 4long years, until NATO acted, combining with the resistance of Bosnians and
Croatians, to bring the Dayton peace agreement and to tum the tide of ethnic cleansing
there.
'
How did this all .happen? Well, 10 years
ago the Berlin Wall fell, ending communism's cruel and arbitrary division of Europe, unleashing the energies of freedomloving people there, after two World Wars
and the cold war, to be united in peace and
freedom and prosperity. But that same year
in Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic became the
last holdout a ainst
1
War
the
1dert he
tinds
rou.. He
and
'men
cost
just
who
peoere
our
zens
ance
July
mes'
lved
, for
day
hose
laces
rked
e fu-
100
opti-
ars
tury;
ance
ATO
'"He then went to war against the Croatians
and the Bosnians. And in the wake of that,
after 4 years, a quarter of a million people
were dead, 2 1/2 million people were refugees,
many of them still have not gone home.
There was a stunning record of destruction,
told not only in lives but in religious, cultural,
historical, and personal buildings :;tnd records
destroyed in an attempt to erase the existence of a people on their land.
In Kosovo we see some parallels to World
War II, for the Government of Serbia, .like
that of Nazi Germany, rose to p()wer in part
by getting people to look down on people
of a given ~ace and ethnicity, and to believe
they had no place in their country, and even
no right to live. But even more troubling,
we see some parallels to the rumblings all
around the world where people continue to
.. fall out with one another and think they simply cannot share common ground and a common future with people who worship God
in a different way or have a slightly different
heritage.
.
Think about the contrast of that to the
military we celebrate today.
morning
Qn Memorial Day I have a break£ t for 18aa.
ers of th'e veter:ails COQ:lAU.JRity at the 'NhiteHouse. And I staRe there with eager anticipation as people who have fought or whose
Evezc
1007
relatives have fought and often died in our
wars come through the line. I noticed them
today: There were Irish-Americans and
Italian-Americans; there were Arab-Americans and Jewish Americans; there were
....,
Catholic Americans and Pr.otestant Ameri- ~
cans; there were African-Americans, there
were Hispanic-Americans, there were Asi / , ~·
Americans.
·
·
Just look around here today at th kinds
jl§r
of people who are wearing the evidence of
their service to our country. We are a stronger country because we respect our differences, and we are united by our common
humanity. Now, we cannot expect everybody
to follow our lead, and we haven't gotten it
entirely right, now. We don't expect everybody to get along all the time. But we can
say no to ethnic cleansing. We can say no
to mass slaughter of people because of the
way they worship God and because of who
their parents .were. We can say no to that,
and we should.
It is important that you know that in
Kosovo the world has said no. It's not just
the United States or even just our 18 NATO
Allies with us. People on every continentArabs and Israelis .are sending assistance,
· Protestants and Catholics from Northern Ire· land; Greeks and Turks; Africans, Asians,
Latin Americans; even those whose own lives
· have been battered by hurricanes and other
natural disasters and who have hardly anything to give are sending help, because their
·hearts have been broken and their con.sciences moved by the appalling abuses they
have seen.
Our objectives in Kosovo are clear and
consistent with both the moral imperative of
reversing ethnic cleansing and killing, and
our overwhelming. national interest in a
peaceful, undivided Europe which will ensure we will not have to send large numbers
of young Americans to d1e there in the next
century in a war. The objectives are that the
Kosovars will go home; the Serb forces will
withdraw; an international force, with NATO
· at its core, will deploy to protect all the people, including the Serb minority, in Kosovo.
And afterward, to avoid· future Bosnias and
future Kosovos, we will learn the lesson of
the Marshall plan and what we did foi' Eastern Europe after the Berlin Wall fell, by
,,
�1008
May 31 I Administration of William]. Clinton, 1999
Adml
inyriad,-rainbow, multiethnic military in.our
increasingly diverse· society that involves both
the strength of our differences and the even
more powerful pull of our shared American
values. Our military inspires the world with
their respect for one another and their ability
to work together. And you pass every test
with the same flying colors, re.d, white, and
blue.
