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Declassified Documents Concerning Albania
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2013-1060-M
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This Mandatory Declassification Review contains records regarding a meeting between President Clinton and Albanian President Sali Berisha in September 1995.
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Albania
Sali Berisha
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�9516610
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON
September 8, 1995
CONn DEMT IAL
DECL: 9/12/05
MEMORANDUM FOR:
THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
Warren C h r i s t o p h e r j / ^
SUBJECT:
Your Meeting w i t h A l b a n i a n P r e s i d e n t
S a l i Berisha
A l b a n i a n P r e s i d e n t Berisha's September 12 White House
v i s i t o f f e r s a key o p p o r t u n i t y t o press f o r w a r d o u r major
p o l i c y g o a l s f o r A l b a n i a . We want t o use B e r i s h a ' s v i s i t t o
urge a c o n t i n u e d r e s p o n s i b l e r e g i o n a l p o l i c y ; o f f e r our h e l p
i n b u i l d i n g democratic i n s t i t u t i o n s t o p r o t e c t human r i g h t s
f o r a l l A l b a n i a n s ; and s i g n a l o u r s u p p o r t f o r t h e ongoing
development o f a f r e e market economy i n A l b a n i a .
Long a f r i e n d o f t h e U.S., B e r i s h a shares these g o a l s
i n p r i n c i p l e . However, he expects more p r a c t i c a l economic
a s s i s t a n c e t h a n we can o f f e r , and o u r p r i o r i t i e s on some
democracy i s s u e s do n o t always c o i n c i d e . As o u r development
a i d i s l i m i t e d , we need t o use i t t o expand our a s s i s t a n c e
on law and democracy, which B e r i s h a says he welcomes, and t o
promote o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s t h a t support t h e b u i l d i n g o f
democratic i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t can h e l p ensure human r i g h t s
for a l l Albanians, regardless o f ethnic o r i g i n .
Bosnian developments and t h e r e s e t t l e m e n t o f S e r b i a n
refugees i n Kosovo w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t t h e dynamics o f
Berisha's v i s i t .
While v o i c i n g s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r U.S.
peace e f f o r t s , B e r i s h a urges t h a t a peace s e t t l e m e n t address
the Kosovo i s s u e , s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e p l i g h t o f i t s e t h n i c
A l b a n i a n m a j o r i t y . You s h o u l d underscore t h a t we s u p p o r t
autonomy f o r t h e r e g i o n , and t h a t we c o n t i n u e t o urge t h e
Serbs t o r e s p e c t t h e human and c i v i l r i g h t s o f e t h n i c
A l b a n i a n s i n Kosovo. You a l s o s h o u l d make c l e a r t h a t ,
a l t h o u g h UNSC s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t S e r b i a may be l i f t e d i n t h e
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c o n t e x t o f an e v e n t u a l s e t t l e m e n t , we b e l i e v e Kosovo must be
d e a l t w i t h as p a r t o f any l a s t i n g s o l u t i o n . L a s t , you might
underscore t h a t t h e m u l t i l a t e r a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n package t h a t
i s p a r t o f o u r broader Balkan peace p l a n i s designed t o
promote r e g i o n a l economic i n t e g r a t i o n and development.
B e r i s h a ' s agenda i n t h e U.S. w i l l o t h e r w i s e f o c u s on
s t i m u l a t i n g American a i d and investment i n A l b a n i a . He a l s o
wants t o secure U.S. b a c k i n g f o r A l b a n i a n membership i n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s (NATO, EBRD, t h e World Bank, t h e
IMF, and t h e EU) and c l o s e r m i l i t a r y and s e c u r i t y
cooperation, including material assistance t o the Albanian
military.
He may express concern a t e r o s i o n o f t h e
p r e v i o u s l y c l o s e Albanian-American r e l a t i o n s h i p , owing
p a r t i c u l a r l y t o h i s p e r c e p t i o n t h a t t h e U.S. s i d e d w i t h
Greece i n p r e s s i n g t o r e l e a s e t h e Omonia case defendents
e a r l i e r t h i s year. B e r i s h a w i l l want a c l e a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n
of American support f o r A l b a n i a n i n t e r e s t s , i n p a r t due t o
h i s need f o r t h i s t r i p t o g i v e him a p o l i t i c a l boost a t
home: p a r l i a m e n t a r y e l e c t i o n s next s p r i n g may d e a l h i s
Democratic P a r t y a setback u n l e s s he can speed up economic
and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e improvements.
As t h e r e i s no guarantee t h a t B e r i s h a ' s p a r t y w i l l
remain i n power a f t e r t h e 1996 e l e c t i o n s , t h e focus o f o u r
a s s i s t a n c e and p u b l i c statements s h o u l d be on b u i l d i n g
i n s t i t u t i o n s and t h e U.S.-Albanian r e l a t i o n s h i p , n o t t h e
p a r t y o r B e r i s h a as an i n d i v i d u a l . We s h o u l d r e c o g n i z e t h e
tremendous p r o g r e s s which A l b a n i a , once t h e most r e p r e s s i v e
of a l l communist d i c t a t o r s h i p s , has made under B e r i s h a ' s
l e a d e r s h i p . Our commitment t o t h e f u t u r e s h o u l d be t o h e l p
A l b a n i a c o n t i n u e down t h i s road. Moreover, t o disabuse
B e r i s h a o f t h e n o t i o n t h a t we are i n t e r e s t e d o n l y i n
s e c u r i t y g o a l s , you s h o u l d underscore t h a t B e r i s h a ' s s u p p o r t
f o r U.S. m i l i t a r y and i n t e l l i g e n c e a c t i v i t i e s i n A l b a n i a i s
a u s e f u l complement t o h i s e f f o r t s t o b u i l d a democratic
society.
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BACKGROUND
I n l i n e w i t h i t s pro-Western p o l i c i e s , A l b a n i a seeks
g r e a t e r m i l i t a r y c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e West, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n 1991 A l b a n i a was a d m i t t e d t o t h e OSCE and
agreed t o implement i t s p r i n c i p l e s and s t a n d a r d s . A l b a n i a has
i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d c i v i l i a n c o n t r o l o f t h e m i l i t a r y . (The
M i n i s t e r o f Defense, h i s deputy, and o t h e r key o f f i c i a l s a r e
civilians.)
