1
500
7
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/5b8f58f5e98a05513e996245403d935a.pdf
b617ac85ae434802ec931c97dfa5bf6e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
[05/05/1994 - 08/10/1994]
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Automated Records Management
WHO
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26444785">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
26444785
42-t-26444785-20150220F-001-005-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/c5b9a23e0ea8fc3c5fb8cd981e0ff451.pdf
4efe361b7e44fdda55653a30d8d2e415
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
[08/10/1994]
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Clinton Presidential Appointments
WHY
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26444859">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
26444859
42-t-26444859-20150220F-001-006-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/48f952cdd16e4378c1b77c62807705db.pdf
48c28acbee6b1dc62cdc6c95bffd2320
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Kaplan, Lewis A (New York, Southern District)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Office of the Counsel to the President
Victoria Radd
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7262141">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
7262141
42-t-7262141-20150220F-001-004-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/8b9eb002d36eafa2fdafc220a667bdc7.pdf
99b4edfb72ce099eda2f947840cfffde
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Kaplan, Lewis
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Management
Alpha File
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7408735">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
7408735
42-t-7408735-20150220F-001-001-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Office of Records Management
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/66093bcb8bb63afe08d3f0c45fb6ace2.pdf
06da31e750c75eeb3e6dab927cdcefa7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
007763
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Management
Subject Files
FG052
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1127610">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1127610
42-t-1127610-20150220F-001-002-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Office of Records Management
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/fdfc3825dc33309d877a5a49c9ce4833.pdf
b859ad759d0e252c8254f1d0c004281d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Managment
Counsel's Office
Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Appointments
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
6 folders in 1 box
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
075352SS
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
White House Office of Records Management
Subject Files
FG053
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Box 1
<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1127610">National Archives Catalog Description</a>
<a href="http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/44123">Collection Finding Aid</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1127610
42-t-1127610-20150220F-001-003-2015
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Clinton Presidential Records: White House Office of Records Management
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Adobe Acrobat Document
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Preservation-Reproduction-Reference
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
7/6/2015
-
https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/d1c4e0dc405389b8c2e36bd95a6da1d3.pdf
3a730650eb1b0d5d0aae5349ff784a97
PDF Text
Text
Clinton Presidential Library
1200 President Clinton Avenue
Little Rock, AR 72201
Inventory for FOIA Request 2015-0220-F
Records regarding the Appointment of Lewis Kaplan as United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York
Extent
6 folders, approximately 68 pages
Access
Collection is open to all researchers. Access to Clinton Presidential Records is governed by the
Presidential Records Act (PRA) (44 U.S.C. Chapter 22, as amended) and the Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA) (5 U.S.C. 552, as amended) and therefore records may be restricted in whole or in part in
accordance with legal exemptions.
Copyright
Documents in this collection that were prepared by officials of the United States government as part of
their official duties are in the public domain. Researchers are advised to consult the copyright law of the
United States (17 U.S.C. Chapter 1) which governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of
copyrighted material.
Provenance
Official records of William Jefferson Clinton’s presidency are housed at the Clinton Presidential Library
and administered by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) under the provisions of
the Presidential Records Act (PRA).
Processed by
Staff Archivist, 2014. Previously restricted materials are added as they are released.
Scope and Content
The materials in FOIA 2015-0220-F are a selective body of documents responsive to the topic of the
FOIA. Researchers should consult the archivist about related material.
President Clinton nominated Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New
York in May of 1994. The Senate confirmed Kaplan for the appointment and Kaplan received his
commission in August of 1994.
This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials. Correspondence
includes letters of recommendation and also reflects Kaplan’s interest in serving on the federal bench.
Resume materials are attached to such correspondence. Memoranda describe Kaplan’s nomination in
May of 1994. This collection contains one responsive email from April Mellody concerning the
appointment of federal judges.
2015-0220-F
National Archives and Records Administration web site
http://www.archives.gov
1
�System of Arrangement
Records that are responsive to this FOIA request were found in these collections areas— Clinton
Presidential Records: White House Office of Records Management (WHORM) Alpha Files, Clinton
Presidential Records: WHORM Subject Files, and Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and
Office Files, Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments, and Clinton Presidential
Records: Automated Records Management System [Email].
The White House Office of Records Management (WHORM) contains a variety of series created to
organize and track documents and correspondence. The WHORM Alpha file was compiled by the White
House Office of Records Management from 1993 – 1996 and is a series of documents arranged by name
of persons, organizations, or events. The WHORM Subject file was compiled by the White House
Office of Records Management and is a series of categories designated by a letter/number combination.
Staff and Office files were maintained at the folder level by staff members within their individual offices
and document all levels of administration activity.
WHORM files are processed at the document level; whereas, Staff and Office files are processed at the
folder level, that is, individual documents are not selected and removed from a folder for processing.
While this method maintains folder integrity, it frequently results in the incidental processing of
documents that are not wholly responsive to the subject area.
FOIA 2015-0220-F includes WHORM records from these subject codes:
FG052
FG053
Courts of Appeal, U.S.
District Courts, U.S.
The Automated Records Management System (ARMS) is a database that contains email records of the
Executive office of the President. This system maintained unclassified Presidential record email. The
ARMS dataset is comprised of 6 sub-series of email records called “Buckets.” The buckets include
NPR, OPD, POTUS, WHO, CEA, and Default. ARMS emails are arranged chronologically by creation
date.
The Clinton Presidential Appointments database (CPA) is a database of individuals that were appointed
to various positions. The database is searchable by the name of the appointed individual, the date that
they were appointed and the Department or Agency. The Database is divided into two data subsets: S
and C; and WHY. Responsive results from the CPA are printed and arranged by data subset, and further
arranged chronologically by appointment date.
The following is a list of documents and folders processed in response to FOIA 2015-0220-F:
Box 1
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM: Alpha Files
Kaplan, Lewis [OA/ID 15882]
Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject File
Category
Case Number
FG052
007763
FG053
075352SS
2015-0220-F
National Archives and Records Administration web site
http://www.archives.gov
2
�Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office File
Counsel’s Office
Radd, Victoria
Kaplan, Lewis A (New York, Southern District) [OA/ID 5330]
Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management [Email]
WHO [OA/ID 500000]
[Lewis Kaplan]
[05/05/1994 – 08/10/1994]
Clinton Presidential Records: Clinton Presidential Appointments
WHY
[Kaplan]
[08/10/1994] [OA/ID 170000]
Updated 06/03/2015
2015-0220-F
National Archives and Records Administration web site
http://www.archives.gov
3
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Finding Aids - Collection Descriptions & Inventories
Description
An account of the resource
Finding aids at the Clinton Presidential Library contain a detailed description of the collection including the total number of pages or photos and length of video and audio recordings. Finding aids also include background information of the collection’s topic and details on the record type (ex: email, memorandum, briefing book, Betacam video, audio cassette etc). <br /><br />Finding aids describe collections at the box and folder level, and include a folder title list and information about the arrangement of the collection. <br /><br /><strong>Please note the majority of collections have not yet been scanned nor made available online.</strong>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lewis Kaplan - Collection Finding Aid
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2015-0220-F
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of records concerning the nomination of Lewis A. Kaplan to the District Court for the Southern District of New York in May of 1994. This collection contains correspondence, memoranda, email, and resume materials.
<a href="https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/collections/show/98"><b>View digitized documents in this collection</b></a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
Finding Aid