Those who lie in this sacred place and i~
all those other places the world over, many
of whom will never even be known, they
would be very proud of todaY: s men and
women in uniform. And in the bright new
century ahead, those who live free with pride
in and without fear of their heritage or their
faith will be very grateful to today' s men and
·
women in uniform.
I thank· you all. God bless you, · and God
bless America~
those
ues t
also \
form
over
awo·
drive
faith
As
to bJ
working with our European Allies to build ·
democracy and prosperity and cooperation in
southeastern Europe so that there will be
stronger forces pulling people together than
those that are driving them apart.
I know that many Americans believe that
this is not our fight. But remember why many
of the people are la~ng in these graves out .
here-because of what happened in Europe
and because of what was allowed to go on
too long before people intervened. What we
are doing today will save lives, including
American lives, in the future. And it will give
our children a better, safer world to live in.
In this military campaign the United States·
has borne a large share of the burden, as
we must, because we have a greater capacity
to bear that burden. But all Americans
should know that we have been strongly sup. ported by our European Allies, that when the
peacekeeping force goes in there, the overwhelming majority of people Will be European, and that when the reconstruction begins, the overwhelming amount of investment Will be European. This is something
we have done together. ·
And ·I ask you, in the days and nights
er our rave p1
crews flying over Serbia, to keep their families in our thoughts. I visited with them recently. I know that the risk
· ·
very
ay, an · ey even· avoid firing back sometimes. at people who fire at them because
they fire from heavily populated areas, and
they want to avoid killing innocent civilians.
I ask you to support all possible efforts to
relieve the suffering of the people of Kosovo.
Even those who escape will be struggling
with what happened to them for a long, long
time. And this afternoon, I ask all Americans
to JOin with those who have urged us to ena e m a momen o
a c a
NOTE: The President spoke at 11:17 a:m. in the
Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. In
his remarks, he referred to Maj. Cen~ Robert R.
lvany, USA, Commander, and Col. Edward T:
Brogan, USA, Chaplain, Military District of Washington; John .C. (Jack) Metzler, Superintendent,
Arlington · National Cemetery; and President
Slobodan Milosevic of the Federal Republic of
ugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro).
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Radio Remarks on Memorial Day
May 31,1999
Since the. Civil War, Memorial Day has
been a time for Americans to take a moment
from our busy lives to remember the brave
men and women who gave their lives in service to our Nation.
· This has been a c~ntury of great progress
for the United States, but we must never forget that it came with a heavy price. At home
r-;-";j3~o~cr::oc::::r.-=e~a:-:::sr::e==m=-""'""a,....y:f-:t-m.-~I:-::;m;:;-;e:::-,-:I~n-t:-:o::::n;:;-;o~r:-o~~and abroad, our victories over adversity were
ose w o ave ven t e1r ves or our coun- made possible by those who were prepared
try.
to make the ultimate sacrifice, and those who
- I also ask all Americans to honor, along did make that sacrifice.
with those who have given their lives for our
· Today most Americans will enjoy a well
freedom, the living symbol of American deserved day off from the cares of work and
valor, our veterans and their families, the school; we'll relax at home and cherish the
present members of armed services and their company of loved ones. But as we confamilies, wherever and however they serve. . template the comforts and blessings of our
How .fitting it is that we are standing· lives and the well being of our Nation, I ask
against ethnic cleansing with our wonderful, you to pause just for a moment to remember
him
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and
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con
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SEQUENCE
E)oo!iicerpt from General Order No. \I
· isgued by
Headq_ uarters, Grand Army of lhe Republic,
\Vashing<on, DC. May 5, 1868
MUSICAL PRELUDE
WREATH LAVING
"AMERICA THF. BEAlJTIVUL"
:r US, r---HE.N, AT THE TIME APPOINTED,.
· ARRIVAL OFTHEOFFIClU PARTY
THER /LROUND THEIR SACRED REMAINS
PRESENTATION OF THE COLORS
D GARL-AND THE PASSIONLESS MOU!VDS
.-J.
iNV.OCAT!ON
Chaplain (Colonel) Micbul Du rharn
Command ChapSain
United States Army Mililary Di~trlct or Washington
OVE TF..-EM WITH CHOICEST FLOWERS OF
gj ! RINGTI.lliiME; LET US RAISE ABOVE THEM THE.