Forces have been slashed t o some 40,000 as p a r t o f
a wholesale m i l i t a r y r e o r g a n i z a t i o n .
The U.S.-Albanian s e c u r i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p has e v o l v e d
rapidly.
I n 1993, t h e U.S. and A l b a n i a s i g n e d a MOU on Defense
C o o p e r a t i o n l a y i n g out numerous areas o f c u r r e n t and p r o j e c t e d
c o o p e r a t i o n i n s e c u r i t y m a t t e r s . A l b a n i a became t h e f i r s t
C e n t r a l o r E a s t e r n European s t a t e t o r e q u e s t membership i n
NATO, and i n 1994 was t h e f i r s t t o s i g n up f o r NATO'S
P a r t n e r s h i p f o r Peace. As a symbol o f i t s s u p p o r t f o r UN/NATO
a c t i o n s i n t h e former Y u g o s l a v i a , A l b a n i a has o f f e r e d i t s
m i l i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s t o NATO. We are c u r r e n t l y b a s i n g unmanned
a e r i a l v e h i c l e s f o r use over Bosnia a t A l b a n i a ' s Gjader
Airfield.
The South C a r o l i n a N a t i o n a l Guard i s c o n d u c t i n g
major r e p a i r s o f t h e C e n t r a l M i l i t a r y Trauma H o s p i t a l .
Numerous j o i n t t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s are b e i n g conducted t h i s year.
A l b a n i a i s an a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t i n U.S. b i l a t e r a l
a s s i s t a n c e programs. We p r o v i d e d H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e and
S e c u r i t y A s s i s t a n c e and h e l d B i l a t e r a l Working Group meetings
on Defense M a t t e r s . Under t h e S e c u r i t y A s s i s t a n c e Program, we
have proposed d o u b l i n g f u n d i n g l e v e l s f o r IMET t o $400,000 i n
FY96. The A l b a n i a n m i l i t a r y has r e c e i v e d over 150 courses o f
i n s t r u c t i o n i n fundamental concepts and p r a c t i c e s o f combat,
combat s u p p o r t and combat s e r v i c e s u p p o r t . A l b a n i a i s e l i g i b l e
t o purchase defense a r t i c l e s c o m m e r c i a l l y and t h r o u g h F o r e i g n
M i l i t a r y Sales, and t o r e c e i v e n o n - l e t h a l EDA. Through
C o n g r e s s i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e , p a c k i n g , c r a t i n g , and s h i p p i n g c o s t s
f o r these a r t i c l e s w i l l be p a i d by DoD.
A M i l i t a r y L i a i s o n Team (MLT) has o p e r a t e d i n A l b a n i a s i n c e
1992.
The MLT oversees v i s i t s and exchanges between U.S. and
Albanian m i l i t a r i e s . P r i o r i t i e s include t r a i n i n g i n
o r g a n i z a t i o n and s t r u c t u r e , defense p l a n n i n g and p o l i c y
development, p e r s o n n e l management, o p e r a t i o n s , n a v a l and a i r
f o r c e o r g a n i z a t i o n , and l e g a l i s s u e s .
A p a r t from c o n s u l t a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g , A l b a n i a has l i t t l e
t o show f o r i t s a c r o s s - t h e - b o a r d c o o p e r a t i o n on o v e r f l i g h t s ,
b a s i n g , a c t i v i t i e s i n t e r r i t o r i a l waters, and o t h e r s e c u r i t y
i s s u e s . B e r i s h a wants U.S. a s s i s t a n c e f o r : improved defense
c a p a b i l i t i e s i n c l u d i n g a n t i - t a n k and a n t i - a i r c r a f t weapons;
opening o f a S e c u r i t y A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e ; expanded c o o p e r a t i o n
w i t h t h e U.S. Navy and h e l p i n c o n t r o l l i n g i t s c o a s t a l w a t e r s ;
and e q u i p p i n g an A l b a n i a n u n i t f o r peacekeeping a c t i v i t i e s .
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TALKING POINTS
The d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e B i l a t e r a l Working Group and o u r
r e g i o n a l s e c u r i t y and arms c o n t r o l d i a l o g u e have advanced
our u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f your s e c u r i t y concerns.
We a r e g r a t e f u l f o r your c o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e m i l i t a r y f i e l d ,
i n c l u d i n g your o f f e r s o f f a c i l i t i e s and your p a r t i c i p a t i o n
i n j o i n t exercises.
The "Warsaw I n i t i a t i v e " which I announced e a r l i e r t h i s year
w i l l be t h e c e n t e r p i e c e o f our s e c u r i t y a s s i s t a n c e program
f o r 1996. We b e l i e v e t h a t a p r i o r i t y f o r A l b a n i a under
t h i s program should be o u t f i t t i n g t h e peacekeeping u n i t
which you have proposed. Our f u n d i n g r e q u e s t i s s t i l l
b e f o r e Congress.
A l b a n i a i s e l i g i b l e t o purchase defense a r t i c l e s
c o m m e r c i a l l y and t h r o u g h F o r e i g n M i l i t a r y Sales, and t o
r e c e i v e Excess Defense A r t i c l e s .
This i n c l u d e s , i n
p r i n c i p l e , l e t h a l weapons.
We a r e p r e p a r e d t o c o n s i d e r your r e q u e s t f o r a n t i - t a n k and
a n t i - a i r c r a f t weapons. We do n o t y e t know whether Congress
w i l l p r o v i d e F o r e i g n M i l i t a r y Sales a s s i s t a n c e f o r such
purchases.
NATO r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w i l l conduct a b r i e f i n g on t h e s u b j e c t
o f NATO expansion p l a n s f o r your government t h i s f a l l i n
Tirana.
We need t o f i n a l i z e a b i l a t e r a l S t a t u s o f Forces Agreement
(SOFA). The l a c k o f t h i s agreement has c o m p l i c a t e d U.S.
a c t i v i t i e s i n A l b a n i a and t h e t r a i n i n g o f A l b a n i a n u n i t s i n
the U.S.
1
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DOMESTIC POLITICAL SITUATION
I.
BACKGROUND
Once t h e most r e p r e s s i v e and i s o l a t e d o f E a s t e r n Europe's
M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s t a t e s , A l b a n i a has over t h e l a s t f o u r years
enacted s i g n i f i c a n t economic r e s t r u c t u r i n g and p o l i t i c a l
r e f o r m . Since assuming power i n A p r i l 1992, P r e s i d e n t S a l i
B e r i s h a ' s government has completed a r a d i c a l m i l i t a r y
r e o r g a n i z a t i o n , revamped t h e communist era j u d i c i a l system,
p r i v a t i z e d housing and a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , and passed new
c r i m i n a l , l a b o r , and investment laws. R e c e n t l y , A l b a n i a was
a d m i t t e d t o t h e C o u n c i l o f Europe.
A l b a n i a i s g e a r i n g up f o r p a r l i a m e n t a r y e l e c t i o n s
scheduled f o r n e x t s p r i n g . Berisha hopes t h a t h i s m e e t i n g w i t h
you w i l l b o l s t e r h i s p a r t y ' s s t a n d i n g . He h i m s e l f does not
face e l e c t i o n u n t i l 1997.
v
B e r i s h a ' s Democratic P a r t y (PD) has a s o l i d w o r k i n g
m a j o r i t y i n t h e u n i c a m e r a l l e g i s l a t u r e , b u t has s u f f e r e d a
s e r i e s o f r e v e r s e s i n t h e t h r e e years s i n c e coming t o power.
S e v e r a l prominent members were e x p e l l e d and formed s m a l l but
i n f l u e n t i a l o p p o s i t i o n p a r t i e s . The government was stunned by
t h e d e f e a t o f i t s d r a f t c o n s t i t u t i o n i n a referendum l a s t
November. That blow b r o u g h t disagreements w i t h i n t h e p a r t y
i n t o t h e open, and l e d B e r i s h a t o r e s h u f f l e t h e c a b i n e t and
c o n s o l i d a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e p a r t y . He removed h i s former f r i e n d
Eduard Selami as head o f t h e p a r t y . I n August t h e PD a p p o i n t e d
30 new D i s t r i c t Chairmen t o r e v i t a l i z e i t s grass r o o t s
organization.
The S o c i a l i s t P a r t y (PS) — p o l i t i c a l h e i r s o f t h e
communist regime -- e n j o y s s i g n i f i c a n t s u p p o r t and f o r m i d a b l e
o r g a n i z a t i o n a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l . The second l a r g e s t p a r t y i n
p a r l i a m e n t , t h e PS c o n t r o l s r o u g h l y h a l f o f t h e l o c a l
governments. P a r t y Chairman Fatos Nano remains i n p r i s o n a f t e r
b e i n g j a i l e d i n 1993 on charges of c o r r u p t i o n d u r i n g h i s
three-month t e n u r e as Prime M i n i s t e r under t h e l a s t S o c i a l i s t
government i n 1991.
I f r e l e a s e d , he i s expected t o c o n t e s t t h e
p r e s i d e n c y i n 1997.
Amnesty I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r s Nano a
p o l i t i c a l prisoner.
The c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t i c a l f o r c e s have not agreed on steps
toward drawing up and r a t i f y i n g a new c o n s t i t u t i o n .
The
I n t e r i m Law on Major C o n s t i t u t i o n a l P r o v i s i o n s remains t h e
f o u n d a t i o n f o r democratic government based on t h e r u l e o f law.
A network o f laws i n c l u d i n g s t a t u t e s on p r o p e r t y q u e s t i o n s ,
c i v i l and l e g a l r i g h t s , t h e government's r i g h t s and
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , and commercial r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s are
b e i n g enacted and implemented. A new Penal Code, Penal
P r o c e d u r a l Codes, C i v i l Procedures Code, and o t h e r i m p o r t a n t
l e g i s l a t i o n have been adopted i n r e c e n t months. I n g e n e r a l ,
these laws are c o n s i s t e n t w i t h Western concepts.
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o
We have been impressed w i t h t h e r a p i d p r o g r e s s o f
p o l i t i c a l r e f o r m d u r i n g t h e t h r e e years you have h e l d
office.
o
Your government and l e g i s l a t u r e a r e c r e a t i n g new economic
and p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e s from t h e ground up. The huge
volume o f laws which have been passed by t h e People's
Assembly a t t e s t s t o t h e s c a l e o f t h i s e f f o r t .
o
We a p p r e c i a t e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
t o democracy, and we want t o h e l p t o f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n
democratic i n s t i t u t i o n s i n A l b a n i a .
o
Your commitment t o democracy was c l e a r l y demonstrated by
your g r a c i o u s acceptance o f t h e d e f e a t o f t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l referendum i n November. That r e s u l t and
your e f f o r t s t o stem c o r r u p t i o n and r e b u i l d your p a r t y ' s
t i e s t o t h e people a r e marks o f a mature democracy.
o
We count on your c o n t i n u e d moderation r e g a r d i n g t h e
n e i g h b o r i n g c o u n t r i e s where t h e r e a r e s i z e a b l e e t h n i c
A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n s . Your avoidance o f i n f l a m m a t o r y
s t a t e m e n t s , even though they might be p o p u l a r
d o m e s t i c a l l y , a t t e s t s t o your statesmanship.
o
As a m a t t e r o f p o l i c y , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s does n o t t a r g e t
assistance t o p a r t i c u l a r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s .
I do,
however, wish you success i n t h e coming e l e c t o r a l campaign
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HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION
I.
BACKGROUND
A l b a n i a ' s weak j u d i c i a l and law enforcement s t r u c t u r e s
d e t r a c t from a s t e a d i l y i m p r o v i n g r e c o r d on human r i g h t s . A l l
p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s were f r e e d by t h e summer o f 1991.