"NATIONAL ANTHEM"
.....
~
·~
I'AR OLr::;;;J FLAG THEY SAVED FROM DISHONOR
~
E-<
I
~ 'TUS
"BATTLE HVMN OF THE REPUBLlC"
!,.,- THIS SOLEMN PRESENCE REVIEW OUR
WELCOME
TO .4.1D AND ASSIST THOSE WHOM
Major General Rober1 R. h·any
Commanding G~neraJ
United Slates Amiy Military Oi~lrid t~f Wash111gton
~
u
•
1
EDGES
IEY·HA JE/E LEFT AMONG US AS SACRED
; IARGE.s= UPON THE NATION'S GRATITUDE,--'~
REMARKS
The Honorable WilliamS. Cohen
Sm'e1ary ofD~fense Uniled States of Amul[a
MEMORIAL DAY ADDRESS
ne Honorable Wiiliam Jeffenvn Clinton
Pre! ldent of lhf Unitfd Staler of Arn ~riel
"GOD OF OuR FATHER~''
·1>1
·~
m , T~u~ audie~c~ i.1 in\'iled to rem~ in ~avere.d during the prognm
N
1
N
Mu.ti9t prilrldd by The UniJ.ed Slllle:J 1\otarint Band
Coloael Tim11lb~ \','.Foley, DimlGr
BEN&DICTTON
Chaplain (Colonel) Mielmel Durham
.-I
~'
"TAPS'~
~·
RETiRING OF THE COLORS ·
0
0
"
II:>
N
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II:>
0
·~·For'
nrorm21ilm aboul Arli~g{on Na1iG~i!l Cemel~r~
Vi =it Ibar Wl!b 1ile; wv.w.Hiing1oDtfmelm.~r~
·~
POSTLUDE
�05/25/00
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11:21
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CABINET AFFAIRS
ft202El853379
141002
· - - - - ----'----·---
CEREMONIES
ANNEX A (SEQUENCE OF EVENTS)
ARMED FORCES FULL HONOR WREATH CEREMONY
ig)OOl/003
(AFFHWC)
FOR MEMORIAL DAY
ARMED FORCES FULL HONOR WREATH CEREMONY (PRE:SIDENTIAL)
TUS, ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETARY
DATE:
TIME:
PLACE:
HOST;
29 MAY 2000
1100 HOURS
ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT R. IVANY
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
l.
DIGNITARY IS MET AT MEMORIAL GATE ENTRANCE TO ARLINGTON
NATIONAL CEMETERY AND IS ESCORTED THROUGH MCCLELLAN GATE
GUNS)
.
2.
DISMOUNTS ON FLAGSTONE WALK NORTH SIDE OF AMPHITHEATER
GREETED BY OFFICIAL PARTY (BRIEFED SY MG IVANY)
3.
OFFICIAL PARTY ESCORTED INTO POSITION
4.
NATIONAL ANTREM OF THE UNITED STATES,
BANNER"
5.
DIGNITARY AND MG IVANY MOVE TO TOMB, WREATH PLACED
"THE STAR SPANGLED
6·. . "4 MUFFLED RUFFLES/TAPS~~
7.
f'lOME:NT OF SILENCE {30 SEC)
8.
MG IVANY ESCORTS
9.
OFFICIAL PARTY ORGANIZED'FOR AMPHITHEATER PROGRAM
DI~NITARY
(REMOVE HEADGEAR)
INTO DISPLAY ROOM
10. AMPHITHEATER PROGRAM
11. DIGNITARY IS ESCORTED TO MOTORCADE
.
12. DIGNITARY DEPARTS ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
13. CONCLUSION OF CEREMONY
UNCLASSIFIED
lll
n
(21 GUNS)
(21
�05/25/00
THU 12:28 FAX
CABINET AFFAIRS
The White House
OFFICE OF CABINET AFFAIRS
Date:
To:
Fax:
From:
S~AN
Pages:
- - - - - - - ( I n c l u d i n g this c:over sheet)
P. O'SHEA
Comments:
OLD EXECUTIVE OFFICE BUILDING+ ROOM 160 +WASHINGTON, DC 20502
. TELEPHONE {202) 456-2572 • FACSIMILE (202) 456-6704
141001
�5/25/00 U :30 am
Rosshirt
PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON
MEMORIAL DAY OBSERVANCE.
ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
MONDAY, MAY 29, 2000
We are blessed, today, to be able to gather again in this magnificent amphitheater, in our national
cemetery, to remember those who lost everyone they loved, to .defend the country. they loved.
We honor also the millions of living veterans here and elsewhere, who would have made that
same sacrifice,' if God had but called home his heroes in different order. Today, we remember
and honor them all.
As you entered the grounds this morning, you saw every gravestone decorated with an American
flag. Indeed, this day of remembrance was'-first known as Decoration Day-- launched in 1868
. by order of the Commander in Chief of the GrandArmyof the Republic who designated this day
"for decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country."
Some still remember that meaning. On the Thursday before Memorial Day, this year and every
year for more than forty years, the entire regiment of 1,200 soldiers of the 3rd U.S. Infantry has
honored America's fallen heroes by placing American flags before every one of more than
-
260,000 gravestones here at Arlington. And a contingent remains on patrol 24 hours, all
weekend long, to make sure each flag remains standing. On this Memorial Day, not a single
hero here has been forgotten; each and every one has· been remembered. I Want to recognize and
thank the members of the 3rd u.s Infantry- The Old Guard- for .their patriotism, their devotion
'
to duty, andtheir.commitment to honoring the original meaning ofMemorial Day.
�2
Here in Arlington, this hallowed earth embraces the bodies of soldiers from every one ofour
nation's wars, and tells the whole heroic_ range of our history:- in the lines on the gravestones,
and in the lives of those laid to rest be:p.eath them. Presidents Kennedy and Taft are buried here.
Generals Pershing and Bradley _are buried here. John Foster Dulles and Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Medgar Evers and Joe Louis. George Marshall and Audie Murphy. Three of the Marines
remembered forever for raising our flag on lwo Jima; they are buried here. And not oply the
famous, but unknown, unsung heroes of more than two centuries of fighting tyranny are also
buried here.
In the heart and history of America-,. this is sacred soil.
•',·
As we gather here and remember; our hearts,go out to those who can never forget. People
· whose wounds are still fresh twenty, forty, fifty years later: Young women, crushed with
sorrow, left to cancel a wedding. Expectant mothers, stunned with grief, left to raise a child
alone. young children who had said good night, every riight, to a picture- left, suddenly, with
only a picture.·
For those of us who have not lived it:..... it ishard to imagi~e it.
Seeing- with shock and dread- a uniformed officer and a chaplain step out of an Army staff car
and approach the front door.
Hearing a military officer expressing the·deep sorrow and gratitude of the United States.
Thinking "You can't be right." "You must be wrong."
�Wondering "What am I going to do?" "How will I raise our children?" "How will I tell our
children?'~
And asking: "How did he die?" "Who was with him? "Can I talk to someone who was with
him?" "When can I see him? When is he coming home?"
At such a moment, there is so little one can do -but that little is so vital. Our chaplains- blessed
by God with the ability to absorb the unbearable grief of others - answer questions, share hugs,
hold hands, and keep coming back to help.
To all families who have born this loss, and to any who may bear it in tge future, I want to renew
a national pledge: the United States will not forsake its fallen heroes. We will never abandon
their families. We will never abandon our heroes themselves. Wherever it takes us, as long as it
takes us, we will keep our sacred commitment to seek the fullest possible accounting.
I met this morning at the White House with sons and daughters and spouses of servicemen still
missing in action. There is nq better way to understand how important our continuous efforts
are to the hearts and minds of Americans, than to hear it from the family members themselves ..
I am pleased to announce today that the United States and North Korea have agreed to resume
talks the first week of June in Kuala Lumpur in the hopes of resuming recovery operations in
North Korea this year. As we prepare to observe the 501h anniversary of the invasion of South
�4
Korea by the North"'- we reaffirm our commitment to the more than 1.7 million American heroes
who served there, the more than 36,000 who lost their lives there, and the more than 8,100 still
missing there. We will honor their service and sacrifice by remembering those still missing, and
· doing everything possible to bring them home.