There
are no l o n g e r any r e s t r i c t i o n s on freedom o f movement w i t h i n
t h e c o u n t r y , and r e g u l a t i o n s on f o r e i g n t r a v e l and e m i g r a t i o n
are now i n a c c o r d w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l norms. Workers now have
t h e r i g h t t o a s s o c i a t e f r e e l y , and have formed t r a d e unions o f
t h e i r own c h o o s i n g . Freedom o f r e l i g i o n has been e s t a b l i s h e d
i n law and p r a c t i c e .
I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f d e m o c r a t i c g a i n s has t a k e n h o l d . A
Law on Basic C o n s t i t u t i o n a l P r o v i s i o n s was passed i n 1991, and
t h e government adopted OSCE human r i g h t s p r i n c i p l e s i n t o law i n
1993.
I t has adhered t o t h e C o u n c i l o f Europe's Framework
Convention f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n o f N a t i o n a l M i n o r i t i e s . However,
p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s have been unable t o agree on a process f o r
d r a f t i n g and r a t i f y i n g a new c o n s t i t u t i o n .
The j u d i c i a l and law enforcement systems are moving t o w a r d
r e f o r m , though t h e process i s slow. S e r i o u s gaps i n
u n d e r s t a n d i n g and implementing j u d i c i a l procedure remain
t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e g a l system. A s u s t a i n e d e f f o r t w i l l be needed
t o complete t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o a f u l l y f u n c t i o n i n g
d e m o c r a t i c , f r e e - m a r k e t c o u n t r y . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n must be
p a i d t o p e r f e c t i n g t h e r u l e o f law, an independent j u d i c i a r y ,
t h e f r e e p r e s s , a workable body o f commercial and p r o p e r t y law,
and m a i n t a i n i n g good r e l a t i o n s w i t h and f a i r t r e a t m e n t o f
minorities.
P o l i c e c o n t i n u e t o beat d e t a i n e e s , sometimes c a u s i n g
deaths. C o r r u p t i o n i s a l s o emerging as a s i g n i f i c a n t problem.
Freedom o f speech, press and assembly a r e g e n e r a l l y r e s p e c t e d ,
a l t h o u g h t h e p u b l i s h i n g and d i s t r i b u t i o n system remain under
s t a t e c o n t r o l . The e l e c t r o n i c media (except f o r one r a d i o
s t a t i o n ) a r e s t a t e monopolies. There i s no mechanism t o ensure
t h a t e d i t o r i a l and programming d e c i s i o n s are independent o f t h e
government.
The e t h n i c Greek community complains o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n
e d u c a t i o n , p u b l i c employment and r e l i g i o u s m a t t e r s . Access t o
i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Greek language c o u l d be expanded, b u t
problems i n o t h e r areas have been o v e r s t a t e d .
II.
TALKING POINTS
o
We a r e p l e a s e d t h a t you have p u t a h i g h p r i o r i t y on
a d d r e s s i n g human r i g h t s i n A l b a n i a . As you know, Americans
a l s o a t t a c h g r e a t importance t o t h e r i g h t s o f i n d i v i d u a l s
wherever t h e y may l i v e .
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2
-
o
We support your e f f o r t s t o r e f o r m t h e j u d i c i a r y , t o
e s t a b l i s h r u l e o f law, t o f o s t e r p o l i t i c a l p l u r a l i s m , t o
encourage wide-open debate i n t h e p r e s s , and t o a l l o w
e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s t o pursue t h e i r own c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y .
o
We r e a l i z e t h a t i t may t a k e years t o achieve t h e goals
which you have s e t . To t h e e x t e n t t h a t these problems
r e s u l t from inadequate r e s o u r c e s , we want t o h e l p .
o
There a r e p a r t i c u l a r areas where your p e r s o n a l a t t e n t i o n
m i g h t have a d e c i s i v e impact. We would encourage you t o
make sure t h a t progress c o n t i n u e s i n t h e s e areas:
As you know, t h e r e a r e many concerns expressed by
Greek-Americans about t h e s t a t u s o f e t h n i c Greeks i n
your c o u n t r y . These concerns focus on e d u c a t i o n ,
r e l i g i o u s p r o p e r t y , and r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f e t h n i c
Greeks i n government s e r v i c e .
We r e c o g n i z e t h a t your government i s t r y i n g t o
address these issues s e r i o u s l y .
I hope you w i l l
c o n t i n u e t o make progress here, r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t
these i s s u e s can a f f e c t your r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s as w e l l .
The independence o f t h e j u d i c i a r y i s a n o t h e r area.
Some observers c l a i m t h a t p e r s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s have
i n t r u d e d i n t o t h e workings o f t h e c o u r t s . Judges
must n o t have t o c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e y c o u l d l o s e t h e i r
p o s i t i o n s as a r e s u l t o f c a r r y i n g o u t t h e i r d u t i e s .
o
Your e f f o r t s t o loosen government c o n t r o l o f r a d i o and
t e l e v i s i o n a l s o seem t o be bogged down. We c o n s i d e r
a b o l i t i o n o f s t a t e c o n t r o l o f e l e c t r o n i c media as a key
s t e p i n t h e process o f b u i l d i n g democracy.
o
You have p u t a h i g h p r i o r i t y on a new c o n s t i t u t i o n .
A l t h o u g h i n t e r i m l e g a l s t r u c t u r e s seem t o be f u n c t i o n i n g
w e l l , we share your i n t e r e s t i n a c h i e v i n g a permanent
constitution.
I hope t h a t you w i l l extend a hand t o o t h e r
p o l i t i c a l f o r c e s t o reach agreement on a c o n s t i t u t i o n
embraced by a l l A l b a n i a n s .
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ALBANIAN—GREEK RELATIONS
I.
BACKGROUND
A l b a n i a ' s r e l a t i o n s w i t h Greece have rebounded from s e r i o u s
d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered l a s t year.
A s e r i e s o f i n c i d e n t s i n e a r l y 1994 c u l m i n a t e d i n a r a i d on
t h e A l b a n i a n b o r d e r post a t Peshkepi and A l b a n i a ' s a r r e s t and
c o n v i c t i o n o f members o f t h e e t h n i c Greek "Omonia" o r g a n i z a t i o n .
The GOA c l a i m e d t h e GOG s u p p o r t e d e x t r e m i s t groups t r y i n g t o
d e s t a b i l i z e A l b a n i a , w h i l e Greece a l l e g e d t h a t t h e GOA
r e p r e s s e d t h e e t h n i c Greek m i n o r i t y i n A l b a n i a . Greece b l o c k e d
A l b a n i a ' s access t o EU a s s i s t a n c e and f o r c i b l y r e p a t r i a t e d some
70,000 A l b a n i a n s working i l l e g a l l y i n Greece.
A f t e r a v i g o r o u s m e d i a t i o n e f f o r t by t h e USG, A l b a n i a
r e l e a s e d t h e e t h n i c Greek "Omonia" defendants i n February, and
FM P a p o u l i a s v i s i t e d T i r a n a i n March. Since t h a t t i m e GreekA l b a n i a n r e l a t i o n s have improved s t e a d i l y . Working groups were
e s t a b l i s h e d t o d e a l w i t h a range o f b i l a t e r a l i s s u e s . Greek
M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e Peponis was r e c e i v e d by h i s A l b a n i a n
c o u n t e r p a r t M i n i s t e r F r a s h e r i on August 15. The two sides
signed an e x t r a d i t i o n t r e a t y and o t h e r j u d i c i a l agreements.
A l b a n i a opened a c o n s u l a t e i n l o a n n i n a . A l b a n i a n FM S e r r e q i
has been i n v i t e d t o Athens, and Greek P r e s i d e n t Stephanopoulos
i s expected t o v i s i t T i r a n a t o m a i n t a i n t h e momentum o f t h e i r
rapprochement.
Some i r r i t a n t s remain i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p . The
GOA
b e l i e v e s t h e GOG has b a d l y handled t h e case a g a i n s t seven
Greeks i n i t i a l l y charged i n t h e Peshkepi i n c i d e n t .
Conspiracy
and murder charges a g a i n s t t h e e i g h t were dropped, and one was
r e l e a s e d from d e t e n t i o n . A l t h o u g h s e r i a l numbers o f weapons
possessed by t h e defendants matched t h o s e s t o l e n from Peshkepi,
t h e A l b a n i a n s were unable t o f u r n i s h t h e Greeks w i t h t h e
s o p h i s t i c a t e d f o r e n s i c evidence necessary t o s u c c e s s f u l l y
p r o s e c u t e t h e murder charge. A l l s t i l l face weapons charges,
and i t appears t h e GOG w i l l pursue t h i s avenue o f p r o s e c u t i o n .
However, t h i s development c o u l d be misread by T i r a n a as GOG
b a c k s l i d i n g on an i m p o r t a n t i s s u e a f f e c t i n g b i l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s ,
Greece remains concerned about c o n d i t i o n s o f e t h n i c Greeks
in Albania.
I t urges expanded access t o e d u c a t i o n i n t h e Greek
language, t h e r e t u r n of r e l i g i o u s p r o p e r t y taken by t h e
p r e v i o u s communist government, and measures t o i n c r e a s e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f Greeks i n t h e p o l i c e and c i v i l s e r v i c e . A
new Secondary Education law w i l l go some way toward answering
t h e demand f o r Greek-language i n s t r u c t i o n . The A l b a n i a n
Autocephalous Orthodox Church i s e x p e r i e n c i n g problems w i t h
r e c l a i m i n g i t s p r o p e r t y , as are a l l o t h e r r e l i g i o u s bodies and
o t h e r former landowners.
GoitFiprntTiAa
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�- 2 Improved Greek-Albanian r e l a t i o n s have b e n e f i t e d
Greek-U.S. r e l a t i o n s . As t h e governments i n Athens and T i r a n a
acknowledge, t h e success in. i m p r o v i n g Greek-Albanian r e l a t i o n s
was due i n no s m a l l p a r t t o U.S. e f f o r t s t o f i n d s o l u t i o n s .
II.
TALKING POINTS
o
We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d a t t h e p r o g r e s s t h a t your government
has made i n e s t a b l i s h i n g b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s w i t h Athens.
o
I would p a r t i c u l a r l y l i k e t o c o n g r a t u l a t e you on t h e
success o f r e c e n t m i n i s t e r i a l m e e t i n g s , t h e work o f t h e
b i l a t e r a l commission, and t h e ongoing meetings o f t h e
subcommissions.
o
F u l l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f Europe's M i n o r i t i e s
Convention and your government's Secondary E d u c a t i o n Law
i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e g i o n a l s t a b i l i t y and our c o n t i n u e d
support.
v
o
We have t o l d t h e Greeks t h a t we hope t o see c o n t i n u e d
p r o g r e s s t o w a r d l e g a l i z i n g t h e s t a t u s o f A l b a n i a n workers
i n Greece and on d e m a r c a t i n g t h e b o r d e r .
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ALBANIAN RELATIONS WITH SERBIA AND THE F.Y.R.O.M.
I.
BACKGROUND
Serbia:
A l b a n i a and Serbia are r e p r e s e n t e d i n each o t h e r ' s c a p i t a l
by a Charge d ' A f f a i r e s . The i s s u e o f Kosovo dominates
A l b a n i a ' s r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e FRY. A l b a n i a i s t h e o n l y c o u n t r y
t o r e c o g n i z e t h e "Republic o f Kosova" d e c l a r e d by
representatives o f the e t h n i c Albanian m a j o r i t y i n t h i s
f o r m e r l y autonomous Serbian p r o v i n c e . The GOA m a i n t a i n s some
a m b i g u i t y about i t s r e c o g n i t i o n , however. B e r i s h a has s t a t e d
t h a t A l b a n i a recognizes Kosova as an autonomous e n t i t y " w i t h i n
S e r b i a . Others, i n c l u d i n g PM Meksi, have c a l l e d f o r i t s
independence.