I also have the honor of telling you today of our latest American hero to come home. Just last
week our specialists identified finally and officially, the remains of a soldier of the
1st
cavalry
regiment of the America! division, whose Huey helicopter was "flying in the weeds" at 25 feet
over Laos in the summer of 1970 when it lost power and crashed. The soldier died immediately,
I
and was pinned in the wreckage. When others rushed to the. scene to bring out his body, they
were forced back by enemy fire. .When they tried a short time later, they were forced back
again. But we returned. Years later, with the help of several governments, extensive
interviews, excavations, and DNA testing, a positive identification was made. Army Specialist 4
John E. Crowley ofWilliamson, New York, forever 20 years old, was laid to rest here in
Arlington Cemetery this Friday with his mother and brother and cousins and nieces and nephews
at his side. To express ou·r nation's gratitude for John Crowley's life and sacrifice, I would to
ask hi.s brother, Daniel Crowley, to please stand.
America thanks you, sir, for your family's
sacrifice.
So many of you here today know personally the ever present pain of losing a friend or family
member in combat. Today, many fewer families know the pain ofthat"sacrifice. That is a
blessing. But to preserve and extend this blessing, we must never forget the sacrifices that
paved the way to peace.
�5
One champion of veterans causes."has been telling the story of how - four years ago - she asked
a
group of school children what Memorial Day means, and they said: that's the day the pool
opens.
That's not their fault. They don't know. We have to teach them.
a
That is why, today, I ask all Americans- in symbolic act of national unity- to pause wherever
they are at 3 pm local time to observe a national moment of remembrance for America's fallen
heroes.
At that time, the.melancholy tones of Taps- our national requiem- will be played all across
America- in the U.S. Capitol and the VietNam memorial; at Ellis Island and the Liberty Bell; in
VA Hospitals and National Parks; on Voice of America and Armed Forces Network; in Wal
Mart, K-Mart and the Mall'ofthe Americas.
In Yankee Stadium, [watch out for arainout] the chief umpire will step out from behind Home·
Plate, remove his mask, halt the game- and a capacity crowd will rise with hands on heartsand remember. And when little boys and girls tug on their parents' sleeve and whisper:
"Mommy, Daddy, what's happening?" A new generation of Americans will hear for the first
time about our fallen heroes.
�.---------------~--------------------------
6
Of course, remembering their sacrifice is but a first step. We also must remember to .fulfill the
'
.
I
obligation we incurred with their sacrifice. For if our heroes could talk to us today, they might
well say: '"America, we gave up our youth and. our future for you. '
we made our wives widows.
and our children orphans for you. · Have you made our sacri!Jce matter?"·
At the dawn or'this new century, we can answer with solemn pride:
You fought to keep us strong. We are today the most powerful, most prosperous nation on earth
-with a military feared and revered around the world. Yes, we have. made your sacrifice matter.
/
You fought and died so others might live. As we enter the 21st century, America's young are not
\
dying in war, nearly as much as they did before. Yes, we have made your sacrifice matter.
You fought for freedom in foreign lands ~ knowing it would protect our freedom at home.
Today, freedom is advancing all around the world. For the first time in human history; more
than half the worl.d's people choose their own leaders. Yes, we have made your sacrifice matter.
. You fought to conquer tyranny and bring unity to Europe- where more than 100,000 American
heroes are buried today in France, England, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg- in places
like Flanders Field and Ardennes and Normandy.
Today Europe is less divided, more democratic and more peaceful than any time in its history.
We have three new allies across Europe's old divide. Central Europe is free and flourishing.
�7
And soldiers from almost every European country- the most bitter former adversaries among
them - are serving under a single command keeping the peace in the Balkans. Yes, we are
making your sacrifice matter. ;
But we have so much more still to do.