I n August, f o l l o w i n g t h e r e s e t t l e m e n t o f some K r a j i n a Serbs
i n Kosovo, FM S e r r e q i wrote t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e t o s t r e s s
t h a t t h e GOA " w i l l not be i n d i f f e r e n t and w i l l not adopt a
p a s s i v e s t a n d " toward a p o s s i b l e s p i l l o v e r o f c o n f l i c t i n t o
Kosovo. A l t h o u g h A l b a n i a c o u l d do l i t t l e t o a s s i s t Kosovo
m i l i t a r i l y a g a i n s t t h e Serbs, i t c o u l d p r o v i d e arms and
encouragement i n t h e event o f c o n f l i c t .
I t is entirely
unprepared f o r t h e p o t e n t i a l i n f l u x o f hundreds o f thousands
of r e f u g e e s .
A l b a n i a has opened i t s m i l i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s f o r use by t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s and NATO, and f e a r s p o s s i b l e r e p r i s a l s from Pale
or Belgrade f o r t h i s c o o p e r a t i o n .
The FYROM:
A l b a n i a and t h e FYROM have f u l l d i p l o m a t i c t i e s .
Relations
between t h e two c o u n t r i e s t e n d t o blow hot o r c o l d , depending
on events a f f e c t i n g e t h n i c A l b a n i a n s i n Macedonia.
R e l a t i o n s were s e v e r e l y s t r a i n e d i n 1993 when e t h n i c
A l b a n i a n s caught t r a f f i c k i n g arms across t h e FYROM/Albania
border were served harsh sentences f o r t r e a s o n . The GOFYROM
a l l e g e d t h a t t h e A l b a n i a n government had been d i r e c t l y
i n v o l v e d . A meeting between B e r i s h a and FYROM P r e s i d e n t
G l i g o r o v i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1994 smoothed t r o u b l e d waters and, as
a r e s u l t , B e r i s h a encouraged e t h n i c A l b a n i a n s i n t h e FYROM t o
p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e 1994 census. L a t e r i n 1994, however, t h e
GOFYROM accused t h e A l b a n i a n government o f i n t e r f e r i n g i n
i n t e r n a l Macedonian a f f a i r s t w i c e : once when t h e l a r g e s t
e t h n i c A l b a n i a n p a r t y s p l i t and t h e GOA openly supported t h e
more r a d i c a l f a c t i o n , and a g a i n when t h e A l b a n i a n MFA i s s u e d a
statement i n support o f an i l l e g a l l y - f o r m e d A l b a n i a n u n i v e r s i t y
i n t h e FYROM. A c o n f r o n t a t i o n between p o l i c e and f a c u l t y and
s u p p o r t e r s o f Tetovo U n i v e r s i t y r e s u l t e d i n t h e death o f an
e t h n i c A l b a n i a n and s e v e r a l wounded policemen i n February.
Since t h a t t i m e t e n s i o n has subsided c o n s i d e r a b l y .
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- 2 II.
TALKING POINTS
o
Your c o n t i n u e d moderation toward n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e s which
include large ethnic Albanian populations i s e s s e n t i a l t o
a v o i d f u r t h e r i n s t a b i l i t y i n t h e Balkans. The danger o f
s p a r k i n g c o n f l i c t i n Kosovo o r Macedonia f a r overshadows
t h e gains o f championing a "Greater A l b a n i a . "
o
A s o l u t i o n f o r Kosovo must be found b e f o r e
Serbia-Montenegro can be f u l l y r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l community. We support r e s t o r a t i o n o f
autonomy f o r t h e p r o v i n c e , and we c o n t i n u e t o urge t h e
Serbs t o r e s p e c t t h e human and c i v i l r i g h t s o f e t h n i c
A l b a n i a n s i n Kosovo.
o
We support t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f e t h n i c A l b a n i a n s i n Macedonia
f o r access t o e d u c a t i o n i n t h e i r n a t i v e tongue. The means
t o a c h i e v i n g t h i s g o a l , however, s h o u l d be c o o p e r a t i v e , n o t
confrontational.
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THE W H I T E H O U S E
WASHINGTON
MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION
SUBJECT:
Meeting w i t h S a l i Berisha, President o f
Albania (U)
PARTICIPANTS:
U.S.
The President
The Vice President
Warren Christopher, Secretary o f State
Anthony Lake, A s s i s t a n t t o the President f o r
National Security A f f a i r s
Joseph Lake, U.S. Ambassador t o Albania
George Stephanopoulos, Senior Advisor t o the
President f o r Policy and Strategy
Christopher H i l l , D i r e c t o r f o r South
Central Europe, Department o f State
Daniel Fried, Senior D i r e c t o r f o r Central
and Eastern Europe, NSC S t a f f (notetaker)
Albania
President S a l i Berisha
Dylber V r i o n i , Deputy Prime M i n i s t e r and
M i n i s t e r o f Finance
A l f r e d Serreqi, M i n i s t e r o f Foreign A f f a i r s
L u b l i n D i l j a , Ambassador
Fatos Beja, Diplomatic Advisor t o the
President
DATE, TIME
AND•PLACE:
The President:
September 12, 1995, 11:45 a.m. - 12:15 p.m.
Oval O f f i c e
Welcome and I'm very glad t o see you here.
(U)
President Berisha: Thank you, Mr. President, f o r t h i s meeting.
I and a l l Albanians are g r a t e f u l t o you, t o the United States and
to the American taxpayer f o r your important assistance t o Albania
at t h i s most c r u c i a l time i n a l l of our long h i s t o r y . Since the
very beginning o f our struggle f o r democracy, the United States
has provided assistance t o Albania, the most f o r g o t t e n country i n
Europe. You are helping us through one of the worst c r i s e s i n
Europe and are helping us t o b u i l d the r u l e o f law and a market
economy i n Albania. The l e v e l of f r i e n d l y f e e l i n g by Albanians
toward the U.S. i s very high, and I am e s p e c i a l l y proud o f t h i s .
CONFIDENTIAL
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When (former Secretary of State James) Baker came t o Albania
there was an explosion of f r i e n d l y f e e l i n g toward the United
States, and Albanians are j u s t as w e l l disposed toward the United
States now as then. (jZl
The President: I g r e a t l y appreciate the progress you have made,
e s p e c i a l l y your work t o develop democracy i n Albania and t o
transform your economy. I also appreciate your r o l e i n Albania's
p o l i c y toward Kosovo and your support f o r the enforcement of
sanctions on the former Yugoslavia. The United States i s t r y i n g
to create the basis f o r peace i n former Yugoslavia but we w i l l
not f o r g e t Kosovo. We w i l l not have f u l l y normalized r e l a t i o n s
w i t h Serbia without f u l l y restored autonomy f o r the people o f
Kosovo. (J^T
President Berisha: I have always been convinced of the c r u c i a l
and u s e f u l r o l e of the United States i n Europe and the Balkans.
The United States i s not p l a y i n g the r o l e of world gendarme. But
i t i s responsible f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l law and order. Please accept
my c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s at the l a t e s t developments i n Bosnia. Now,
thanks t o you, there i s a r e a l hope f o r peace. Your agenda
should be supported and t h i s includes a i r s t r i k e s which I consider
important and completely j u s t i f i e d . I n a way, the a i r s t r i k e s
have compensated f o r the arms embargo, which was not j u s t i f i e d .
Albania i s ready t o work c l o s e l y w i t h you and i n p a r t i c u l a r t o
increase support f o r your p i l o t s and planes.
(£T
Other Central and Eastern European countries d i d not s t a r t t h e i r
process o f democratization as badly o f f as Albania. But thanks
to the impulse of freedom and your help, Albania i n the past
three years has f i x e d two goals and made progress. F i r s t , we
have created a democratic space f o r Albanians: the r u l e of law
and a market economy. Second, we have achieved f a s t economic
growth. This i s an impressive achievement because we l o s t f i f t y
years. Now we are moving ahead.
I n a l l of our e f f o r t s we had your support. We are a n a t i o n
d i v i d e d i n t o three states. We s h a l l oppose changes o f borders
through force, and we w i l l seek t o support democracy and free
markets f o r Albanians l i v i n g i n these other states. Such
achievements would b r i n g 90 percent happiness t o these Albanians.
The President:
Ninety percent i s as good as i t gets.
President Berisha: We are s t r i v i n g t o make progress.
changed our laws and passed laws on a European model.
changed 4 0 percent of government personnel and 60-90
some categories. I t r i e d t o use my p o l i t i c a l mandate
economic reforms, and we l i b e r a l i z e d p r i c e s and began
p r i v a t i z e . The r e s u l t has been lowered i n f l a t i o n and
.CONriDENTIAL
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of per capita income from $200 to $700. We have achieved
macroeconomic stability, and I think we can call ourselves today
a poor but healthy economy. Now we are engaged in large scale
privatization and are making progress. y?)
Our main goal is integration with Euroatlantic structures. The
Partnership for Peace (PFP) was a great idea, a great invention
that opened doors to countries in our region with a strange past.
We were the first country to ask to join NATO. We have begun
good military cooperation with NATO countries which will help us,
one day, to join the alliance. (jt)
We also have made great progress in human and national rights and
in the establishment of democratic institutions. Before, Albania
was a country that banned religion, that banned rights. Now we
are establishing tolerance and freedom. Freedom of information
is important, and we have different television programs and
stations throughout Albania. We have passed good laws, although
the referendum to establish a new constitution failed. ffi
S t i l l , the s i t u a t i o n i n the region i s very worrying. Kosovo i s
under t o t a l occupation. I spoke about t h i s w i t h the Secretary o f
State and asked whether the United States could take the r o l e o f
intermediary i n n e g o t i a t i o n s t o restore autonomy there. Of
course, I ' l l be asked by Albanians about whether we should ask
f o r more. But I say no because asking too much would mean war.
The warnings o f the Bush A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (the Christmas warnings
w i t h respect t o Kosovo) and the presence of U.S. troops i n
Macedonia was c r u c i a l t o preventing a s p i l l o v e r of the Bosnian
c o n f l i c t t o the south. (^f
Our relations with Greece went through a very difficult stage but
now are becoming better. What is the real story? In 1990 and
1991, during a period of real turmoil in Albania, many thousands
of Albanians fled south. Greece received them well, and I am
grateful. But some Greeks thought that Albania was dying and
they began thinking about annexation, about "Northern Epirus." I
am grateful to your statements encouraging Greece to negotiate
and to remove a blockade in our relations with the EU. The
Holbrooke mission was successful. He understood the situation.
We want to work with Greece to improve relations. The current
issues can be solved and will be solved. This is important for
us. If the Government of Greece is willing, we will be able to
work toward this result. {tf
The President: What you have said i s very important. The Greeks
are working w i t h the Government of FYROM, and i f we make the
progress we hope f o r , i t may become easier t o make progress
between Greece and Albania. W were r i g h t to put troops i n
e
FYROM. President Bush issued h i s warning t o the Serbs about
Kosovo and because i t took occurred i n December, a f t e r the
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elections, the Serbs came to me. I said this was a proper
decision. We are doing what we can to end the war and we will
keep up our efforts. I appreciated what you said to me about
Greece. They are showing a new willingness to work with their
neighbors and this is very important. Still, the Government of
Greece has concerns regarding the Greek minority in Albania in
the areas of education, religious discrimination and employment
discrimination, including in areas of administration and law
enforcement. We're hopeful that you can make progress on these
questions. (firf
You mentioned progress i n e s t a b l i s h i n g democratic i n s t i t u t i o n s .
I hope you w i l l do more regarding an independent j u d i c i a r y . We
have found some funds i n our assistance budget can help w i t h a
program f o r the t r a i n i n g of prosecutors and the p o l i c e , and I'm
encouraged that we are able t o help. ( O
^
Our assistance to Albania has come to about $140 million so far,
and we hope to be able to provide about $45 million in fiscal
year 1996. We hope that this will be helpful to your efforts.