Today, I depart for Europe. I will visit Portugal, to att.end the 141h United States-E~ropean
Union surrimit of my Presidency. I will visit Germany, and make the first visit of an American
President to the free, democratic, undivided capital of Berlin. U~ited by a con1mon bond .of
democracy- we will continue work with our European allies to build peace, freedom, stability,
'
.•
'
'
.
I
within Europe and beyond.
I will visit Russia- the former worldwide sponsor of the communism so many Americans gave
their lives to contain. Russia has just ~een its first transition from one democratically-elected
'.
leader to another in a thousand years of history. And I will deliver the first speech ever by an
American President to a democratically-elected Russian parliament. We will continue to work
with Russia to encourage deeper democr.atic and economic reforin, to reduce nuclear danger, to
advance our arms control agenda.
I will visit Ukraine- a country whose people helped d.efeat the Nazis, but whose people have
been dominated by the Soviet system for seventy years, and are eager to cast off the legacy of
communism. We will stand by them as they embrace freedom and economic reform, and join
the peaceful, democratic mainstream of the transatlantic community.
�8
The world of today is not recognizable from ·so years ago. Adversaries have become allies.
Dictatorships have become democracies. Europe is more peaceful and united, and the
Communism we fought to contain in the Cold War, in VietNam, and Korea has collapsed,
retreated or reformed around the world. Heartened by our progress toward peace and prosperity
-'we will pursue the two remaining challenges in fulfilling the vision of a peaceful, democratic
and undivided Europe: we will intensify our efforts to integrate Southeast Europe and the former
states of the Soviet Union into the U.S.-European mainstream- and thus move closer to a goal of
our h~roes, whose h~pe was not only to win wars, but to help end :war.
On this first Memorial day of the 21st century, on behalf of the American people, I give thanks to
you - our fallen heroes '- for your defense of freedom, and democracy, and human dignity. You
never
foug~t
for empire, for territory, for dominance. Your enemies fought to defend tyranny;
but you ga~e your lives to defend fr·eedom. I wish you all could know - as we stand at the dawn
ofa century you never saw- that far from fading into the past, your sacrifice is shaping the
future. I wish you all could know- thirty, forty, fifty years after you're gone ~-~ your truth is
marching on.
May God bless ·you all. May God bless America.
###
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Speechwriting Office - Thomas Rosshirt
Creator
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National Security Council
Speechwriting Office
Thomas Rosshirt
Date
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1999-2001
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36327" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="http://catalog.archives.gov/id/7585792" target="_blank">National Archives Collection Description</a>
Identifier
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2008-0703-F
Description
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<p>Rosshirt prepared speech remarks delivered by President William J. Clinton and National Security Advisor Samuel R. Berger between 1999 and 2001.</p>
<p>Rosshirt’s speechwriting efforts for President Clinton concerned the President’s trip to Vietnam; remarks at the Memorial Day Ceremony in Arlington, Virginia; remarks at Camp Foster Marine Base in Okinawa; remarks at the Council of the Americas 30th Washington Conference; the debt cancellation announcement for Jubilee2000; the Armed Forces Farewell at Fort Myer, Virginia; remarks to the Israeli Policy Forum; and awarding the Medal of Honor to both former President Theodore Roosevelt and to Captain Ed W. Freeman. Rosshirt’s speechwriting efforts also included National Security Advisor Berger’s remarks at Tel Aviv University and an article concerning Saddam Hussein.</p>
<p>This collection was made available through a <a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/freedom-of-information-act-requests">Freedom of Information Act</a> request.</p>
Provenance
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Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Publisher
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Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
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Adobe Acrobat Document
Extent
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51 folders in 5 boxes
Text
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Original Format
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Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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[Memorial Day] [1]
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
National Security Council
Speechwriting Office
Thomas Rosshirt
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2008-0703-F
Is Part Of
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Box 2
<a href="http://clintonlibrary.gov/assets/Documents/Finding-Aids/2008/2008-0703-F.pdf" target="_blank">Collection Finding Aid</a>
<a href="http://catalog.archives.gov/id/7585792" target="_blank">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files
Format
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Adobe Acrobat Document
Publisher
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Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
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Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
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5/13/2014
Source
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42-t-7585792-20080703f-002-011-2014
7585792