We are impressed by your economic growth and by your efforts to
resolve issues concerned with human and minority rights. Some
believe that ethnic conflicts will destroy the world in the next
twenty years, but you can prove them wrong. If you can, we won't
have more Bosnias, Rwandas and Burundis — a world in which
people just kill one another because of these issues. So,
Albania is not simply a little country all alone and forgotten.
/ )
President Berisha: The r o l e of the United States i s primary, and
we appreciate i t . I assure that you we w i l l move ahead. The
most d i f f i c u l t question i s the consolidation of democratic and
other i n s t i t u t i o n s . Albania must do b e t t e r than i n the past.
Freedom gives a great p o t e n t i a l and freedom can be assured by
c o n s o l i d a t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . I asked Secretary Christopher and
Secretary Rubin f o r help t o do t h i s . I am g r a t e f u l f o r your
o f f e r of j u d i c i a l assistance and believe t h a t , working w i t h
Ambassador Lake, we can use i t w e l l . Please encourage your
government t o keep providing such assistance.
We also need support for our institutions that are doing the most
to stimulate economic growth. We need foreign investment and
OPIC could play an important role. Perhaps OPIC could treat
Albania as a special case. (f?f
President C l i n t o n :
doing? (U)
Mr. Fried:
How i s the Albanian-American Enterprise Fund
I t i s very a c t i v e . (U)
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President Berisha: I t i s very good and has strong leadership
under Mr. Domenick Scaglione. He wants t o launch a commercial
bank and we consider t h i s a very good idea. Your decision t o
appoint him was e x c e l l e n t . (^f
President Clinton: Perhaps we could do more with OPIC as well.
Let me thank you for your support in basing the Predator unmanned
aircraft. Thank you also for your active participation in the
Partnership for Peace. I want to continue our defense
cooperation and look to increase it. [jtf
My notes f o r t h i s meeting mentioned a $7 m i l l i o n r e f o r e s t a t i o n
p r o j e c t . This i s very important. We are working hard t o support
democracy i n H a i t i near t o our own country, and we have found
t h a t erosion and environmental problems have a bad e f f e c t on the
economy and on peoples l i v e s . I n H a i t i , the top s o i l has j u s t
been washed away because of the absence of f o r e s t s . So we don't
underestimate the importance of such p r o j e c t s .
President Berisha: I t i s a very important p r o j e c t , and we need
to proceed w i t h i t . M i l i t a r y cooperation i s very important as
w e l l . I would p a r t i c u l a r l y appreciate your support f o r m i l i t a r y
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p r o j e c t s . We need basic things, not any s o r t of
high technology. Before, our m i l i t a r y was dispersed through the
country i n a crazy way. We need t o deploy i t i n a way t h a t makes .
sense. We also need help t o c o n t r o l our t e r r i t o r i a l waters and
airspace. We are facing pressure from the east; problems could
come from t h i s area, and we lack the c a p a b i l i t y t o carry out our
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o c o n t r o l our own water and a i r t e r r i t o r y . We
would be g r a t e f u l i f you could help us i n t h i s area. ( r
^T
The Vice President: I t i s great t o see you here. I have many
f r i e n d s i n the Albanian-American community, i n c l u d i n g B i l l Kovac.
I know how e x c i t e d they are about Albania's transformation. This
generates great enthusiasm. L i s t e n i n g t o you, i t seems t o me
that you are close t o the threshold of a surge of your economy
and a surge of investment. (^)
Countries t h a t have enjoyed democratic successes are o f t e n held
to higher standards. Problems i n t h i s area can cause more
concern on the p a r t of your f r i e n d s . So i t would help us t o help
you i f you were able t o f i g h t any a u t h o r i t a r i a n trends or
anything else t h a t could hurt investments. But i t i s clear t h a t
there i s great excitement about Albania i n the United States.
The President: We may be able t o do more i n our m i l i t a r y
cooperation. For example, we may be able t o support the
equipping o f an Albanian peacekeeping company. I understand your
p o i n t about c o n t r o l of your airspace and t e r r i t o r i a l waters and
we w i l l f o l l o w up. (£j
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President Berisha: Thank you. This would help us c o n t r o l our
own t e r r i t o r y . I understand the Vice President's p o i n t . I
assure you t h a t we w i l l do your best t o consolidate our
democracy. We had t o make some strong decisions, l i k e c u t t i n g
back on the s t a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and proceeded. The r e s u l t s
j u s t i f y these steps. Of course, we have committed mistakes and
l o t s of them. We are engaged i n a tremendous t r a n s i t i o n and the
forces involved are very powerful. {^f
The Vice President:
democracy. (U)
We here are s t i l l t r y i n g t o p e r f e c t our own
The President: I can't t e l l you how pleased I am t h a t you have
come so f a r i n so short a time. (U)
Secretary Christopher: I should add t h a t Albania has j u s t
dedicated a new m i l i t a r y h o s p i t a l t o the memory of Joe Kruzel.
(U)
The President:
Thank you so much.
(U)
President Berisha: I was shaken by the news of his death. I had
had two meetings with him and knew that Mr. Kruzel was a real
friend of Albania and a real supporter of PFP. I also had met
with Bob Frasure and had had a long conversation with him; I was
very impressed by him. I think that the most recent developments
in Bosnia are the best memorial to their sacrifice. America's
commitment to remain engaged in the Balkans brings us hope.
NATO's airstrikes are a great step for NATO and for friendly
countries. ytf
I think that Yeltsin's recent reaction to this shows that he is
really a member of the Politburo. He reacted in a Brezhnev
style. yt)
The President: We are determined to resolve the Bosnian
situation. We cannot let it remain a cancer in the world,
unresolved and festering. (firf
President Berisha: How do you plan to help reorganize the
Bosnian Army? This is an important question. (Jgff
The Vice President:
General Mladic?
The President:
Do you have any suggestions f o r r e s e t t l i n g
Thank you.
— End of Conversation
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—
�
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